Bedrich Smetana |

Bedrich Smetana

Kirim mai tsami. “The Bartered Bride” Polka (Orchestra wanda T. Beecham ke gudanarwa)

Ayyukan da yawa-gefe na B. Smetana ya kasance ƙarƙashin manufa guda ɗaya - ƙirƙirar kiɗan Czech masu sana'a. Fitaccen mawaki, madugu, malami, pianist, mai suka, kade-kade da jama'a, Smetana ya yi a lokacin da mutanen Czech suka gane kansu a matsayin al'umma mai nasu, al'adun asali, suna adawa da mamayar Austrian a fagen siyasa da ruhaniya.

Ƙaunar Czechs don kiɗa an san shi tun zamanin da. Yunkurin 'yantar da Hussite na karni na 5. waƙoƙin yaƙi - waƙoƙi; a cikin karni na 6, mawaƙan Czech sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka kiɗan gargajiya a Yammacin Turai. Yin kidan gida - violin na solo da wasan runguma - ya zama siffa ta rayuwar jama'a. Suna kuma son kiɗa a cikin dangin mahaifin Smetana, mai sana'a. Tun daga shekaru XNUMX, mawaƙin nan gaba ya buga violin, kuma a XNUMX ya fito fili ya yi wasan pianist. A cikin shekarun makaranta, yaron yana taka rawar gani a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa, ya fara yin waƙa. Smetana ya kammala karatunsa na kiɗa da ka'idar a Prague Conservatory a ƙarƙashin jagorancin I. Proksh, a lokaci guda yana inganta wasan piano.

A lokaci guda (40s), Smetana ya sadu da R. Schumann, G. Berlioz da F. Liszt, waɗanda ke yawon shakatawa a Prague. Daga baya, Liszt zai yaba da ayyukan mawaƙin Czech kuma ya tallafa masa. Kasancewa a farkon aikinsa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar romantics (Schumann da F. Chopin), Smetana ya rubuta yawancin kiɗa na piano, musamman a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'i: polkas, bagatelles, impromptu.

Abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya halin 1848, wanda Smetana ya faru ya dauki bangare, ya sami amsa mai ban sha'awa a cikin waƙoƙinsa na jaruntaka ("Song of Freedom") da jerin gwano. A daidai wannan lokaci da pedagogical aiki Smetana ya fara a makarantar da ya bude. Duk da haka, shan kashi na juyin juya hali ya haifar da karuwa a cikin manufofin daular Austriya, wanda ya hana duk wani abu na Czech. Zaluntar manyan mutane ya haifar da matsaloli masu yawa a tafarkin ayyukan kishin kasa da Smetana ya tilasta masa yin hijira zuwa Sweden. Ya zauna a Gothenburg (1856-61).

Kamar Chopin, wanda ya ɗauki hoton ƙasa mai nisa a cikin mazurkas, Smetana ya rubuta "Memories na Jamhuriyar Czech a cikin nau'i na sanduna" don piano. Sa'an nan kuma ya juya zuwa nau'in waƙar mai ban sha'awa. Bayan Liszt, Smetana yana amfani da makirci daga litattafan adabi na Turai - W. Shakespeare ("Richard III"), F. Schiller ("Wallenstein's Camp"), marubucin Danish A. Helenschleger ("Hakon Jarl"). A cikin Gothenburg, Smetana yana aiki a matsayin jagorar Society of Classical Music, pianist, kuma yana yin ayyukan koyarwa.

60s - lokacin wani sabon tashin hankali na motsi na kasa a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, kuma mawaki wanda ya koma ƙasarsa yana da hannu sosai a rayuwar jama'a. Smetana ya zama wanda ya kafa opera na gargajiya na Czech. Har ma da bude gidan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaka za su iya rera waka da yarensu, sai da taurin kai aka yi. A cikin 1862, a kan yunƙurin Smetana, an buɗe gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wucin gadi, inda ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana aiki a matsayin jagora (1866-74) kuma ya shirya wasan operas.

Ayyukan opera na Smetana ya bambanta na musamman dangane da jigogi da nau'o'i. Wasan opera ta farko, The Brandenburgers a Jamhuriyar Czech (1863), tana ba da labarin gwagwarmayar da Jamusawa da suka ci nasara a karni na 1866, abubuwan da suka faru na zamanin da a nan kai tsaye sun yi daidai da na yanzu. Bayan wasan opera na jaruntaka na tarihi, Smetana ya rubuta wasan barkwanci mai ban dariya The Bartered Bride (1868), shahararren aikinsa kuma sanannen aikinsa. Ƙaunar da ba ta ƙarewa, ƙaunar rayuwa, yanayin waƙa da raye-raye na kiɗa sun bambanta har ma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya na rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX. Wasan opera na gaba, Dalibor (XNUMX), wani bala'i ne na jaruntaka da aka rubuta a kan wani tsohon labari game da wani jarumi da aka daure a cikin hasumiya don tausayi da goyon bayan 'yan tawaye, da kuma ƙaunataccen Milada, wanda ya mutu yana ƙoƙari ya ceci Dalibor.

A kan yunƙurin Smetana, an gudanar da tara kuɗi na ƙasa baki ɗaya don gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1881 tare da farkon sabuwar opera Libuse (1872). Wannan almara ne game da almara wanda ya kafa Prague, Libuse, game da mutanen Czech. Mawallafin ya kira shi "hoton mai girma." Kuma a yanzu a cikin Czechoslovakia akwai al'adar yin wannan wasan opera a kan bukukuwan kasa, musamman muhimman abubuwan da suka faru. Bayan “Libushe” Smetana ya rubuta wasannin operas na ban dariya musamman: “Zawarawa biyu”, “Kiss”, “Asiri”. A matsayin mai gudanarwa na opera, yana inganta ba Czech kawai ba har ma da kiɗa na waje, musamman ma sababbin makarantun Slavic (M. Glinka, S. Moniuszko). An gayyaci M. Balakirev daga Rasha don shirya wasan kwaikwayo na Glinka a Prague.

Smetana ya zama mahaliccin ba kawai wasan opera na gargajiya ba, har ma da wasan kwaikwayo. Fiye da wasan kwaikwayo, yana sha'awar waƙar waƙa ta shirin. Mafi girman nasarar Smetana a cikin kiɗan orchestral an ƙirƙira shi a cikin 70s. sake zagayowar waqoqin waqoqin “Uwar uwa ta” – almara game da qasar Czech, mutanenta, tarihi. Waƙar "Vysehrad" (Vysehrad wani tsohon yanki ne na Prague, "babban birnin sarakuna da sarakunan Jamhuriyar Czech") labari ne game da jaruntaka da suka wuce da kuma girman da ya wuce na mahaifa.

