Gabriel Faure |
Gabriel Faure
Faure. Fp quartet a c-moll No. 1, op.15. Allegro molto moderato (Guarneri Quartet da A. Rubinstein)
Babban kiɗa! Don haka bayyananne, mai tsabta, kuma Faransanci, da ɗan adam! R. Dumesnil
Ajin Fauré ya kasance ga mawaƙa abin da salon Mallarme ya kasance na mawaƙa… Mafi kyawun mawaƙa na wannan zamani, tare da ƴan kaɗan, sun wuce cikin wannan kyakkyawar makaranta ta ladabi da ɗanɗano. A. Roland-Manuel
Rayuwar G. Faure - babban mawaƙin Faransanci, organist, pianist, madugu, mai sukar kiɗa - ya faru a cikin zamanin muhimman abubuwan tarihi. A cikin ayyukansa, halayensa, siffofi na salon, siffofi na ƙarni biyu daban-daban sun haɗu. Ya shiga cikin yakin karshe na yakin Franco-Prussian, ya shaida abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Paris Commune, ya ji shaidar yakin Rasha da Japan ("Abin da kisan kiyashi tsakanin Rasha da Japan! Wannan abin banƙyama ne"), ya tsira. yakin duniya na farko. A cikin fasaha, impressionism da alamar alama sun bunƙasa a gaban idanunsa, bukukuwan Wagner a Bayreuth da kuma lokacin Rasha a Paris sun faru. Amma mafi mahimmanci shine sabuntawar kiɗan Faransanci, haihuwarsa ta biyu, wanda Fauré kuma ya shiga cikin abin da manyan hanyoyin ayyukan zamantakewar sa suke.
An haifi Fauré a kudancin Faransa ga malamin lissafin makaranta kuma ɗiyar kyaftin a sojojin Napoleon. Jibrilu shine ɗa na shida a gidan. Kiwo a cikin karkara tare da ɗan ƙauye-bread mai sauƙi ya kafa yaro shiru, mai tunani, ya cusa masa ƙauna ga sassauƙan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙauyuka na asali. Sha'awar kiɗan da ya yi ba zato ba tsammani ya bayyana cikin rashin kunya game da jituwa na cocin gida. An lura da baiwar yaron kuma an aika shi don yin karatu a Paris a Makarantar kiɗa na gargajiya da na addini. Shekaru 11 a Makarantar ya ba Faure ilimin kiɗa da basira da suka dace bisa nazarin ayyuka masu yawa, ciki har da kiɗa na farko, farawa da waƙar Gregorian. Irin wannan salo mai salo ya bayyana a cikin aikin Faure balagagge, wanda, kamar yawancin manyan mawaƙa na karni na XNUMX, sun farfado da wasu ka'idodin tunanin kiɗa na zamanin pre-Bach.
An bai wa Faure da yawa ta hanyar sadarwa tare da mawaƙi na babban ma'auni da gwaninta - C. Saint-Saens, wanda ya koyar a Makarantar a 1861-65. Dangantaka na cikakkiyar amana da al'amuran al'umma ta samu tsakanin malami da dalibi. Saint-Saëns ya kawo sabon ruhu a cikin ilimi, yana gabatar da ɗalibansa zuwa kiɗa na romantics - R. Schumann, F. Liszt, R. Wagner, har sai da ba a san shi sosai a Faransa ba. Faure bai kasance mai sha'awar tasirin waɗannan mawaƙa ba, abokai ma suna kiransa wani lokaci "Shuman Faransanci". Tare da Saint-Saens, abota ta fara wanda ya daɗe a rayuwa. Ganin hazaka na musamman na ɗalibin, Saint-Saens fiye da sau ɗaya ya amince da shi don ya maye gurbin kansa a wasu wasan kwaikwayo, daga baya ya sadaukar da “Breton Impressions” don sashin jiki gare shi, ya yi amfani da jigon Fauré a gabatarwar Concerto na Piano na Biyu. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar tare da kyaututtuka na farko a cikin abun ciki da piano, Fauré ya tafi aiki a Brittany. Haɗa ayyukan hukuma a cikin coci tare da kunna kiɗa a cikin al'ummar da ba addini ba, inda yake jin daɗin babban nasara, nan da nan Faure ya rasa wurinsa bisa kuskure kuma ya koma Paris. Anan Saint-Saens yana taimaka masa ya sami aiki a matsayin organist a cikin ƙaramin coci.
Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin makomar Foret ta wurin salon shahararren mawaƙa Pauline Viardot. Daga baya, mawaƙin ya rubuta wa ɗanta: “An karɓe ni a gidan mahaifiyarka da alheri da kuma abota, waɗanda ba zan taɓa mantawa da su ba. Na kiyaye ... tunawa da sa'o'i masu ban mamaki; Suna da daraja sosai tare da amincewar mahaifiyarka da hankalinka, tausayin Turgenev… Daga baya, ya yi sabani da S. Taneyev, P. Tchaikovsky, A. Glazunov, a 1909 Fauré ya zo Rasha kuma ya ba da kide-kide a St. Petersburg da Moscow.
