Ethnography musical |

Ethnography na kiɗa (daga ethnos na Girkanci - mutane da grapo - na rubuta) - kimiyya. horo, mai tsarki nazarin kiɗan jama'a. An sani a kasashe daban-daban kuma a cikin daban-daban. lokutan tarihi a ƙarƙashin sunayen: labarun kiɗa, kiɗa. ethnology (a cikin ƙasashen Jamusanci da harsunan Slavic), kwatanta. ilimin kide-kide (a cikin kasashen yammacin Turai da dama), ethnomusicology (a cikin harshen Ingilishi, yanzu kuma a cikin al'adar Faransanci), da ethnomusicology (a cikin USSR). Da farko, E. m. kimiyyar siffa ce zalla, mai gyara takamaiman. kayan kida na al'adar baka don ka'idar. da bincike na tarihi. A kasashen waje kimiyyar Turai na karni na 20, preim. Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na 2, an rarraba ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin gama gari zuwa cikin binciken ƙasar gida na mutanensa (Jamus - Volkskunde; Faransanci - al'adar populaire; Turanci - tatsuniyoyi), wanda ya taso a kan haɓakar 'yanci na ƙasa. motsi a Turai a farkon. Karni na 19; don kwatanta nazarin baƙi, yawanci karin-Turai, al'ummomi (Jamus - Völkerkunde; Faransanci - ethnologie; Turanci - ilimin zamantakewar zamantakewa), wanda ya ci gaba a tsakiya. Karni na 19 dangane da fadada turawan mulkin mallaka. jihar-in. E. m. ya bi wannan rabo. A cikin al'adar Faransanci, em - ethnomusicology. A Jamus, jagora ya bayyana E. m., yana nazarin abin da ake kira. kiɗan prehistoric, – Frühgeschichte der Musik (V. Viora).

A da, da yawa masana kimiyyar bourgeois sun ɗauki ethnomusicology a matsayin kimiyya kawai game da wajen Turai. al'adun kiɗa, yanzu akwai wani yanayi zuwa ga fahimtar ƙabila mai faɗi game da shi.

Mn. ƙwararru, kuma sama da duka a cikin USSR, suna amfani da kalmomin “E. m.", "Music. folkloristics", "ethnomusicology" a matsayin daidai, bisa ga gaskiyar cewa E. m., kamar kowane kimiyya, yana jurewa decomp. matakai, jin dadin diff. fasaha kuma yana da bambanci. ƙwarewar masana'antu. A cikin USSR, kalmar "muz. folkloristics", a lokaci guda, kalmar "ethnomusicology", kafa daga kalmar "ethnomusicology", gabatar a 1950 da J. Kunst (Netherland) da kuma zama tartsatsi godiya ga Amer. yi.

E. m. wani bangare ne na ilimin kida na gabaɗaya, amma a lokaci ɗaya ne. hade da general ethnography, almara, zamantakewa. Batun E.m. na gargajiya ne. gida (kuma sama da duka, almara) kiɗa. al'ada. a matakai daban-daban na al'umma. Ci gaban ta kasance na Dec. rawar. Yana da mahimmanci cewa Nar. bambancin kiɗan kiɗa. kabilu da al'ummomi tsawon tarihinsu, gami da lokacin zamani. tsarin zamantakewa, wanda ke da kabilanci. ƙayyadaddun bayanai. E. m. karatu Nar. kiɗa a lokaci guda, na farko, azaman “harshe”, watau, azaman takamaiman tsari. ma'anar kida-bayyana, tsarin kida-harshe, kuma na biyu - a matsayin "magana", wato, a matsayin takamaiman. halin yin aiki. Wannan yana bayyana rashin yiwuwar watsa ingantaccen Nar. music a cikin takardar music kadai.