Kiɗa mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa a cikin waƙoƙin "Vltava, Daga filayen Czech da gandun daji" yana zana hotuna na yanayi, shimfidar wurare na ƙasar kyauta, ta hanyar da ake ɗaukar sautin waƙoƙi da raye-raye. A cikin "Sharka" tsofaffin hadisai da almara sun zo rayuwa. "Tabor" da "Blanik" suna magana game da jarumawan Hussite, suna raira waƙa "Ɗaukakar ƙasar Czech."

Taken na mahaifa kuma yana kunshe a cikin kiɗan piano: "Czech Dances" tarin hotuna ne na rayuwar jama'a, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan raye-raye iri-iri a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech (polka, skochna, furant, coysedka, da sauransu).

Mawallafin waƙar Smetana koyaushe ana haɗa su tare da ayyuka masu tsauri da yawa na zamantakewa - musamman a lokacin rayuwarsa a Prague (60s - rabin farko na 70s). Don haka, jagorancin Verb of Prague Choral Society ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu yawa don ƙungiyar mawaƙa (ciki har da waƙar ban mamaki game da Jan Hus, Doki Uku). Smetana memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Al'adun Czech "Handy Beseda" kuma ya jagoranci sashin kiɗansa.

Mawaƙin ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Philharmonic, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ilimin kiɗa na jama'a, sanin al'adun gargajiya da al'adu na kiɗan gida, da kuma makarantar vocal na Czech, wanda shi kansa ya yi karatu tare da mawaƙa. A ƙarshe, Smetana yana aiki a matsayin mai sukar kiɗa kuma ya ci gaba da yin wasan pianist na virtuoso. Sai kawai rashin lafiya mai tsanani da rashin ji (1874) ya tilasta wa mawaki ya daina aiki a gidan opera kuma ya iyakance iyakar ayyukansa na zamantakewa.

Smetana ya bar Prague ya zauna a ƙauyen Jabkenice. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da tsara abubuwa da yawa (ya kammala zagayowar "My Motherland", ya rubuta sabon operas). Kamar yadda yake a baya (a shekarun hijira na Sweden, baƙin cikin mutuwar matarsa ​​da 'yarsa ya haifar da piano guda uku), Smetana ta ƙunshi abubuwan da ta samu a cikin nau'ikan kayan ɗaki. An halicci quartet "Daga Rayuwata" (1876) - labari game da makomar mutum, wanda ba zai iya bambanta da makomar fasahar Czech ba. Kowane bangare na quartet yana da bayanin shirin daga marubucin. Matasa masu bege, shirye-shiryen "yaƙi a cikin rayuwa", abubuwan tunawa da kwanakin nishaɗi, raye-raye da raye-rayen kide-kide a cikin salon gyara gashi, jin daɗin sha'awar soyayya na farko kuma, a ƙarshe, "farin ciki kan kallon hanyar da aka yi tafiya a cikin fasahar ƙasa". Amma duk abin da aka nutsar da shi da wani babban sauti mai ƙarfi - kamar gargaɗi mai ban tsoro.

Baya ga ayyukan da aka ambata a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Smetana ya rubuta wasan opera The Devil's Wall, babban ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo na Prague Carnival, kuma ya fara aiki akan opera Viola (dangane da wasan barkwanci na Shakespeare na sha biyu na dare), wanda aka hana shi kammalawa ta hanyar opera Viola. girma rashin lafiya. Halin mawuyacin hali na mawaki a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya haskaka ta hanyar amincewa da aikinsa daga mutanen Czech, wanda ya sadaukar da aikinsa.

K. Zankin

Smetana ya ba da tabbacin kuma cikin sha'awar kare manyan manufofin fasaha na ƙasa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na zamantakewa, a cikin rayuwa mai cike da wasan kwaikwayo. A matsayinsa na hazikin mawaki, mai wasan piano, madugu da kade-kade da kade-kade da jama'a, ya sadaukar da dukkan ayyukansa mai karfi wajen daukaka al'ummar kasarsa.

Rayuwar Smetana abin kirki ne. Ya kasance yana da niyya da jajircewa wajen cimma burinsa, kuma duk da wahalhalun rayuwa, ya samu cikar shirinsa. Kuma waɗannan tsare-tsare sun kasance ƙarƙashin wani babban ra'ayi - don taimakawa mutanen Czech tare da kiɗa a cikin gwagwarmayar jaruntaka don 'yanci da 'yancin kai, don sanya su cikin kuzari da kyakkyawan fata, imani da nasara ta ƙarshe ta hanyar gaskiya.

Smetana ya jimre da wannan aiki mai wuyar gaske, alhaki, domin yana cikin kuncin rayuwa, yana amsa buƙatun zamantakewa da al'adu na zamaninmu. Tare da aikinsa, da kuma ayyukan zamantakewa, ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban da ba a taɓa gani ba ba kawai na kiɗan ba, amma mafi fa'ida - na dukan al'adun fasaha na ƙasar uwa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa sunan Smetana yana da tsarki ga Czechs, kuma kiɗansa, kamar tutar yaƙi, yana haifar da halalcin ma'anar girman kai na ƙasa.

Ba a bayyana gwanin Smetana nan da nan ba, amma a hankali ya balaga. Juyin juya halin 1848 ya taimaka masa ya gane manufofin zamantakewa da fasaha. Tun daga shekarun 1860, a bakin kofa na cika shekaru arba'in na Smetana, ayyukansa sun dauki matakai daban-daban: ya jagoranci kide-kide na kade-kade a Prague a matsayin jagora, ya jagoranci gidan wasan opera, ya yi a matsayin mai pianist, kuma ya rubuta labarai masu mahimmanci. Amma mafi mahimmanci, tare da ƙirƙira nasa, yana shimfida hanyoyi na gaske don haɓaka fasahar kiɗan cikin gida. Ayyukansa sun nuna ma'auni mafi girma a cikin sikelin, wanda ba za a iya jurewa ba, duk da cikas, sha'awar 'yanci na mutanen Czech da ke bauta.

A tsakiyar wani mummunan yaki tare da sojojin da jama'a dauki Smetana sha wahala, mafi muni fiye da wanda babu muni ga mawaƙa: ya zama kurma ba zato ba tsammani. A lokacin yana da shekara hamsin. Da yake fuskantar wahala ta jiki mai tsanani, Smetana ya sake rayuwa shekaru goma, wanda ya yi amfani da shi a cikin aikin kirkire-kirkire.