A cikin salon Viardot, ana yawan jin sabbin ayyukan Fauré. A wannan lokacin, ya tsara ɗimbin labaran soyayya (ciki har da shahararriyar farkawa), wanda ya jawo hankalin masu sauraro tare da kyan waƙa, da dabarar launuka masu jituwa, da taushin rairayi. Violin sonata ya haifar da martani mai daɗi. Taneyev, da ya ji ta a lokacin zamansa a Paris, ya rubuta: “Na yi farin ciki da ita. Wataƙila wannan shine mafi kyawun abun ciki na duk waɗanda na ji a nan… Mafi asali da sabbin jituwa, mafi girman juzu'i, amma a lokaci guda babu wani abu mai kaifi, mai ban haushi da kunne… Kyakkyawan batutuwan suna da ban mamaki… ”
Rayuwa ta sirri na mawaki ba ta da nasara. Bayan da ya rabu da haɗin gwiwa tare da amarya ('yar Viardot), Foret ya fuskanci mummunar girgiza, sakamakon abin da ya kawar da shi kawai bayan shekaru 2. Komawa ga kerawa yana kawo adadin soyayya da Ballade don Piano da Orchestra (1881). Haɓaka al'adun pianism na Liszt, Faure yana ƙirƙira aiki tare da waƙar waƙa da kusan ƙarancin ra'ayi na launuka masu jituwa. Auren 'yar mai zane Fremier (1883) da kwantar da hankali a cikin iyali ya sa rayuwar Foret ta kasance mai farin ciki. Wannan kuma yana bayyana a cikin kiɗan. A cikin ayyukan piano da soyayya na waɗannan shekarun, mawaƙin yana samun alheri mai ban mamaki, dabara, da gamsuwa na tunani. Fiye da sau ɗaya, rikice-rikicen da ke da alaƙa da matsananciyar baƙin ciki da kamuwa da cuta mai ban tausayi ga mawaƙa (cutar ji) sun katse hanyar ƙirƙirar mawaƙin, amma ya sami nasara daga kowannensu, yana ba da ƙarin shaida na gwanintarsa.
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari ga Fauré ya kasance abin sha'awa ga waƙar P. Verlaine, a cewar A. Faransa, "mafi asali, mafi zunubi da mafi sufi, mafi rikitarwa da kuma rikicewa, mafi hauka, amma, ba shakka, mafi wahayi, kuma mafi kyawun mawaƙa na zamani" (kusan 20 romances, ciki har da hawan keke "Daga Venice" da "Kyakkyawan Song").
Nasarorin da suka fi dacewa sun kasance tare da nau'ikan ɗakin ɗakin da Faure ya fi so, a kan nazarin da ya gina azuzuwansa tare da ɗalibai a cikin aji. Ɗaya daga cikin kololuwar aikinsa shine ƙaƙƙarfan Piano Quartet na Biyu, mai cike da tashe-tashen hankula da abubuwan ban sha'awa (1886). Fauré kuma ya rubuta manyan ayyuka. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, opera "Penelope" (1913) ya yi sauti tare da ma'ana ta musamman ga masu kishin Faransanci, yawancin masu bincike da masu sha'awar aikin Fauré suna la'akari da shi a matsayin babban aikin Requiem tare da bakin ciki mai laushi da daraja na waƙoƙinsa (1888). Yana da ban sha'awa cewa Faure ya shiga cikin buɗewar farkon wasan kide kide na karni na 1900, yana tsara kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na lyrical Prometheus (bayan Aeschylus, 800). Babban aiki ne wanda kusan. XNUMX masu wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wanda ya faru a cikin "Faransa Bayreuth" - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na budewa a cikin Pyrenees a kudancin Faransa. A lokacin da ake fara atisayen tufa, sai ga wata tsawa ta tashi. Faure ya tuna: “Guguwar tana da ban tsoro. Walƙiya ta faɗo cikin fage a daidai wurin (abin da ya faru!), Inda Prometheus ya kamata ya tada wuta… yanayin yanayin yana cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro. Duk da haka, yanayin ya inganta kuma an sami nasara mai gamsarwa.
Ayyukan zamantakewa na Fauré suna da matuƙar mahimmanci don haɓaka kiɗan Faransanci. Yana taka rawa sosai a cikin ayyukan Ƙungiyar Ƙasa, wanda aka tsara don inganta fasahar kiɗa na Faransa. A cikin 1905, Fauré ya ɗauki mukamin darekta na Conservatoire na Paris, kuma babu shakka ci gaban ayyukanta na gaba shine sakamakon sabunta ma'aikatan koyarwa da sake tsarawa da Fauré ya yi. Koyaushe yana aiki a matsayin mai kare sabon kuma mai ci gaba a cikin fasaha, Fauré a cikin 1910 bai ƙi zama shugaban sabuwar ƙungiyar kiɗan mai zaman kanta ba, wanda matasa mawaƙa suka shirya ba a yarda da su cikin Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Ƙasa ba, waɗanda akwai ɗaliban Fauré da yawa (ciki har da M). . Rawala). A cikin 1917, Faure ya sami haɗin kan mawakan Faransa ta hanyar gabatar da masu zaman kansu cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙasa, wanda ya inganta yanayin rayuwar kide-kide.
A cikin 1935, abokai da masu sha'awar aikin Fauré, manyan mawaƙa, masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa, daga cikinsu akwai ɗalibansa da yawa, sun kafa Society of Friends of Gabriel Fauré, wanda ke haɓaka kiɗan mawaƙin a tsakanin ɗimbin masu sauraro - “a bayyane, mai tsabta. , don haka Faransanci kuma haka mutum".
V. Bazarnova
