Makarantar Dutch |

Makarantar Dutch – jagoranci m shugabanci zuwa wok. ƙungiyar mawaƙa. polyphony 15th-16th ƙarni Ya ci gaba a cikin Netherlands (tarihi; hade da zamani Netherlands, Belgium, Arewa-maso Gabas Faransa da Luxembourg); II. sh. ana kuma kira Burgundian da Flemish, Franco-Flemish. N. sh. ya haɗa da tsararraki da yawa na Netherlands. mawakan da suka yi aiki a Turai daban-daban. kasashen da aka fahimci al'adunsa, wanda ya haifar da haɓakar sautin murya na gida. makarantu. Ya kasance sakamakon babban matakin ci gaban kiɗan Dutch. Amfani da jama'a song. kere kere, N. sh. ya takaita nasarorin da kasashen Turai suka samu. wok-choir polyphony 9 - farkon. Karni na 15 (Ingilishi da Faransanci, al'ada da addini) kuma sun nuna ranar farin ciki na al'ada. ƙungiyar mawaƙa. polyphony. N. sh. ya haifar da tsarin dokokin duniya na polyphony - ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan salon salo, ya haɓaka classic. samfurori wok.- mawaƙa. nau'ikan polyphonic, coci da na zamani - talakawa, motet, chanson, madrigal kuma sun amince da rinjayen cikakken sauti na 4, muryoyin da suka zama daidai, kuma sun haɓaka al'adun kiɗan 3-bulo. sito. Mawakan N. sh. bambanta ta hanyar ƙwararrun dabarun ƙima, kai ga keɓancewa. nagarta a cikin halittar mawaƙa. polygonal prod. (sun kawo adadin kuri'un masu zaman kansu zuwa 30), suna tsammanin instr. kida na wadannan zamani. Kidan malaman N. sh. nufi da farko. don mawaƙa. Alkalami. da cappella. An haɗa rakiyar kayan aiki a cikin bikin. (solemnis) talakawa da motets, ninka wok. jam'iyyu (ch. arr. bass), kuma galibi ana amfani dashi a cikin sautin murya na zamani. waƙoƙi.

Cibiyar. nau'in kiɗan N. sh. - mawaƙa. a cappella taro, typ. da expressiveness na taro an ƙaddara da embodiment na falsafa da tunani tunani na lokacinsa (game da wani mutum a cikin wata babbar sararin samaniya, game da jituwa kyau na duniya, da dai sauransu). Gine-ginen sauti masu rikitarwa na talakawa, waɗanda ke da cikakken ƙarfin sauti da tasiri mai ban sha'awa, sun dace da girman Gothic. Cathedrals, inda aka gudanar da su a ranakun bukukuwan addini. bukukuwan aure. Bayyanar waƙar, daɗaɗɗen halayenta da kuma haskakawar ta an bayyana su ta hanyar rinjaye na manyan rajista da launuka masu kyau na ƙungiyar maza da maza. ƙarya; gwaninta hade da santsi tura na melodic. Lines, da kyaun su m counterpointing, da filigree daidaici na cikakken bayani. Kalmomin duniya kusan ba su bambanta da na ruhaniya ba; ta nar. melodic tushe da rayayyun motsin rai sun bayyana ko'ina a cikin ayyukan mawaƙa na N. sh., musamman a cikin karni na 16. Hatta talakawa sukan dauki sunayen wakokin da ake amfani da su a cikin su ("Mai Makami", "Pale Face", da dai sauransu).

Suna "N. sh." ya gabatar da R. G. Kizevetter (a cikin aikinsa "Gudunmawar Netherlands zuwa Art of Music", 1828), wanda ya ba da shawarar rarraba sharadi zuwa 3 (ko 4) N. sh. daidai da sassan tasirin tasirin wakilansa. 1st N. sh., Burgundian, ya tashi a tsakiya. 15 cin c. a kotun Burgundian da ke Dijon, wanda wata babbar kotu ta bambanta. al'adu da haɓaka Faransanci. hadisai. Wannan makaranta kuma ta sami tasiri na ƙirƙira na Ingilishi. polyphonists, ch. ar. fice Turanci. Komi. J. Dunstable, wanda ya yi aiki a Faransa (ya koyar da mawakan Burgundian). 1st N.sh. jagorancin J. Binchois, wanda ya yi aiki a kotun Duke na Burgundy, Philip the Good (wanda ya kirkiro ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar chanson soyayya) da G. Dufay (wanda kuma ya yi aiki a Italiya da Faransa; wanda ya kafa makarantar polyphonic a Cambrai), wanda ya shahara ga ballads, rondels, masses, motets , ya inganta polyphony sosai. fasaha da bayanin kida. 2 da 3 N. sh. (masu tsara wakoki na gaba) naz. Flemish. Manyan malamansu: J. Okegem (ya yi aiki a kotun Faransa) - masu zamani na sunan. “Babban master of counterpoint” don cikakkiyar ƙwarensa na fasaha ta hanyar kwaikwayo, wanda kuma aka yi amfani da shi a cikin majiɓincin sufi. talakawa, kuma a cikin zuwan. miniatures na lyric; J. Obrecht (ya zauna a Netherlands, Faransa, Italiya) - Op. wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar ingantaccen salo da virtuoso salon, motsin rai da kyawun bayyana kida tare da bayyananniyar jigo, amfani da Nar. karin waƙa (flam., Jamusanci, Italiyanci) da rawa. rhythms, talakawansa sun shahara, sadaukarwa. Budurwa Maryamu, wanda ake kira. parodic talakawa, flam. chanson da instr su. trans. rawa; Josquin Despres (ya yi aiki a birane daban-daban na Italiya da Arewacin Faransa) - marubucin ayyukan ibada na ban mamaki, an san shi musamman don fasahar bayyana abubuwan ruhaniya iri-iri a cikin kyawawan polyphonics na halaye daban-daban. waƙoƙi da motets cike da halayen ɗan adam, yana ɗaya daga cikin mawallafin farko na polyphonic. ciki wasan kwaikwayo za su nuna. hali. 4 ta N. sh., wanda ya bazu zuwa hawa na 2. Karni na 16 a cikin ƙasashen Turai, wanda Orlando di Lasso ke jagoranta (wanda ke zaune a Italiya, Faransa, Ingila, Bavaria), sanannen "Zabura ta Tuba", Sat. motets “Babban halittar kiɗa”, coci. prod., da kuma halitta akan Nar. bisa ga waƙoƙin nau'ikan haske, al'amuran, ƙauyuka masu ban sha'awa za su nuna. hali, madrigals zuwa wakoki da mawaƙa na Renaissance da kuma tsoho. Manyan Masters na N. sh. yana da mabiya da yawa, ƙwararrun masu hana ruwa gudu, waɗanda aka gayyace su zuwa aiki a cikin decomp. Garuruwan Turai; Venetian polyphonic. An kafa makarantar A. Willart, Roman wanda J. Arkadelt, F. le Bel (shi malami ne na Palastinu); G. Isak ya yi aiki a Florence, Innsbruck, Augsburg, A. Brumel - a cikin Ferrara. A Italiya, mawaƙa N. sh. ya kafa harsashin madrigal na Italiyanci. Daga cikin wasu sanannun masters na N. sh. – A. Bunois, P. da la Rue, L. Kofar, J. Mutun, A. da Feven, N. Gombert, J. Clemens - "ba baba", F. Verdelot, F.