An daina yin ayyuka, amma aikin ƙirƙira ya ci gaba da ƙarfi iri ɗaya. Yadda ba za a tuna da Beethoven a cikin wannan haɗin ba - bayan haka, tarihin kiɗa ba ya san wasu misalai masu ban mamaki a cikin bayyanar da girman ruhun mai fasaha, mai ƙarfin hali a cikin rashin sa'a! ..

Mafi girman nasarorin Smetana suna da alaƙa da filin wasan opera da wasan kwaikwayo na shirin.

A matsayinsa na ɗan ƙasa mai zane-zane, tun da ya fara ayyukansa na gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1860, Smetana da farko ya koma wasan opera, domin a cikin wannan yanki ne aka warware mafi gaggawa, batutuwan da suka shafi samar da al'adun fasaha na ƙasa. "Babban kuma mafi kyawun aikin gidan wasan opera mu shine haɓaka fasahar cikin gida," in ji shi. Abubuwa da yawa na rayuwa suna nunawa a cikin abubuwan opera guda takwas nasa, an gyara nau'ikan fasahar wasan opera iri-iri. Kowannen su yana da siffofi na musamman na ɗaiɗaiku, amma dukkansu suna da sifa ɗaya mai mahimmanci - a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Smetana, hotunan talakawa na Jamhuriyar Czech da maɗaukakin jarumai, waɗanda tunaninsu da jin daɗin su ke kusa da ɗimbin masu sauraro. ya zo rayuwa.

Smetana kuma ya juya zuwa filin wasan kwaikwayo na shirin. Tsakanin hotunan wakokin shirye-shirye marasa rubutu ne ya baiwa mawaki damar isar da ra'ayinsa na kishin kasa ga dimbin masu saurare. Mafi girma daga cikinsu shine zagayowar symphonic "My Motherland". Wannan aikin ya taka rawa sosai wajen haɓaka kiɗan kayan aikin Czech.

Smetana kuma ya bar sauran ayyuka da yawa - na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, piano, string quartet, da dai sauransu. Duk wani nau'in fasahar kiɗan da ya juya zuwa gare shi, duk abin da ainihin hannun maigidan ya taɓa ya bunƙasa a matsayin wani al'amari na fasaha na asali na ƙasa, yana tsaye a kan matakin girma. nasarori na al'adun kiɗa na duniya na karni na XIX.

Yana ba da kwatancen rawar tarihi na Smetana a cikin ƙirƙirar kidan kidan Czech tare da abin da Glinka ya yi don kiɗan Rasha. Ba abin mamaki ba ne ake kiran Smetana "Czech Glinka".

* * * *

An haifi Bedrich Smetana a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1824 a tsohon garin Litomysl, dake kudu maso gabashin Bohemia. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sana'a a kan kadarori na kirga. A cikin shekaru da yawa, iyalin sun girma, mahaifin ya nemi ƙarin yanayi masu kyau don aiki, kuma sau da yawa yana ƙaura daga wuri zuwa wuri. Duk waɗannan kuma ƙananan garuruwa ne, ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka suka kewaye su, wanda matashi Bedrich yakan ziyarta; rayuwar talakawa, wakokinsu da raye-rayensu sun shahara a wurinsa tun suna yara. Ya riƙe ƙaunarsa ga talakawan Jamhuriyar Czech har tsawon rayuwarsa.

Uban mawaƙin nan gaba ya kasance fitaccen mutum: ya karanta da yawa, yana sha'awar siyasa, kuma yana jin daɗin ra'ayoyin masu farkawa. Ana yawan kunna kiɗa a cikin gida, shi da kansa ya buga violin. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa yaron ya nuna sha'awar kiɗa na farko, kuma ra'ayoyin ci gaban mahaifinsa ya ba da sakamako mai ban mamaki a cikin shekarun da suka girma na ayyukan Smetana.

Bedřich yana da shekaru hudu yana koyon wasan violin, kuma cikin nasara har shekara guda ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayon Haydn's quartets. Tsawon shekaru shida yana wasa a bainar jama'a a matsayin mai wasan piano kuma a lokaci guda yana ƙoƙarin tsara kiɗa. Yayin da yake karatu a dakin motsa jiki, a cikin yanayin abokantaka, sau da yawa yakan inganta raye-raye (an kiyaye kyawawan dabi'un Louisina Polka, 1840); yana kunna piano da himma. A shekara ta 1843, Bedrich ya rubuta kalmomi masu fahariya a cikin littafin tarihinsa: “Da taimakon Allah da jinƙansa, zan zama Liszt a fasaha, Mozart a cikin abubuwan da aka tsara.” Shawarar ta cika: dole ne ya ba da kansa gaba ɗaya ga kiɗa.

Yaro mai shekaru goma sha bakwai ya ƙaura zuwa Prague, yana rayuwa hannu da baki - mahaifinsa bai gamsu da ɗansa ba, ya ƙi taimaka masa. Amma Bedrich ya sami kansa a matsayin shugaba mai cancanta - sanannen malami Josef Proksh, wanda ya ba da amanarsa. Shekaru hudu na karatu (1844-1847) sun kasance masu amfani sosai. Samuwar Smetana a matsayin mawaki kuma an sauƙaƙe ta hanyar cewa a Prague ya sami damar sauraron Liszt (1840), Berlioz (1846), Clara Schumann (1847).

A 1848, shekarun karatu sun ƙare. Menene sakamakonsu?

Ko da a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Smetana ya kasance mai sha'awar kiɗa na ballroom da raye-raye na jama'a - ya rubuta waltzes, quadrilles, gallops, polkas. Ya kasance, da alama, ya yi daidai da al'adun mawallafin salon gaye. Tasirin Chopin, tare da hazakarsa na iya fassara hotunan rawa da waka, shima ya shafa. Bugu da ƙari, matashin mawaƙin Czech ya yi buri.

