sarewa: menene, tsarin kayan aiki, sauti, tarihin asali, nau'ikan

Giwa na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin kayan kiɗan da suka yi tasiri ga al'adun duniya da yawa.

Menene sarewa

Nau'i - kayan kida na iska na itace, wayar iska. Nasa ne na rukunin iskar itace, na ajin labials ne. A cikin kiɗa, ana amfani da shi a kowane nau'i, daga al'ada zuwa pop.

Sunan Rasha na kayan aiki ya fito ne daga sunan Latin - "flauta".

Structure

Sigar gargajiya ta ƙunshi jiki mai elongated silinda, abin toshe kwalaba, soso, muzzle, bawuloli da ƙananan gwiwar hannu. Launuka mafi yawan su ne launin ruwan kasa, azurfa, ja mai duhu.

Babban sarewa yana da madaidaicin kai. A kan samfuran alto da bass, ana amfani da mai lanƙwasa. Abubuwan samarwa - itace, azurfa, platinum, nickel. Nau'in kai - cylindrical. A gefen hagu akwai ƙugiya da ke riƙe da aikin kayan aiki.

Akwai ƙarin ƙira guda 2:

• Layin layi. Valves suna cikin layi ɗaya.
• biya diyya. Bawul ɗin gishiri yana samuwa dabam.

sauti

Sarewa yana haifar da sauti lokacin da jet na iska ya ketare rami, wanda ke haifar da girgiza. Ruwan iska da aka busa yana aiki bisa ga dokar Bernoulli. Mawaƙin yana canza kewayon sauti ta hanyar buɗewa da rufe ramuka a jikin kayan aikin. Wannan yana canza tsayin resonator, wanda ke nunawa a cikin mita na resonating. Ta hanyar sarrafa matsa lamba na iska, mawaƙin kuma na iya canza kewayon sauti da baki ɗaya.

Buɗe samfura suna sautin octave ƙasa da rufaffiyar ƙirar girman iri ɗaya. Babban kewayon sauti samfurin: H zuwa C4.

iri

Ba kamar sauran kayan kida ba, nau'ikan sarewa sun bambanta sosai a cikin tsari da sauti.

Sarewa ba tare da na'urar bushewa ba suna da mafi sauƙin ƙira. Mawaƙin yana hura iska a cikin rami ɗaya, wanda ke fitowa daga ɗayan da sauti. Ana sarrafa sautin ta hanyar ƙarfin numfashi da ramukan yatsa masu rufi. Misali shi ne kena na gargajiya na Indiya. Matsakaicin tsayin kena shine 25-70 cm. Ana amfani da shi a cikin aikin ’yan asalin Kudancin Amirka. Bambance-bambancen iri ɗaya ba tare da na'urar bushewa ba sune bamboo shakuhachi na Japan da sarewa xiao na katako na China.

Wayoyin iska da ke da na'urar firar sauti suna fitar da sautin da aka samu daga ratsawar rafin iska ta wata hanya ta musamman. Ana kiran hanyar da ake kira bakin magana, mai yin ya busa cikinsa. Misalin sigar busa shine mai rikodin. An shigar da toshe a cikin ɓangaren kai. Ramukan kasa biyu ne. Ana ɗaukar bayanin kula tare da taimakon yatsa mai yatsa. Halin sauti yana da rauni, ƙirar ƙira tana ƙara ƙara.

Irin wannan nau'in shine sarewa. Na kowa a cikin mutanen Slavic. Ana siffanta shi da kewayon sauti na octaves 2. Tsawon 30-35 cm. Kayayyakin gargajiya na Rasha masu alaƙa: fife, pyzhatka, zhaleyka biyu.

Ƙwaƙwalwar sarewa biyu ƙirar ƙira ce tare da na'urar bushewa biyu. Sigar Belarusian ana kiranta bututu biyu. Tsawon bututu na farko shine 330-250 mm, na biyu - 270-390 mm. Lokacin wasa, ana riƙe su a kusurwa daga juna.

Sifuna masu yawan barreled suna kama da jerin bututu masu tsayi daban-daban. Mawakin ya sake busa cikin bututu daban-daban, wanda ƙarshensa yana sauti a cikin wani katako na daban. Misalai: siringa, panflute, coogicles.

Ana yin sarewa na zamani da ƙarfe. Siffar sauti - soprano. Ana canza farar ta hanyar busawa da rufewa da buɗe bawuloli. Yana nufin wayoyin salula masu jujjuyawa.

Tarihin asali da ci gaba

Tarihin sarewa ya koma kimanin shekaru 45. Wanda ya fara sarewa shine mai busa sarewa. Wannan shine sunan da aka bai wa bututun bushe-bushe masu ramuka biyu - don shakar iska da fitowarta. Fitowar sarewa yana hade da farkon bayyanar ramuka don yatsunsu.

An gano ragowar sarewa mafi tsufa a Slovenia, a wurin binciken kayan tarihi na Divye Babe. Matsakaicin shekarun binciken shine shekaru 43. An yi imani da cewa wannan shi ne mafi dadewa samu wani ɓangare na wani kida kayan aiki, da kuma zai iya fara bayyana a cikin ƙasa na zamani Slovenia. Mafi yawan malamai suna danganta bullar sarewar Divya Baba ga Neanderthals. Masanin Sloveniya M. Brodar ya yi imanin cewa Cro-Magnons na ƙarshen zamanin Paleolithic ne suka ƙirƙira binciken.

