Waƙar sararin samaniya |
Jamus Raummusik
Kiɗa da ke amfani da tasirin sauti na sarari: echo, tsari na musamman na masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, da sauransu. Kalmar “P. m." ya bayyana a cikin adabin kida a tsakiya. Karni na 20, amma ba a amfani da shi sosai. Ba ya nufin k.-l. mai zaman kansa. nau'in kiɗa, saboda tasirin sararin samaniya, a matsayin mai mulkin, ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bayyanawa. yana nufin amfani da shi a cikin kiɗa. samfurori masu dangantaka da P.m. A cikin decomp. an yi amfani da lokutan tarihin P. m ko dangane da. yanayin aiki (misali a waje), ko don dalilai na ado (misali dangane da ƙirar matakin aiki). A cikin al'adar al'ada, ana iya la'akari da ka'idodin antiphonal da responsorial na abun da ke ciki da kuma aiki kamar nau'in P. m. jimloli da manyan sassan Op. daga wata mawaka ko rabin mawaka zuwa wata (wasu mawaka biyu da uku suna hade da wannan, musamman a tsakanin Venetians a karni na 16). Zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo. kiɗa yana amfani da juxtaposition na ƙungiyar makaɗa a gaban dandamali da ƙungiyar makaɗa a kan wasan, da kuma sauran tasirin (makaɗan da ke cikin sassa daban-daban na wasan a cikin Mozart's Don Giovanni; kusanci da kawar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ƙauye a cikin Borodin's Prince). Igor, da dai sauransu). An kuma yi amfani da tasirin sararin samaniya a cikin kiɗa a sararin sama, akan ruwa (misali, "Kiɗa akan Ruwa" da "Kiɗa a cikin daji" na Handel). Lokaci-lokaci, ana samun samfuran P. na m a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. nau'in. Serenade (nocturne) na Mozart (K.-V. 286, 1776 ko 1777), wanda aka rubuta don ƙungiyar makaɗa 4, wanda aka haɗa don tasirin waƙoƙin sauti kuma yana ba da damar sanya ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. A cikin "Requiem" na Berlioz, ana amfani da ruhohi 4. Orchestra dake wurare daban-daban na zauren.
A cikin karni na 20 P. darajar m ya ƙaru. A cikin shari'o'in sashen, yanayin sararin samaniya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tushe na muses. Tsarin (ainihin P. m). Wasu mawaƙa na zamani musamman suna haɓaka manufar P.m. (da farko, K. Stockhausen - a matsayin mawaki kuma a matsayin mai nazari; a karo na farko a cikin op. "Waƙar samari ...", 1956, da "Group" don 3 orchestras, 1957; bisa ga ra'ayin na Stockhausen a EXPO-70 a Osaka, an gina wani zaure na musamman don P.m., masanin Borneman). Haka ne, samar da J. Xenakis "Terretektor" (1966) an tsara shi ba kawai don tasirin motsi na tushen sauti a kusa da masu sauraro ba yayin da ake canza masu wasan kwaikwayon daidai. ƙungiyoyi, amma (saboda sanya jama'a a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa da marubucin ya tsara) kuma a lokaci guda. sakamakon sakamakon motsinsa na rectilinear, kamar yana wucewa "ta wurin masu sauraro". Ayyukan da suka danganci ainihin P.m., sune Ch. arr. na gwaji.
Yu. N. Kholopov