Ya kuma rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya - wani nau'i na "ƙananan yanayi", yana fadowa ƙarƙashin rinjayar Schumann, wani ɓangare na Mendelssohn. Duk da haka, Smetana yana da karfi classic "mai tsami". Yana sha'awar Mozart, kuma a cikin manyan abubuwan haɗin gwiwarsa na farko (piano sonatas, overtures orchestral) ya dogara da Beethoven. Duk da haka, Chopin ya fi kusa da shi. Kuma a matsayinsa na dan wasan pian, sau da yawa yakan yi ayyukansa, kasancewar, a cewar Hans Bülow, daya daga cikin mafi kyawun "Chopinists" na lokacinsa. Kuma daga baya, a cikin 1879, Smetana ya nuna: "Ga Chopin, ga ayyukansa, na ba da nasarar nasarar da kide kide da wake-wake na ke ji da su, kuma daga lokacin da na koyi kuma na fahimci abubuwan da ya tsara, ayyukana na kirkira a nan gaba sun bayyana a gare ni."

Don haka, yana da shekaru ashirin da huɗu, Smetana ya riga ya ƙware duka dabarun tsarawa da fasahar pianistic. Ya kawai bukatar nemo aikace-aikace don ikonsa, kuma saboda wannan ya fi kyau sanin kansa.

A wannan lokacin, Smetana ya buɗe makarantar kiɗa, wanda ya ba shi damar zama ko ta yaya. Ya kasance a kan gab da aure (wanda ya faru a 1849) - kana buƙatar tunani game da yadda za ku samar da iyalinka na gaba. A cikin 1847, Smetana ya gudanar da yawon shakatawa na kide-kide a cikin kasar, wanda, duk da haka, bai tabbatar da kansa ba. Gaskiya ne, a cikin Prague kanta an san shi kuma an yaba shi a matsayin mai wasan pianist da malami. Amma Smetana mawakin kusan ba a san shi ba. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, ya juya ga Liszt don neman taimako a rubuce, cikin baƙin ciki yana tambaya: “Wane ne mai zane zai iya amincewa idan ba mai fasaha ɗaya ba kamar shi kansa? Masu arziki - waɗannan 'yan boko - dubi matalauta ba tare da tausayi ba: bari ya mutu da yunwa! ..." Smetana ya haɗe "yankin halayensa guda shida" don piano zuwa harafin.

Wani mashahurin farfagandar duk abin da ya ci gaba a cikin fasaha, mai karimci tare da taimako, nan da nan Liszt ya amsa wa matashin mawaƙin wanda har yanzu ba a san shi ba: "Na ɗauki wasan kwaikwayon ku mafi kyau, jin daɗi da haɓakawa a cikin duk abin da na sami damar sanin su. kwanan nan." Liszt ya ba da gudummawa ga gaskiyar cewa an buga waɗannan wasannin kwaikwayo (an buga su a cikin 1851 kuma an yi alama op. 1). Daga yanzu, goyon bayan halin kirki ya kasance tare da duk ayyukan kirkiro na Smetana. "Takardun," in ji shi, "ya gabatar da ni ga duniyar fasaha." Amma sauran shekaru masu yawa za su shuɗe har sai Smetana ya sami nasarar cimma nasara a wannan duniyar. Abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali na 1848 sun zama abin ƙarfafawa.

Juyin juya halin ya ba wa mawaƙin ƙasar Czech fikafikai, ya ba shi ƙarfi, ya taimaka masa ya gane waɗannan ayyuka na akida da fasaha waɗanda gaskiyar zamani ta sa gaba. Shaida kuma mai shiga kai tsaye a cikin tashin hankalin da ya mamaye Prague, Smetana a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ya rubuta ayyuka masu mahimmanci: "Tattaunawar Juyin Juya Hali Biyu" don piano, "Maris na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru", "Maris na National Guard", "Song". na 'Yanci" don mawaƙa da piano, overture" D-dur (An yi wasan ne a ƙarƙashin jagorancin F. Shkroup a cikin Afrilu 1849. "Wannan shi ne na farko na ƙungiyar makaɗa," Smetana ya nuna a cikin 1883; sa'an nan kuma ya sake duba shi.) .

Tare da waɗannan ayyukan, an kafa pathos a cikin kiɗan Smetana, wanda nan ba da jimawa ba zai zama al'ada don fassararsa na hotunan kishin ƙasa masu son 'yanci. Tattaki da waƙoƙin yabo na juyin juya halin Faransa a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, da kuma jarumtar Beethoven, sun yi tasiri sosai kan samuwarsa. Akwai tasiri, duk da rashin tsoro, na tasirin waƙar waƙar Czech, wanda aka haifa daga ƙungiyar Hussite. Gidan ajiya na kasa na manyan pathos, duk da haka, zai bayyana kansa a fili kawai a cikin babban lokacin aikin Smetana.

Babban aikinsa na gaba shine Solemn Symphony in E major, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1853 kuma ya fara yin shekaru biyu daga baya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin marubucin. (Wannan shi ne aikinsa na farko a matsayin madugu). Amma a lokacin da yake watsa manyan ra'ayoyi, mawaƙin bai riga ya iya bayyana ainihin asalin halittarsa ​​ba. Motsi na uku ya juya ya zama mafi asali - scherzo a cikin ruhun polka; Daga baya galibi ana yin ta azaman ƙungiyar makaɗa mai zaman kanta. Ba da daɗewa ba Smetana da kansa ya gane ƙanƙantar waƙoƙinsa kuma ya daina juya zuwa wannan nau'in. Abokin aikinsa, Dvořák, ya zama mahaliccin kade-kade na kasar Czech.

Waɗannan shekarun ne na binciken ƙirƙira mai zurfi. Sun koyar da Smetana da yawa. Duk abin da ya dame shi da kunkuntar fannin koyarwa. Bugu da ƙari, farin ciki na sirri ya rufe: ya riga ya zama mahaifin yara hudu, amma uku daga cikinsu sun mutu a cikin jariri. Mawaƙin ya kama tunaninsa na baƙin ciki sakamakon mutuwarsu a cikin g-moll piano trio, wanda waƙarsa ke da halin tashin hankali, wasan kwaikwayo kuma a lokaci guda mai laushi, ladabi na ƙasa.

Rayuwa a Prague ta yi rashin lafiya na Smetana. Ba zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikinta ba lokacin da duhun martani ya ƙara zurfafa a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech. Bisa shawarar abokai, Smetana ya tafi Sweden. Kafin ya tafi, a ƙarshe ya yi abokin Liszt da kansa; to, a cikin 1857 da 1859, ya ziyarce shi a Weimar, a cikin 1865 - a Budapest, da Liszt, bi da bi, lokacin da ya zo Prague a cikin 60-70s, ko da yaushe ziyarci Smetana. Don haka, abota tsakanin babban mawaƙin Hungary da ƙwararren mawakin Czech ya ƙara ƙarfi. Ba wai kawai akidun fasaha ne suka haɗa su ba: mutanen Hungary da Jamhuriyar Czech suna da maƙiyi ɗaya - masarautar Austriya da aka ƙi na Habsburgs.