Production Recording nar. kiɗa shine yanki mafi mahimmanci na E. m. “Babban abin dogaro ga tarihin Nar. music saura Nar. waƙoƙin waƙa da aka yi rikodin kwanan nan … Rikodin Nar. waƙa ba aiki ne na atomatik ba: rikodin lokaci guda yana bayyana yadda wanda ya rubuta ya fahimci tsarin waƙar, yadda yake tantance shi ... Theoretical. ra'ayoyi da basira ba za a iya nunawa a cikin rikodin ba" (KV Kvitka). Rikodi, gyara samfurori na almara yana faruwa ch. arr. a sigar balaguro. aiki a tsakanin mazauna karkara da birane. Ana yin rikodin kiɗa, na magana, rikodin sauti tare da bayanan rubutu na gaba (decoding), bayanai game da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da tarihin ( zamantakewa, ƙabilanci da al'adu) na ƙauyen inda waɗannan waƙoƙi, raye-raye, waƙoƙin suka wanzu. Bugu da ƙari, ana auna ma'auni, zane-zane da hotuna. ana kama kayan kida akan raye-rayen fim. Lokacin gyara kayan al'ada ko kayan wasa. An yi bayanin al'adar da ta dace da kuma mahalartanta daki-daki.

Bayan yin rikodi, an tsara kayan aikin, sarrafa kayan tarihin sa da lissafin katin a cikin ɗaya ko wani tsarin da aka yarda da shi (ta hanyar balaguron mutum, ta ƙauyuka da yankuna, masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da ƙungiyoyi masu yin aiki, nau'ikan da makirci, nau'ikan waƙoƙi, nau'ikan modal da nau'ikan rhythmic, hanya da yanayi. na aiki). Sakamakon tsari shine ƙirƙirar kasida masu ɗauke da ƙididdiga. yanayi da kyale sarrafa kwamfuta. A matsayin hanyar haɗi tsakanin gyarawa, tsarin aiki da bincike na Nar. kida ne na kida-ethnographic. wallafe-wallafe - tarihin kiɗa, yanki, nau'i ko jigo. tarin, litattafai na monographs tare da cikakkun takaddun shaida, sharhi, tsarin faɗaɗa tsarin firikwensin, yanzu tare da rikodin sauti. Rubuce-rubucen kabilanci suna tare da sharhi, rubuce-rubucen kiɗa, hotunan hoto da taswirar yankin. Kade-kade da kade-kade suma sun yadu. fina-finai.

Music-ethnographic. karatu, daban-daban a nau'o'i da dalilai, sun haɗa da na musamman. nazarin kiɗan (tsarin kiɗa, halaye, kari, tsari, da sauransu). Suna kuma amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya masu alaƙa. yankunan (folkloristics, ethnography, aesthetics, zamantakewa, ilimin halin dan Adam, versification, harshe, da dai sauransu), kazalika da hanyoyin da ainihin kimiyya (lissafi, kididdiga, acoustics) da kuma taswira.

E. m. yana nazarin batunsa bisa ga rubutattun bayanai (bayani na farko na kiɗa, shaidar adabin kai tsaye da bayanin matafiya, tarihin tarihi, tarihin tarihi, da sauransu), bisa ga kayan tarihi na archaeological. tono da hadisai da aka adana. kayan aikin kiɗa, kallo kai tsaye da balaguro. rubuce-rubuce. Gyara kiɗan al'adar baka a cikin yanayinta. muhallin zama ch. abu E. m. Na zamani. bayanan sun ba da damar sake gina tsoffin salon bunks. kiɗa.

Asalin asalin E. m. dangane da M. Montaigne (karni na 16), J. G. Russo i. G. Herder (karni na 18). Bayanan E. m. kamar yadda kimiyya ke komawa ga ayyukan F. G. Fetisa et al. (Karni na 19). Tarin Nar na farko da aka buga. waƙoƙi, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba a bi da su ta hanyar kimiyya ba. burin. Masana tarihin kabilanci, masu son tarihi na gida ne suka tattara su. Sai ga kayan Nar. mawaƙa sun juya ga kerawa, suna ƙoƙari ba kawai don sanin kiɗan ɗan ƙasarsu ba, da sauransu. mutane, amma kuma don fassara shi cikin samfuran su. Mawaƙa sun ba da gudummawar hanyoyi. gudunmawa ga ci gaban E. m., ba kawai sarrafa bunks ba. wakoki, amma kuma ya binciko su: B. Bartok, 3. Kodaly (Hungary), I. Kron (Finland), J. Tierso (Faransa), D. Hristov (Bulgaria), R. Vaughan Williams (Birtaniya). Yawancin kwararru na 19-20 ƙarni. ya kasance yana sha'awar tatsuniyoyi na asali: M. A. Balakirev, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. DA. Tchaikovsky A. TO. Lyadov da sauransu. (Rasha), O. Kolberg (Poland), F. Kuhach (Yugoslavia), S. Sharp (UK), B. Stoin (Bulgaria). Wani wuri na musamman yana shagaltar da ayyukan L. Cuba (Jamhuriyar Czech), wanda ya tattara kiɗa. labarin almara pl. daukaka mutane. Mafarin tarihin E. m. yadda ake danganta ilimin kimiyya zuwa lokacin da aka ƙirƙira phonograph (1877). A cikin 1890 kiɗan Amer. Indiyawa, a bene na 2. 1890s an yi rikodin sauti na farko a Turai (a Hungary da Rasha). 1884-85 A. J. Ellis ya gano cewa mutane suna amfani da ma'aunin ma'aunin da Turawa ba su sani ba, kuma sun ba da shawarar auna tazarar da ke tsakanin matakansu a cikin centi - ɗaruruwan ɗarurruwan yanayi mai zafi. An kafa manyan wuraren adana hotuna na phonogram a Vienna da Berlin. A kan tushen su, kimiyya. makarantu E. m. Tun 1929 akwai ɗakin ajiya. tatsuniyoyi a cikin Bucharest (Archives de la folklore de la Société des Compositeurs roumains), tun 1944 - Intern. archive et al. kiɗa a Geneva (Taskokin internationales de musique populaire au Musée d'ethnographice de Geníve; dukansu sun ƙirƙira ta wani fitaccen ɗaki. masanin tarihin kankara K. Brailoyu) da kuma Sashen Nazarin Ethnomusicology a Gidan Tarihi na Art. zane-zane da al'adu a Paris (Département d'ethnomusicologie du Musée National des Arts et Traditions populaires). Tun 1947 da Intern. Majalisar kiɗan mutane a UNESCO - Majalisar Waƙar Jama'a ta Duniya (IFMC), wacce ke da nat. kwamitoci a kasashe daban-daban na duniya, buga na musamman. mujallar "Journal of the IFMC" da kuma buga littafin shekara "Yearbook of the IFMC" (tun 1969), a cikin Amurka - Society of Ethnomusicology, wanda ke buga mujallar. "Ethnomusicology". A cikin Yugoslavia, an ƙirƙiri Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Folklorista (Savez udruzenja folklorista Jugoslavije) a cikin 1954. Taskar Aiki about-va Turanci. Nar Dance da Song (Turanci Folk Dance and Song Society, London), Archives of the Museum of Man (Musée de l'Homme, Paris), Archives Nar. pesni Biblioteki kongresa (Taskar Waƙar Jama'a na Library of Congress, Washington), Taskar Gargajiya. Kiɗa a Jami'ar Indiana (Taskokin Kiɗan Gargajiya na Jami'ar Indiana) da Ethnomusicological. archive a Jami'ar California, tarihin wasu. daci. un-tov, archive na Intern. in-ta kwatanta. nazarin kiɗan (Taskokin Cibiyar Nazarin Kiɗa ta Duniya don nazarin kiɗan kwatancen da takaddun shaida, Zap. Berlin), da sauransu. A cikin tsarin inganta hanyoyin zamani E. m. An shawo kan kabilanci da karkata zuwa ga kunkuntar kayan kabilanci ta hanyar kwatanta kwatanta tarihi. bincike. Methodist. bincike ne da nufin rungumar kiɗa a cikin ƙarfinsa, fasahar haɓaka ta tarihi. ƙayyadaddun - mai yin gaske. tsari. Fasahar zamani E. m. yana amfani da cikakkiyar tsari da tsari ga kiɗa. al'ada, wanda ke ba ka damar nazarin Nar. music a cikin syncretic da roba. hadin kai da wasu. abubuwan almara. Zamani E. m. ya ɗauki labarun almara a matsayin fasaha. aikin sadarwa (K. Chistov - Tarayyar Soviet; D. Shtokman - GDR; D. Ben-Amos - Amurka, da dai sauransu); Ana mai da hankali sosai ga nazarin ayyukansa (watau. Mr. wakokin group E. Clasen - Jamus; t. Mr. ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Ben-Amos; t. Mr. ƙananan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa Sirovatki - Czechoslovakia). A cewar T. Todorova (NRB), wato daidaitawa E. m. akan nazarin almara kamar yadda fasaha ke kaiwa ga samuwar E. m.

A cikin ci gaban kafin juyin juya halin AN Serov, VF Odoevsky, PP Sokalsky, Yu. N. Melgunov, AL Maslov, EE Lineva, SF Lyudkevich, FM Kolessa, Komitas, DI Arakishvili da sauransu. Daga cikin fitattun mujiya. VM Belyaev, VS Vinogradov, E. Ya. Vitolin, U. Gadzhibekov, EV Gippius, BG Erzakovich, AV Zataevich, da KV Kvitka, XS Kushnarev, LS Mukharinskaya, FA Rubtsov, XT Tampere, VA Uspensky, Ya. nar. al'adun kiɗa.

A cikin Rasha, tarin da nazarin Nar. Ƙirƙirar kiɗa ta mayar da hankali a cikin Musical and Ethnographic Commission da ethnographic. sashen Rus. Geographic game-va. Bayan Oktoba an ƙirƙiri juyin juya hali: ethnographic. sashe Jiha. Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kiɗa (1921, Moscow, tana aiki har zuwa 1931), Leningrad. phonogram archive (1927, tun 1938 - a Cibiyar Rasha adabi na Academy of Sciences na Tarayyar Soviet), ofishin na Nar. music a Moscow. Conservatory (1936), sashen labarin almara a Cibiyar Fasaha, Kiɗa da Cinematography (1969, Leningrad), Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Jama'a. kiɗa a kwamitin USSR na Tarayyar Soviet, kwamitin kida da tarihin kwamitin RSFSR na Tarayyar Soviet, da dai sauransu.

A farkon. 1920s BV Asafiev, wanda ya fahimci kiɗan. intonation a matsayin takamaiman. ƙunshi. hanyar sadarwa mai inganci, ta bada shawarar nazarin nar. music art-va a matsayin mai rai m. tsari. Ya yi kira da a yi nazarin al'adun gargajiya "a matsayin kiɗan wani yanayi na musamman na zamantakewa, koyaushe yana canzawa a cikin tsarinsa." Na farko yana nufin. Ayyukan EV Evald (a kan waƙoƙin Belarusian Polesie, 1934, 2nd ed. 1979) sune nasarar E. m. a wannan hanya. Mujiya. E. m. yana tasowa bisa tsarin tsarin Marxist-Leninist. Mujiya. Masana ilimin kide-kide sun cimma manufa. nasara wajen nazarin salo da fasaha na gida. tsarin gargajiya. da na zamani. kiɗa, a cikin amfani da bayanan kiɗa da na al'ada a matsayin tushen nazarin matsalolin ethnogenesis.

Ci gaban zamani E. m. kamar yadda kimiyya ke kaiwa ga ƙirƙirar sabon ka'idar fasaha. mutuncin Nar. music da kwayoyin tsarin mutane. al'adun kiɗa.

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II Zemtsovsky