Boris Tischenko |

Boris Tischenko

Mafi girman alheri… ba komai bane illa sanin gaskiya daga sababinsa na farko. R. Descartes

B. Tishchenko yana daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan Soviet na zamanin bayan yakin. Shi ne marubucin shahararrun ballets "Yaroslavna", "Sha biyu"; mataki yana aiki bisa ga kalmomin K. Chukovsky: "Fly-Sokotukha", "Rana da aka sace", "Kwarji". Mawaƙin ya rubuta babban adadin manyan ayyukan kade-kade - 5 wasan kwaikwayo marasa shiri (ciki har da tashar ta M. Tsvetaeva), "Sinfonia robusta", wasan kwaikwayo "Thronicle of the Siege"; wasan kwaikwayo na piano, cello, violin, garaya; 5 kirtani quartets; 8 piano sonatas (ciki har da na bakwai - tare da karrarawa); 2 violin sonatas, da sauransu. Kiɗan muryar Tishchenko ya haɗa da waƙoƙi biyar akan st. O. Driz; Bukatun soprano, tenor da makada a St. A. Akhmatova; "Shaida" don soprano, garaya da gabo a St. N. Zabolotsky; Cantata "Garden of Music" akan st. A. Kushner. Ya shirya "Wakoki Hudu na Kyaftin Lebyadkin" na D. Shostakovich. Mawaƙin Peru kuma ya haɗa da kiɗa don fina-finai "Suzdal", "Mutuwar Pushkin", "Igor Savvovich", don wasan kwaikwayo "Zuciyar Kare".

Tishchenko sauke karatu daga Leningrad Conservatory (1962-63), malamansa a cikin abun da ke ciki su ne V. Salmanov, V. Voloshin, O. Evlakhov, a digiri na biyu makaranta - D. Shostakovich, a piano - A. Logovinsky. Yanzu shi kansa farfesa ne a Leningrad Conservatory.

Tishchenko ya ci gaba a matsayin mawaki tun da wuri - yana da shekaru 18 ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na Violin, yana da shekaru 20 - Quartet na biyu, wanda yana cikin mafi kyawun abubuwan da ya rubuta. A cikin aikinsa, layin tsohuwar layi da layin maganganun motsin rai na zamani sun yi fice sosai. A cikin wata sabuwar hanya, haskaka hotuna na tsohuwar tarihin Rasha da tarihin Rasha, mawallafin yana sha'awar launi na archaic, yana neman isar da mashahuriyar ra'ayi na duniya wanda ya ci gaba a cikin ƙarni (ballet Yaroslavna - 1974, Symphony na uku - 1966, sassan sassan). Na Biyu (1959), Quartets na Uku (1970), Piano Sonata na Uku - 1965). Waƙar da ke daɗe ta Rasha don Tishchenko duka biyu ce ta ruhaniya da kyakkyawar manufa. Fahimtar zurfin yadudduka na al'adun ƙasa ya ba wa mawaƙa a cikin Symphony na Uku damar ƙirƙirar sabon nau'in kiɗan kiɗan - kamar yadda yake, "alama ta waƙoƙi"; inda aka saƙa masana'anta na orchestral daga kwafin kayan kida. Kiɗa mai rai na ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayo yana da alaƙa da hoton waƙar N. Rubtsov - "ƙasa na shiru". Yana da kyau a lura cewa tsohuwar kallon duniya ta jawo hankalin Tishchenko kuma dangane da al'adun Gabas, musamman saboda nazarin kiɗa na Japan na zamanin da "gagaku". Fahimtar takamaiman fasali na al'ummar Rasha da duniyar Gabas ta Tsakiya, mawaƙin ya haɓaka a cikin salonsa wani nau'in haɓakar kiɗan na musamman - ƙididdigar meditative, wanda canje-canje a cikin yanayin kiɗan ke faruwa a hankali da sannu a hankali (dogon cello solo a cikin Farko Cello. Concerto - 1963).