Shekaru biyar (1856-1861) Smetana ya kasance a cikin ƙasar waje, yana zaune a cikin birnin Gothenburg na gabar tekun Sweden. A nan ya ci gaba da aiki mai karfi: ya shirya makada na kade-kade, wanda ya yi a matsayin jagora, ya yi nasarar ba da kide-kide a matsayin mai wasan pian (a Sweden, Jamus, Denmark, Holland), kuma yana da dalibai da yawa. Kuma a cikin wani m ma'ana, wannan lokaci ya 'ya'yan itace: idan 1848 ya haifar da wani yanke shawara canji a cikin duniya view of Smetana, ƙarfafa ci gaba fasali a cikinta, da kuma shekaru da aka kashe a kasashen waje ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙarfafa manufofinsa na kasa da kuma, a lokaci guda, zuwa ci gaban fasaha. Ana iya cewa a cikin waɗannan shekarun ne, yana neman ƙasarsa, Smetana a ƙarshe ya gane aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan Czech na ƙasa.

Ayyukan haɗin gwiwarsa sun haɓaka ta hanyoyi biyu.

A gefe guda, gwaje-gwajen da aka fara a baya akan ƙirƙirar guntun piano, waɗanda aka rufe da waƙoƙin raye-rayen Czech, sun ci gaba. Saboda haka, a baya a cikin 1849, an rubuta sake zagayowar "Sharuɗɗan Bikin aure", wanda shekaru da yawa daga baya Smetana da kansa ya bayyana kamar yadda aka ɗauka a cikin "salon Czech na gaskiya." An ci gaba da gwaje-gwajen a cikin wani zagaye na piano - "Memories na Jamhuriyar Czech, da aka rubuta a cikin nau'i na polka" (1859). Anan an aza harsashin ƙasa na kiɗan Smetana, amma galibi a cikin fassarar waƙoƙi da ta yau da kullun.

A daya bangaren kuma, wakoki guda uku na nuna wariyar launin fata sun kasance da muhimmanci ga juyin halittarsa ​​na fasaha: Richard III (1858, bisa ga bala'in Shakespeare), Wallenstein's Camp (1859, dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na Schiller), Jarl Hakon (1861, dangane da bala'in). na Danish mawaki - romance na Helenschläger). Sun inganta manyan hanyoyin aikin Smetana, wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin jarumtaka da hotuna masu ban mamaki.

Da farko dai, jigogi na waɗannan ayyukan suna da mahimmanci: Smetana ya sha'awar ra'ayin uXNUMXbuXNUMXb gwagwarmaya da masu cin zarafi na iko, wanda aka bayyana a fili a cikin ayyukan wallafe-wallafen da suka kafa tushen wakokinsa (ta hanyar, makirci da kuma). hotuna na bala'i na Dane Elenschleger echo Shakespeare's Macbeth), da kuma m al'amurran da suka shafi rayuwar jama'a, musamman a Schiller ta "Wallenstein Camp", wanda, bisa ga mawaki, iya sauti dacewa a lokacin da m zalunci na mahaifarsa.

Har ila yau, ra'ayin kiɗa na Smetana ya kasance mai ban sha'awa: ya juya zuwa nau'in "waƙoƙin symphonic", wanda Liszt ya haɓaka ba da daɗewa ba. Waɗannan su ne matakai na farko na maigidan Czech don ƙware madaidaicin damar da suka buɗe masa a fagen wasan kwaikwayo na shirin. Bugu da ƙari, Smetana ba makaho ne mai koyi da ra'ayoyin Liszt ba - ya ƙirƙira nasa hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa, nasa dabaru na juxtaposition da haɓaka hotunan kiɗa, wanda daga baya ya ƙarfafa tare da cikakkiyar kamala a cikin zagayowar symphonic "My Motherland".

Kuma a wasu bangarorin, wakokin "Gothenburg" sun kasance muhimman hanyoyin magance sabbin ayyukan kirkire-kirkire da Smetana ya kafa wa kansa. Hanyoyi masu girman gaske da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan su suna tsammanin salon wasan operas Dalibor da Libuše, yayin da abubuwan ban sha'awa daga Wallenstein's Camp, suna fantsama da farin ciki, masu launi da ɗanɗano na Czech, da alama sun zama samfuri na birgewa ga Bride Bartered. Don haka, abubuwa biyu mafi mahimmanci na aikin Smetana da aka ambata a sama, mutanen yau da kullun da masu tausayi, sun zo kusa, suna wadatar juna.

Daga yanzu, ya riga ya shirya don cim ma sabbin ayyuka, ma fi dacewa da akida da fasaha. Amma ana iya aiwatar da su kawai a gida. Ya kuma so komawa Prague saboda manyan abubuwan tunawa suna da alaƙa da Gothenburg: wani sabon mummunan bala'i ya fada kan Smetana - a cikin 1859, ƙaunataccen matarsa ​​ta kamu da rashin lafiya a nan kuma nan da nan ta mutu…

A cikin bazara na 1861, Smetana ya koma Prague don kada ya bar babban birnin Jamhuriyar Czech har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa.

Yana da shekara talatin da bakwai. Ya cika da kerawa. Shekarun da suka gabata sun yi fushi da nufinsa, sun wadatar da rayuwarsa da kwarewar fasaha, kuma sun ƙarfafa amincewar kansa. Ya san abin da zai tsaya a kai, abin da zai cim ma. An kira irin wannan ɗan wasan da kaddara da kansa don ya jagoranci rayuwar kiɗan Prague kuma, haka kuma, don sabunta tsarin al'adun kiɗan na Jamhuriyar Czech.

Hakan ya samu ne ta hanyar farfado da yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa da al'adu a kasar. Kwanaki na "Amurka Bach" sun ƙare. Muryoyin wakilan masu fasaha na fasaha na Czech masu ci gaba suna karuwa da karfi. A cikin 1862, an buɗe abin da ake kira "Theater Provisional", wanda aka gina tare da kuɗin jama'a, inda aka shirya wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Ba da da ewa ba "Magana Mai Mahimmanci" - "Art Club" - ya fara aikinsa, ya haɗu da masu kishin ƙasa - marubuta, masu fasaha, mawaƙa. A lokaci guda kuma, ana shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa - "The Verb of Prague", wanda aka rubuta a kan banner ɗinsa shahararrun kalmomin: "Waƙa ga zuciya, zuciya ga ƙasar mahaifa."

