Felix Weingartner |

Felix Weingartner

Felix Weingartner, daya daga cikin manyan madugu na duniya, ya mamaye wuri na musamman a tarihin fasahar gudanarwa. Bayan fara aikinsa na fasaha a lokacin da Wagner da Brahms, Liszt da Bülow ke rayuwa har yanzu suna ƙirƙira, Weingartner ya kammala tafiyarsa a tsakiyar karni namu. Don haka, wannan mai zane ya zama, kamar yadda yake, haɗin kai tsakanin tsohuwar makarantar gudanarwa na karni na XNUMX da fasahar gudanarwa na zamani.

Weingartner ya fito ne daga Dalmatiya, an haife shi a garin Zadar, a bakin tekun Adriatic, a cikin dangin ma'aikacin gidan waya. Mahaifin ya rasu sa’ad da Felix yake ƙarami, kuma iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Graz. A nan, mai gudanarwa na gaba ya fara nazarin kiɗa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifiyarsa. A cikin 1881-1883, Weingartner dalibi ne a Leipzig Conservatory a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma gudanar da azuzuwan. Daga cikin malamansa akwai K. Reinecke, S. Jadasson, O. Paul. A cikin shekarun ɗalibinsa, gwanin gudanar da mawaƙin matashin ya fara bayyana kansa: a cikin ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗalibi, ya yi waƙar Beethoven ta Biyu Symphony a matsayin abin kiyayewa. Wannan, duk da haka, ya kawo masa zargi kawai na Reinecke, wanda ba ya son irin wannan amincewar ɗalibin.

A cikin 1883, Weingartner ya fara wasansa na farko mai zaman kansa a Königsberg, kuma bayan shekara guda an shirya wasan opera nasa Shakuntala a Weimar. Marubucin da kansa ya shafe shekaru da yawa a nan, ya zama dalibi kuma abokin Liszt. Wannan karshen ya ba da shawarar shi a matsayin mataimaki ga Bülow, amma haɗin gwiwarsu bai daɗe ba: Weingartner ba ya son 'yancin da Bülow ya ba da izini a cikin fassararsa na gargajiya, kuma bai yi jinkirin gaya masa ba.

Bayan shekaru da yawa na aiki a Danzig (Gdansk), Hamburg, Mannheim, Weingartner ya riga a 1891 nada na farko shugaba na Royal Opera da Symphony Concerts a Berlin, inda ya kafa da suna a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan Jamus conductors.

Kuma tun daga 1908, Vienna ta zama cibiyar ayyukan Weingartner, inda ya maye gurbin G. Mahler a matsayin shugaban opera da Orchestra na Philharmonic. Wannan lokacin kuma shine farkon shaharar mai zane a duniya. Ya yi yawon shakatawa da yawa a duk kasashen Turai, musamman a Ingila, a 1905 ya ketare teku a karon farko, kuma daga baya, a 1927, ya yi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.

Aiki a Hamburg (1911-1914), Darmstadt (1914-1919), da artist ba karya tare da Vienna da kuma dawo nan a matsayin darektan Volksoper da shugaba na Vienna Philharmonic (har 1927). Sa'an nan ya zauna a Basel, inda ya gudanar da wani makada, nazarin abun da ke ciki, ya jagoranci ajin gudanarwa a Conservatory, kewaye da girmamawa da girmamawa.

Da alama tsohon maestro ba zai taɓa komawa cikin ayyukan fasaha masu aiki ba. Amma a cikin 1935, bayan Clemens Kraus ya bar Vienna, mawaƙin mai shekaru saba'in da biyu ya sake jagorantar Opera na Jiha kuma ya yi a bikin Salzburg. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba: rashin jituwa tare da mawaƙa ba da daɗewa ba ya tilasta masa ya yi murabus daga ƙarshe. Gaskiya ne, ko da bayan haka, Weingartner har yanzu ya sami ƙarfin yin babban balaguron kide-kide na Gabas mai Nisa. Kuma a karshe ya zauna a Switzerland, inda ya mutu.

Shahararriyar Weingartner ta ta'allaka ne akan fassararsa na kade-kade na Beethoven da sauran mawakan gargajiya. Muhimmancin ra'ayoyinsa, daidaiton siffofi da ƙarfin fassarorinsa sun yi tasiri sosai ga masu sauraro. Ɗaya daga cikin masu sukar ya rubuta: "Weingartner ƙwararren masanin halin ɗabi'a ne da makaranta, kuma ya fi jin daɗin wallafe-wallafen gargajiya. Hankali, kamewa da balagagge mai hankali suna ba wa ayyukansa kyakkyawan matsayi, kuma galibi ana cewa girman girman Beethoven ɗinsa ba shi da isa ga kowane shugaba na zamaninmu. Weingartner yana iya tabbatar da layin gargajiya na wani yanki na kiɗa tare da hannu wanda koyaushe yana riƙe da ƙarfi da ƙarfin gwiwa, yana iya yin mafi yawan haɗaɗɗen haɗin kai da mafi ƙarancin bambance-bambance masu ji. Amma watakila mafi kyawun ingancin Weingartner shine kyautarsa ​​ta ban mamaki don ganin aikin gaba ɗaya; yana da ilhami na gine-gine.”

Masoyan kiɗan na iya gamsuwa da ingancin waɗannan kalmomi. Duk da cewa babban ranar aikin fasaha na Weingartner ya faɗi a shekarun da fasahar rikodi ta kasance ajizanci, abin da ya gada ya ƙunshi adadi mai mahimmanci na rikodin. Zurfafa karantawa na duk waƙoƙin Beethoven, galibin ayyukan ban mamaki na Liszt, Brahms, Haydn, Mendelssohn, da waltzes na I. Strauss, an adana su don zuriya. Weingartner ya bar ayyuka na adabi da na kiɗa da yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da mafi mahimmancin tunani kan fasahar gudanarwa da fassarar abubuwan ƙira.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek