Evstigney Ipatovich Fomin |

Evstigney Fomin

E. Fomin yana daya daga cikin mawakan Rasha masu basira na karni na XNUMX, wanda ƙoƙarinsa ya haifar da makarantar mawaƙa ta ƙasa a Rasha. Tare da abokansa - M. Berezovsky, D. Bortnyansky, V. Pashkevich - ya kafa harsashin fasahar kiɗa na Rasha. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na opera da kuma a cikin melodrama Orpheus, zurfin sha'awar marubucin a cikin zabi na makirci da nau'o'in nau'o'in, an bayyana ƙwararrun salo daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayo na opera na wancan lokacin. Tarihi bai yi adalci ba ga Fomin, kamar yadda, hakika, ga yawancin sauran mawakan Rasha na ƙarni na XNUMX. Makomar mawaƙi mai hazaƙa ta yi wuya. Rayuwarsa ta ƙare ba tare da wani lokaci ba, kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwarsa an manta da sunansa na dogon lokaci. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen Fomin ba su tsira ba. Sai kawai a zamanin Soviet sha'awar aikin wannan mawaƙi mai ban mamaki, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa opera na Rasha, ya karu. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarin masana kimiyyar Soviet, ayyukansa sun dawo rayuwa, an sami wasu ƙananan bayanai daga tarihin rayuwarsa.

Fomin aka haife shi a cikin iyali na wani makami (harbi sojan bindigu) na Tobolsk Infantry Regiment. Ya rasa mahaifinsa da wuri, kuma lokacin da yake da shekaru 6, mahaifinsa I. Fedotov, soja na Life Guards na Izmailovsky rajimanti, ya kawo yaron zuwa Academy of Arts. Afrilu 21, 1767 Fomin ya zama dalibi na tsarin gine-gine na sanannen Academy, wanda Empress Elizaveta Petrovna ya kafa. Duk shahararrun masu fasaha na karni na XNUMX sun yi karatu a Kwalejin. - V. Borovikovsky, D. Levitsky, A. Losenko, F. Rokotov, F. Shchedrin da sauransu. A cikin ganuwar wannan cibiyar ilimi, an mai da hankali ga ci gaban kiɗa na ɗalibai: ɗalibai sun koyi wasa kayan kida daban-daban, yin waƙa. An shirya kade-kade a Kwalejin, operas, ballets, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki.

Fomin ta haske m damar iya yin komai bayyana kansu ko da a matakin farko, da kuma a 1776 Majalisar Academy aika wani dalibi na "Architectural art" Ipatiev (kamar yadda Fomin sau da yawa ake kira sa'an nan) zuwa Italiyanci M. Buini ya koyi instrumental music - wasa da clavichord. Tun daga 1777, ilimin Fomin ya ci gaba a cikin azuzuwan kiɗa da aka buɗe a Cibiyar Nazarin Arts, wanda shahararren mawaki G. Paypakh ya jagoranta, marubucin mashahurin opera The Good Soldiers. Fomin ya yi nazarin ka'idar kiɗa da kuma tushen abubuwan da ke tattare da shi. Tun shekara ta 1779, mawaƙin kaɗe-kaɗe da mawaƙa A. Sartori ya zama mashawarcinsa na kiɗa. A cikin 1782 Fomin ya kammala karatun digiri sosai daga Kwalejin. Amma a matsayinsa na ɗalibin ajin kiɗa, ba za a iya ba shi lambar zinariya ko azurfa ba. Majalisar ta lura da shi kawai tare da kyautar tsabar kudi na 50 rubles.

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin, a matsayin mai karbar fansho, an aika Fomin don ingantawa na shekaru 3 zuwa Italiya, zuwa Bologna Philharmonic Academy, wanda aka dauke shi cibiyar kiɗa mafi girma a Turai. A can, karkashin jagorancin Padre Martini (malamin babban Mozart), sannan S. Mattei (wanda G. Rossini da G. Donizetti suka yi karatu tare da shi), wani mawaƙi mai tawali'u daga Rasha mai nisa ya ci gaba da karatunsa na kiɗa. A cikin 1785, an shigar da Fomin a jarrabawar don taken malami kuma ya ci wannan gwajin daidai. Cike da makamashi mai ƙirƙira, tare da babban taken "Maigidan abun da ke ciki," Fomin ya koma Rasha a cikin kaka na 1786. Bayan isowa, mawaƙin ya karɓi umarni don shirya wasan opera "Novgorod Bogatyr Boeslaevich" zuwa libretto na Catherine II kanta. . Farkon wasan opera da na farko na Fomin a matsayin mawaki ya faru ne a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1786 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hermitage. Duk da haka, Sarauniyar ba ta son wasan opera, kuma wannan ya isa aikin matashin mawaki a kotu ya kasa cika. A lokacin mulkin Catherine II, Fomin bai sami wani matsayi na hukuma ba. Sai kawai a cikin 1797, shekaru 3 kafin mutuwarsa, a ƙarshe an yarda da shi zuwa hidimar gudanarwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai koyar da sassan opera.