Smetana shine ruhin duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Ya jagoranci sashin kiɗa na "Art Club" (marubuta Neruda ne ke jagoranta, masu fasaha - ta Manes), shirya kide kide da wake-wake a nan - jam'iyya da kade-kade, yana aiki tare da mawakan "Verb", kuma tare da aikinsa yana ba da gudummawa ga bunƙasa. "Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wucin gadi" ('yan shekaru baya kuma a matsayin jagora).

A ƙoƙari na tada ma'anar girman kai na ƙasar Czech a cikin kiɗansa, Smetana sau da yawa ya bayyana a cikin bugawa. "Mutanen mu," in ji shi, "sun dade suna shahara a matsayin jama'ar kida, kuma aikin mai zane, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga ƙauna ga ƙasar uwa, shine ƙarfafa wannan daukaka."

Kuma a wani talifi da aka rubuta game da biyan kuɗin da ake yi na kade-kade na kade-kade da ya shirya (wannan bidi’a ce ga mutanen Prague!), Smetana ya ce: “An haɗa ƙwararrun adabin kiɗa a cikin shirye-shiryen, amma ana mai da hankali na musamman ga mawaƙan Slavic. Me ya sa ba a yi ayyukan marubutan Rasha, Yaren mutanen Poland, da Kudancin Slavic ba har yanzu? Hatta sunayen mawakan mu na cikin gida da kyar aka samu…”. Maganar Smetana ba ta bambanta da ayyukansa ba: a 1865 ya gudanar da ayyukan mawaƙa na Glinka, a 1866 ya shirya Ivan Susanin a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wucin gadi, kuma a 1867 Ruslan da Lyudmila (wanda ya gayyaci Balakirev zuwa Prague), a 1878 - Moniuszko's opera Pebble", da dai sauransu.

A lokaci guda, 60s suna nuna lokacin mafi girman flowering na aikinsa. Kusan lokaci guda, yana da ra'ayin operas hudu, kuma da zarar ya gama daya, ya ci gaba da shirya na gaba. A cikin layi daya, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar mawaƙa don “Verb” (An ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko zuwa rubutun Czech a cikin 1860 ("Waƙar Czech"). Manyan ayyukan mawaƙa na Smetana su ne Rolnicka (1868), wanda ke rera waƙa na aikin ɗan ƙauye, da kuma waƙar da ta yi fice, mai ban sha'awa ta Teku (1877). Daga cikin sauran abubuwan da aka tsara, waƙar waƙar waƙar "Dowry" (1880) da farin ciki, farin ciki "Song ɗinmu" (1883), wanda ya ci gaba a cikin rhythm na polka, ya fito waje.), guntun piano, manyan ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo an yi la'akari da su.

Brandenburgers a Jamhuriyar Czech shine taken wasan opera na farko na Smetana, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1863. Yana tayar da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, tun daga karni na XNUMX. Duk da haka, abin da ke cikinsa yana da mahimmanci. Brandenburgers su ne manyan sarakunan Jamus (daga Margraviate na Brandenburg), waɗanda suka wawashe ƙasashen Slavic, suka tattake haƙƙoƙi da mutuncin Czechs. Don haka ya kasance a baya, amma ya kasance a lokacin rayuwar Smetana - bayan haka, mafi kyawun zamaninsa ya yi yaƙi da Jamusanci na Jamhuriyar Czech! Wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a cikin nunin abubuwan da ke cikin halayen halayen an haɗa su a cikin wasan opera tare da nunin rayuwar talakawa - matalautan Prague da ruhun tawaye ya kama, wanda ya kasance mai ƙarfin hali a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa wannan aikin ya sadu da rashin amincewa da wakilan jama'a.

An gabatar da wasan opera ga wata gasa da hukumar gudanarwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wucin gadi ta sanar. Shekaru uku sun yi gwagwarmaya don samar da ita a kan mataki. A ƙarshe Smetana ya sami lambar yabo kuma an gayyace shi zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin babban mai gudanarwa. A 1866, da farko na The Brandenburgers ya faru, wanda ya kasance babban nasara - an kira marubucin akai-akai bayan kowane aiki. Nasarar ta haɗu da wasanni masu zuwa (a lokacin kakar kawai, "The Brandenburgers" ya faru sau goma sha huɗu!).

Wannan farkon bai riga ya ƙare ba, lokacin da aka fara shirya wani sabon abu na Smetana - wasan opera mai ban dariya The Bartered Bride, wanda ya ɗaukaka shi a ko'ina. An zana zane-zane na farko don shi tun farkon 1862, shekara ta gaba Smetana ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a ɗaya daga cikin kide-kide nasa. Aikin ya kasance mai gardama, amma mawaki ya sake yin lambobi sau da yawa: kamar yadda abokansa suka ce, ya kasance mai tsananin "Czechized", wato, ya kasance mai zurfi sosai da ruhin mutanen Czech, har ya kasa gamsuwa. da abin da ya samu a baya. Smetana ya ci gaba da inganta opera dinsa ko da bayan samar da shi a cikin bazara na 1866 (watanni biyar bayan fara wasan The Brandenburgers!): A cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, ya ba da ƙarin bugu biyu na The Bartered Bride, yana faɗaɗa da zurfafa abubuwan da ke cikinsa. aiki marar mutuwa.

Amma abokan gaba na Smetana ba su yi nasara ba. Suna jiran wata dama ta fito fili su afka masa. Irin wannan damar ta ba da kanta lokacin da aka shirya wasan opera na uku na Smetana, Dalibor, a cikin 1868 (aiki a kansa ya fara tun farkon 1865). Makircin, kamar yadda yake a cikin Brandenburgers, an ɗauke shi daga tarihin Jamhuriyar Czech: wannan lokacin shine ƙarshen karni na XNUMX. A cikin wani tsohon labari game da maƙiyi mai daraja Dalibor, Smetana ya jaddada ra'ayin gwagwarmayar 'yanci.

Ƙirƙirar ra'ayin ta ƙayyade hanyoyin magana da ba a saba ba. Masu adawa da Smetana sun sanya shi a matsayin Wagnerian mai ƙwazo wanda ya yi zargin ya yi watsi da manufofin ƙasar-Czech. "Ba ni da wani abu daga Wagner," Smetana ya nuna rashin amincewa. "Ko da Liszt zai tabbatar da hakan." Duk da haka, zalunci ya tsananta, hare-haren sun ƙara tsananta. A sakamakon haka, wasan opera ya yi gudu sau shida kawai kuma an cire shi daga repertoire.