A cikin embodiment na hankula ga XX karni. hotuna na gwagwarmaya, cin nasara, mummunan tashin hankali, mafi girman tashin hankali na ruhaniya, Tishchenko yana aiki a matsayin magaji ga wasan kwaikwayo na symphonic na malaminsa Shostakovich. Abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a wannan bangare su ne Wakoki na Hudu da na Biyar (1974 da 1976).

Symphony na Hudu yana da matuƙar buri - an rubuta shi don mawaƙa 145 da mai karatu tare da makirufo kuma yana da tsayin sama da sa'a ɗaya da rabi (wato gabaɗayan wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya). Symphony na biyar an sadaukar da shi ga Shostakovich kuma kai tsaye ya ci gaba da hotunan kiɗan sa - shelar magana mai ban tsoro, matsananciyar zazzabi, maɗaukakiyar bala'i, kuma tare da wannan - dogon monologues. An permeated tare da motif-monogram na Shostakovich (D- (e) S-С-Н), ya hada da ambato daga ayyukansa (daga takwas da goma Symphonies, Sonata ga Viola, da dai sauransu), da kuma daga Ayyukan Tishchenko (daga Symphony na Uku, Piano Sonata na biyar, Piano Concerto). Wannan wani nau'i ne na tattaunawa tsakanin ƙarami na zamani da babba, "jin gudun hijira na tsararraki".

An kuma bayyana ra'ayoyin waƙar Shostakovich a cikin sonata biyu don violin da piano (1957 da 1975). A cikin Sonata na biyu, babban hoton da ya fara da ƙare aikin shine magana mai ban tausayi. Wannan sonata ba sabon abu ba ne a cikin abun da ke ciki - ya ƙunshi sassa 7, waɗanda ke tattare da ma'anar "tsarin" (Prelude, Sonata, Aria, Postlude), har ma da ma'anar "tazara" (Intermezzo I, II) , III a presto tempo). Ballet "Yaroslavna" ("Eclipse") da aka rubuta bisa ga fitattun wallafe-wallafen abin tunawa na Ancient Rasha - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (libre by O. Vinogradov).

Ƙungiyar mawaƙa a cikin ballet tana cike da wani ɓangaren ƙungiyar mawaƙa wanda ke haɓaka ɗanɗanon innation na Rasha. Ya bambanta da fassarar makircin a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na A. Borodin "Prince Igor", mawallafin karni na XNUMX. An jaddada bala'in shan kashi na sojojin Igor. Harshen kiɗa na asali na ballet ya haɗa da waƙoƙi masu tsauri waɗanda ke sauti daga ƙungiyar mawaƙa na maza, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja, makoki "kukan" daga ƙungiyar makaɗa ("The Steppe of Death"), waƙoƙin iska mai ban tsoro, mai tunawa da sautin tausayi

Concerto na Farko na Cello da Orchestra yana da ra'ayi na musamman. "Wani abu kamar wasiƙa ga aboki," marubucin ya ce game da shi. Wani sabon nau'in ci gaba na kiɗa yana samuwa a cikin abun da ke ciki, kama da ci gaban kwayoyin halitta na shuka daga hatsi. Waƙoƙin yana farawa da sautin cello guda ɗaya, wanda ke ƙara faɗaɗa zuwa "spurs, harbe." Kamar dai ita kanta, an haifi waƙar waƙa, wanda ya zama jigon marubucin, “ikirari na rai.” Kuma bayan fara ba da labari, marubucin ya tsara wani wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tsoro, tare da madaidaicin madaidaici, sannan ya tashi zuwa fagen tunani mai haske. Shostakovich ya ce "Na san wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Tishchenko da zuciya ɗaya." Kamar duk ayyukan da aka tsara na shekarun da suka gabata na karni na XNUMX, kiɗan Tishchenko ya samo asali ne zuwa ga murya, wanda ke komawa ga asalin fasahar kiɗan.

V. Kholopova