A ƙarshen 2000s, an sami wani tsohon bambancin a Jamus kusa da Ulm. Yana da ƙaramin girma. Zane-zane mai ramuka biyar yana da yanke mai siffa Y don bakin mai yin. Anyi daga kashin ungulu. Daga baya, an gano ƙarin tsoffin wayoyin jirage a Jamus. An gano masu shekaru 42-43 a unguwar Blaubeuren.

An gano wasu na'urorin jirage da yawa a cikin kwazazzabon Hole Fels, wanda ba shi da nisa da zane-zanen dutse. Da suke magana game da binciken, masana kimiyya sun gabatar da ka'idar cewa "ya nuna wanzuwar al'adun kiɗa a lokacin da mutanen zamani suka mamaye Turai." Masanan sun kuma ce gano kayan aikin zai taimaka wajen bayyana bambance-bambancen al'adu da tunani tsakanin Neanderthals da mutanen farko na zamani.

An gano wani sarewa na kashi da ke riƙe da kadarorinsa daga kabarin Xiahu a Henan, China. Tare da ita akwai wasu kwafi 29 da suka karye masu ɗan bambance-bambancen tsari. Shekaru - shekaru 9. Yawan ramukan yatsa 000-5.

An gano busa sarewa na kasar Sin mafi tsufa a cikin kabarin Yarima Yi. Sinawa suna kiransa "chi". Wataƙila an ƙirƙira shi a shekara ta 433 BC, lokacin daular Zhou ta ƙarshe. Jikin da aka yi da lacquered bamboo. Akwai cutouts guda 5 a gefe. An ambaci Chi a cikin rubutun Confucius.

Rubuce-rubuce mafi tsufa na kayan aikin iska ya koma 2600-2700 BC. Ana danganta marubuci ga mutanen Sumerian. An kuma ambaci kayan aikin iska a cikin kwamfutar hannu da aka fassara kwanan nan tare da waƙa game da GilPlaysh. An rubuta waƙar almara tsakanin 2100-600 BC.

Daga cikin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa: an fassara adadin allunan Sumerian da aka sani da "rubucen kiɗa". Teburan sun ƙunshi umarni don daidaita ma'auni na kayan kiɗan. Daya daga cikin ma'aunin ana kiransa "embubum", wanda ke nufin " sarewa" a cikin Akkadian.

Sarewa sun mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a al'adar Indiyawa da tatsuniyoyi. Adabin Indiya na karni na 16 BC ya ƙunshi nassoshi da yawa game da bambancin giciye. Masana tarihi na kiɗa sun yi imanin cewa Indiya ita ce wurin haifuwar sigar giciye.

Ƙwaƙwalwar sarewa ta bayyana a ƙasar Masar ta zamani a kusan 3000 BC. A halin yanzu, yana ci gaba da kasancewa babban kayan aikin iska a cikin kasashen musulmi na Gabas ta Tsakiya.

A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, sarewa mai jujjuyawa ya zama sananne a Turai, wanda har yanzu ya shahara a yau. A cikin karni na XNUMX, samfurori masu tsayi sun zo Turai.

A cikin karni na XNUMX, mawaƙin Faransa Jacques Otteter ya inganta tsarin kayan aikin. An sanya ramukan yatsa da bawuloli. Sakamakon shine ɗaukar cikakken kewayon sautin chromatic. Ƙirƙirar sabon ƙira ya haifar da faɗuwar shaharar mai rikodi mai tsayi. Tun daga karni na XNUMX, bututun da aka sabunta ya ɗauki muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ba tare da wannan kayan aikin ba an fara ɗaukar ƙasa.

A cikin karni na XNUMX, Theobald Böhm ya yi manyan canje-canje ga ƙira. Mai sana'a ya shirya ramukan bisa ga ka'idodin sauti, ƙara zobe da bawuloli, shigar da tashar ƙetare siliki. An yi sabon sigar da azurfa, wanda ya sa ya fi tsada. Tun daga nan, kayan aiki bai sami manyan canje-canje a cikin ƙira ba.

Fitattun 'yan sarewa

Daya daga cikin shahararrun 'yan wasan sarewa na zamani shine dan kasar Italiya Nicola Mazzanti. Ya yi rikodin kundi da yawa gaba ɗaya sadaukarwa ga sarewa piccollo. Ya kuma buga littattafai kan yadda ake kunna piccollo.

An bai wa mawaƙin Soviet Nikolai Platonov lambar girmamawa ta RSFSR mai daraja. Shahararrun wakokinsa sune opera “Laftanar Schmidt”, “Overture for Symphony Orchestra”, “12 Etudes for Solo”.

Mawakiyar Ba’amurke Lizzo, wacce ke yin madadin hip-hop, tana yin amfani da sarewa sosai a cikin wakokinta. A cikin 2020, Lizzo ta sami lambar yabo ta Grammy don Mafi kyawun Kundin Kiɗa na zamani.

A cikin kiɗan dutse, ƙungiyar Jethro Tull ce ta fara amfani da sarewa. Mawaƙin ƙungiyar Ian Anderson ne ke buga kayan.