(A cikin 1870, an ba da "Dalibor" sau uku, a cikin 1871 - biyu, a 1879 - uku; tun daga 1886, bayan mutuwar Smetana, sha'awar wannan opera ta sake farfadowa. Gustav Mahler ya yaba sosai, kuma lokacin da aka gayyace shi. don jagorantar jagoran Opera Vienna, ya bukaci a shirya "Dalibor", wasan opera na farko ya faru a 1897. Bayan shekaru biyu, ta yi sauti a karkashin jagorancin E. Napravnik a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na St. Petersburg Mariinsky.)

Wannan babban rauni ne ga Smetana: ba zai iya sulhunta kansa da irin wannan halin rashin adalci ba ga zuriyarsa ƙaunataccen har ma ya yi fushi da abokansa lokacin da yabo ga Bartered Bride, sun manta game da Dalibor.

Amma mai tsayin daka da ƙarfin zuciya a cikin nemansa, Smetana ya ci gaba da yin aiki a kan wasan opera na huɗu - "Libuse" (zane-zane na asali sun koma 1861, an kammala libretto a 1866). Wannan labari ne na almara wanda ya dogara akan wani labari na almara game da wani sarki mai hikima na tsohuwar Bohemia. Yawancin mawaƙa da mawaƙa na Czech suna rera ayyukanta; Mafi kyawun mafarkin da suka yi game da makomar ƙasarsu yana da alaƙa da kiran da Libuse ya yi na haɗin kan ƙasa da kuma ɗabi'ar al'ummar da ake zalunta. Don haka, Erben ta saka a bakinta annabci mai cike da ma'ana mai zurfi:

Ina ganin haske, ina fada da fadace-fadace, wani kaifi mai kaifi zai soki kirjin ku, Za ku san wahala da duhun halaka, amma kada ku karaya, jama'ata Czech!

A 1872 Smetana ya kammala wasan opera. Amma ya ki ya shirya shi. Gaskiyar ita ce, an shirya gagarumin bikin kasa. A baya a cikin 1868, an yi aza harsashin ginin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, wanda ya kamata ya maye gurbin tarkacen wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na wucin gadi. "Mutane - don kansu" - a karkashin irin wannan ma'anar girman kai, an tattara kudade don gina sabon gini. Smetana ya yanke shawarar lokacin farko na "Libuše" don dacewa da wannan bikin na kasa. Sai kawai a cikin 1881 an buɗe kofofin sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Smetana ya daina jin opera ɗinsa: kurma ne.

Mafi munin duk rashin sa'a da ya buge Smetana - kurame ba zato ba tsammani ya riske shi a cikin 1874. Har zuwa iyaka, aiki mai wuyar gaske, tsananta wa abokan gaba, wanda tare da fushi ya dauki makamai a kan Smetana, ya haifar da mummunan cututtuka na jijiyoyi na auditory da kuma rashin lafiya. bala'i mai ban tausayi. Rayuwarsa ta zama ta ɓata, amma ƙarfin halinsa bai karye ba. Dole ne in daina yin ayyukan, motsawa daga aikin zamantakewa, amma dakarun kirkire-kirkire ba su ƙare ba - mawallafin ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu ban mamaki.

A cikin shekarar da bala'i ya faru, Smetana ya kammala wasan opera na biyar, Gwauraye Biyu, wanda ya yi nasara sosai; yana amfani da makircin ban dariya daga rayuwar manor zamani.

A lokaci guda kuma, an haɗa babban zagayowar symphonic "My Motherland". Wakoki guda biyu na farko - "Vyshegrad" da "Vltava" - an kammala su a cikin watanni mafi wahala, lokacin da likitoci suka gane ciwon Smetana a matsayin maras lafiya. A cikin 1875 "Sharka" da "Daga Bohemian Fields da Woods" sun biyo baya; a 1878-1879 - Tabor da Blanik. A cikin 1882, shugaba Adolf Cech ya gudanar da zagaye na farko a karon farko, kuma a waje da Jamhuriyar Czech - riga a cikin 90s - Richard Strauss ya inganta shi.

An ci gaba da aiki a cikin nau'in opera. Shahararren kusan daidai da na Bartered Bride ya samu ta hanyar wasan opera na yau da kullun na The Kiss (1875-1876), wanda a tsakiyarsa akwai tsattsauran hoto na yarinya Vendulka mai sauƙi; opera Sirrin (1877-1878), wacce ita ma ta rera aminci cikin soyayya, ta samu karbuwa sosai; kasa cin nasara saboda rauni libertto shine aikin mataki na karshe na Smetana - "Bangaren Shaidan" (1882).

Don haka, a cikin shekaru takwas, mawaƙin kurame ya ƙirƙiri wasan kwaikwayo guda huɗu, zagayowar waƙoƙin wakoki shida, da sauran ayyuka masu yawa - piano, chamber, choral. Wane irin wasiyya ne ya kasance da shi don ya kasance da amfani sosai! Ƙarfinsa, duk da haka, ya fara raguwa - wani lokacin yana da hangen nesa na mafarki; A wasu lokuta yakan yi kamar ya bace. Sha'awar kerawa ya shawo kan komai. Fantasy ba ya ƙarewa, kuma kunnen ciki mai ban mamaki ya taimaka wajen zaɓar hanyoyin da ake bukata. Kuma wani abu mai ban mamaki ne: duk da ci gaba da cututtuka na jin tsoro, Smetana ya ci gaba da haifar da kiɗa a cikin matasa, sabo, gaskiya, kyakkyawan fata. Da ya rasa jinsa, ya rasa yiwuwar sadarwa ta kai tsaye da mutane, amma bai kame kansa daga gare su ba, bai janye cikin kansa ba, yana riƙe da farin ciki na yarda da rayuwa da ke tattare da shi, imani da ita. Tushen irin wannan kyakkyawan fata da ba za a iya karewa ba ya ta'allaka ne a cikin sanin kusancin da ba za a iya rabuwa da maslaha da makomar al'ummar kasar ba.

Wannan ya zaburar da Smetana don ƙirƙirar zagayowar piano na raye-raye na Czech (1877-1879). Mawallafin ya buƙaci mawallafin cewa kowane wasa - kuma akwai goma sha huɗu a cikin duka - a ba su lakabi: polka, furant, skochna, "Ulan", "Oats", "Bear", da dai sauransu. Duk wani Czech daga yara ya saba da shi. wadannan sunayen, in ji kirim mai tsami; ya buga zagayowar sa don "don sanar da kowa irin raye-rayen da muke da Czechs."