Ba a san yadda rayuwar Fomin ta kasance a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ba. Duk da haka, aikin kirkire-kirkire na mawaki ya kasance mai aiki. A 1787, ya hada da opera "Coachmen a kan Frame" (zuwa wani rubutu da N. Lvov), da kuma shekara ta gaba 2 operas bayyana - "Party, ko tsammani, Guess yarinya" (kida da libre ba a kiyaye). da kuma "Amurka". An bi su da wasan opera mai sihiri, boka da matchmaker (1791). Daga 1791-92. Mafi kyawun aikin Fomin shine melodrama Orpheus (rubutun Y. Knyaznin). A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya rubuta mawaƙa don bala'in V. Ozerov "Yaropolk and Oleg" (1798), wasan operas "Clorida da Milan" da "Golden Apple" (c. 1800).

Abubuwan opera na Fomin sun bambanta a nau'ikan opera. Anan akwai wasan opera na ban dariya na Rasha, wasan opera a cikin salon buffa na Italiya, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya, inda mawakin Rasha ya fara juya zuwa babban jigo mai ban tausayi. Ga kowane nau'ikan da aka zaɓa, Fomin yana samun sabon, tsarin mutum ɗaya. Don haka, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan barkwanci na Rasha, fassarar kayan tarihi, hanyar haɓaka jigogi na jama'a, yana jan hankalin farko. Nau'in wasan opera na "choral" na Rasha an gabatar da shi sosai a cikin wasan opera "Kocin kan Saita". Anan mawallafin ya yi amfani da nau'o'i daban-daban na waƙoƙin gargajiya na Rasha - zane, raye-raye, raye-raye, yana amfani da fasahohin haɓakar murya, juxtaposition na waƙar solo da kamewa. Overture, wani misali mai ban sha'awa na farkon shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha, an kuma gina shi akan ci gaban jigogi na raye-rayen jama'a. Ka'idodin ci gaban symphonic, dangane da bambancin dalilai na kyauta, za su sami ci gaba mai yawa a cikin kiɗan gargajiya na Rasha, farawa da M. Glinka's Kamarinskaya.

A cikin opera bisa ga rubutun sanannen mashahurin I. Krylov "Amurka" Fomin ya nuna gwanintar salon wasan opera-buffa. Babban aikinsa shine melodrama "Orpheus", wanda aka yi a St. Wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya dogara ne akan haɗin karatun ban mamaki tare da rakiyar ƙungiyar makaɗa. Fomin ya ƙirƙiri kyakkyawan kiɗan, cike da bala'i mai haɗari da zurfafa tunani mai ban mamaki na wasan. Ana la'akari da shi azaman aikin motsa jiki guda ɗaya, tare da ci gaba da ci gaba na ciki, wanda aka kai shi zuwa matsayi na kowa a ƙarshen melodrama - "Dance of the Furies". Lambobin symphonic masu zaman kansu (overture da Rawar Fushi) tsara melodrama kamar gabatarwa da epilogue. Ainihin ka'idar kwatanta tsananin kida na overture, shirye-shiryen raye-rayen da ke tsakiyar abun da ke ciki, da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙarshe sun ba da shaida mai ban mamaki na Fomin, wanda ya ba da hanya don haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki na Rasha.

An gabatar da melodrama sau da yawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya cancanci yabo mai girma. Mista Dmitrevsky, a matsayin Orpheus, ya ba ta rawani mai ban mamaki, "Mun karanta a cikin wani makala game da Knyaznin, wanda ya tattara ayyukansa. Fabrairu 5, 1795 da farko na Orpheus ya faru a Moscow.

Haihuwar na biyu na melodrama "Orpheus" ya riga ya faru a kan matakin Soviet. A cikin 1947, an yi shi a cikin jerin kade-kade na tarihi wanda Gidan Tarihi na Al'adun Kiɗa ya shirya. MI Glinka. A cikin shekarun nan, shahararren masanin kida na Soviet B. Dobrokhotov ya mayar da darajar Orpheus. An kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo na melodrama a cikin kide-kide da aka sadaukar don bikin 250th na Leningrad (1953) da ranar 200th na haihuwar Fomin (1961). Kuma a cikin 1966 an fara yin shi a ƙasashen waje, a Poland, a taron majalissar kiɗan farko.

Nisa da iri-iri na binciken ƙirƙira na Fomin, ainihin asalin gwanintarsa ​​ya ba mu damar la'akari da shi da kyau mafi girman mawaƙin opera na Rasha a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX. Tare da sabon tsarinsa na al'adun gargajiya na Rasha a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na opera "Masu horarwa a kan Saiti" da kuma roko na farko ga jigo mai ban tsoro a cikin "Orpheus", Fomin ya shirya hanya don wasan opera na karni na XNUMX.

A. Sokolova