Banda nasara N. sh. ya kasance saboda high art. fasahar masu yin ta, wadanda suka fito daga kasar da ta ci gaba da al'adu, wanda ya bunkasa albarkacin Turawa gama gari. huldar kasuwanci da al'adu; a nan, a karon farko a Turai, mawaƙa sun karɓi prof. ilimi a cikin mita. Ci gaba da rarraba N. sh. Har ila yau, ya ba da gudummawa ga inganta alamar kida da kuma fitowar alamar kida. Maulidin N. sh. polyphony ya samo asali ne tun lokacin farin ciki na Netherlands. zanen (daidai da babbar makarantar fasaha ta fasaha), zane-zane mai amfani, gine-gine, falsafa da lissafi. A cikin ƙirƙirar manyan polygons. abubuwan da ke cikin Netherlands. masters sun dogara da koyarwar falsafar Neoplatonists, da kuma ƙididdiga masu tsanani, DOS. akan zurfafan lissafi. ilimi (yawancin mawakan Renaissance, da suka haɗa da Dunstable da, mai yiyuwa, Okegem da Obrecht, sun kasance masanan lissafi a lokaci guda, masana falsafa, masana taurari da taurari). Tsarin dokokin polyphony da suka haɓaka a wok. nau'ikan rubutu mai tsauri, dangane da cantus firmus guda ɗaya (liturgical ko mafi yawan jama'a) da gyare-gyarensa, sun aiwatar da ka'idar "haɗin kai a cikin bambancin" (bisa ga ra'ayin duniya na zamanin). A cikin tsarin motets da talakawa, a cikin zaɓi na cantus firmus da bikinsa, an bayyana wani alamar alama. Misalin tunani na zamanin, lissafinsa. haziƙanci ya bayyana musamman a cikin yada canons mai ban mamaki (ƙwarewar ƙwarewa na ƙwararrun dabarun hana cin zarafi tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin N. sh. wani lokaci yakan zama wasa mai ma'ana tare da haɗe-haɗe masu ban sha'awa).

Fasaha. nasarorin manyan mawaƙa na N. sh., ka'idodin kiɗan polyphonic sun yarda da su. abubuwan da aka tsara sun zama duniya don ci gaba da haɓakawa na decomp. salo na rubuce-rubuce na kyauta, wanda aka rigaya ya dogara da sauran kayan ado. ka'idoji, kuma sun kasance ginshiƙi na ci gaba da bunƙasa dukan Turai. kiɗa, wok da instr., Ba kawai polyphonic ba, har ma da homophonic (duba Homophony), da dabarun su na jujjuyawar, juzu'i, kwaikwayo, da dai sauransu, sun shiga fasaha na dodecaphony. A matsayin sabon salo, N. sh. ainihin kammala zamanin mulkin mallaka a Turai. al'adun cocin kiɗa. (Katolika) wok.- mawaƙa. nau'o'i kuma suna nunawa a cikin su na falsafa da addini. kallon duniya (daga baya ya bayyana kansa a cikin Protestant wok-instr. music, kololuwar wanda shi ne aikin JS Bach).

References: Bulychev V., Kiɗa na tsayayyen salo da lokacin gargajiya…, M., 1909; Kiesewetter B., Die Verdienste der Niederländer um mutu Tonkunst, W., 1828; Wolff H., Die Musik der alten Niederländer, Lpz., 1956; Backers, S., Nederlandsche componisten van 1400 tot op onzen tijd, s'-Gravenhage, 1942, 1950; Borren Ch. van den, Dufay da makarantarsa, a cikin sabon tarihin kiɗa na Oxford, v. 3, L. – NY – Toronto, 1960; Bridgman N., Shekarun Ockegem da Josquin, ibid .; duba kuma Littafi Mai Tsarki. ku Art. Kidan Dutch, Mass, Counterpoint, Polyphony, Tsananin salo.

LG Berger