Ta yaya wannan magana ta kasance ga mawaƙin da ba ya son son kai ga mutanensa kuma koyaushe, a cikin duk abubuwan da ya rubuta, ya rubuta game da su, yana bayyana ra'ayoyin da ba na sirri ba, amma na gabaɗaya, kusanci da fahimtar kowa. Sai kawai a cikin 'yan ayyukan Smetana ya ba da kansa don yin magana game da wasan kwaikwayo na sirri. Sa'an nan ya koma ga chamber-instrumental salon. Irin wannan shi ne piano Trio, da aka ambata a sama, da kuma dakuna biyu na gefe ɗaya na ƙarshen aikinsa (1876 da 1883.)

Na farko daga cikinsu shine mafi mahimmanci - a cikin maɓalli na e-moll, wanda ke da ma'anar: "Daga rayuwata". A cikin sassa huɗu na zagayowar, an sake ƙirƙira muhimman abubuwan tarihin rayuwar Smetana. Na farko (babban sashe na farko) yana yin sauti, kamar yadda mawallafin ya bayyana, "kiran kaddara, kira ga yaki"; kara - "burin da ba a iya bayyanawa ga wanda ba a sani ba"; a ƙarshe, "wannan mummunan sautin sauti mai girma, wanda a cikin 1874 ya sanar da kurmata...". Sashe na biyu - "a cikin ruhun polka" - yana ɗaukar abubuwan farin ciki na matasa, raye-rayen manoma, bukukuwa ... A na uku - ƙauna, farin ciki na sirri. Kashi na hudu shine mafi ban mamaki. Smetana ya bayyana abubuwan da ke cikinsa ta wannan hanya: “Sanin babban iko da ke cikin waƙarmu ta ƙasa… nasarori akan wannan tafarki… jin daɗin ƙirƙira, mummunan bala'i ya katse shi da mummunan bala'i - hasarar ji… na bege… tunanin farkon Hanyar kirkira… mai raɗaɗi mai ban sha'awa. ”… Saboda haka, ko da a cikin wannan aikin na Smetana, tunani na sirri yana haɗuwa da tunani game da makomar fasahar Rasha. Wadannan tunane-tunane ba su bar shi ba sai kwanakin karshe na rayuwarsa. Kuma ya kaddara ya shiga cikin kwanaki biyu na farin ciki da kwanakin bakin ciki.

A cikin 1880, dukan ƙasar sun yi bikin cika shekaru hamsin na ayyukan kiɗa na Smetana (muna tunatar da ku cewa a cikin 1830, yana ɗan shekara shida, ya yi wasan pianist a bainar jama'a). A karo na farko a Prague, an yi "Waƙoƙin Maraice" - waƙoƙin soyayya guda biyar don murya da piano. A karshen bikin kide-kide, Smetana ya yi wasan sa na polka da Chopin's B babban nocturne a kan piano. Bayan Prague, an karrama jarumin na kasa a birnin Litomysl, inda aka haife shi.

A shekara ta gaba, 1881, masu kishin kasar Czech sun sami babban baƙin ciki - sabon ginin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Prague da aka sake ginawa ya kone, inda aka yi sauti na farko na Libuše kwanan nan. An shirya tara kuɗi don maido da shi. Ana gayyatar Smetana don gudanar da nasa abubuwan ƙirƙira, yana kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo a larduna a matsayin mai wasan pian. Gaji, rashin lafiya, ya sadaukar da kansa don wata manufa ta gama gari: abin da aka samu daga waɗannan kide-kide ya taimaka wajen kammala ginin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, wanda ya sake buɗe lokacinsa na farko tare da wasan opera na Libuse a watan Nuwamba 1883.

Amma kwanakin Smetana sun riga sun ƙidaya. Lafiyar sa ta tabarbare sosai, hankalinsa ya tashi. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1884, ya mutu a asibiti don masu tabin hankali. Liszt ta rubuta wa abokai: “Na yi mamakin mutuwar Smetana. Ya kasance mai hazaka!

M. Druskin

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Abubuwan da aka tsara:

Operas (jimlar 8) The Brandenburgers a Bohemia, libretto ta Sabina (1863, wanda aka fara a 1866) Bride Bartered, libretto ta Sabina (1866) Dalibor, libretto ta Wenzig (1867-1868) Libuse, libretto ta Wenzig (1872, farko a cikin 1881) Widows ”, libretto na Züngl (1874) The Kiss, libretto na Krasnogorskaya (1876) “Asirin”, libretto na Krasnogorskaya (1878) “Bangaren shaidan”, libretto na Krasnogorskaya (1882) Viola, libretto na Krasnogorskaya, dangane da Shakes comedypeareth. Dare (Dokar da na kammala kawai, 1884)

Symphonic yana aiki "Jubilant Overture" D-dur (1848) "Solemn Symphony" E-dur (1853) "Richard III", symphonic waka (1858) "Camp Wallenstein", symphonic waka (1859) "Jarl Gakon", symphonic waka (1861) "Maris mai girma" zuwa Shakespeare's Celebrations (1864) "Kwarai Mai Girma" C-dur (1868) "My Motherland", wani zagaye na 6 symphonic waqoqi: "Vysehrad" (1874), "Vltava" (1874), "Sharka" (1875). 1875), "Daga Czech filayen da gandun daji" (1878), "Tabor" (1879), "Blanik" (1879) "Venkovanka", "Polka for Orchestra" (1883) "Prague Carnival", gabatarwa da polonaise (XNUMX).

Piano yana aiki Bagatelles da Impromptu (1844) 8 preludes (1845) Polka da Allegro (1846) Rhapsody a G qananan (1847) Czech Melodies (1847) 6 Halayen Pieces (1848) Maris na Legion Student (1848) Maris na Jama'ar 1848 "Haruffa na Tunatarwa" (1851) 3 salon polkas (1855) 3 poetic polkas (1855) "Sketches" (1858) "Scene daga Shakespeare's Macbeth" (1859) "Memories na Jamhuriyar Czech a cikin nau'i na polka" (1859). 1862) "A bakin teku", binciken (1875) "Mafarkai" (2) Czech rawa a cikin litattafan rubutu guda 1877 (1879, XNUMX)

Kayan aiki na Chamber Trio don piano, violin da cello g-moll (1855) Rubutun kirtani na farko "Daga rayuwata" e-moll (1876) "Ƙasar ƙasa" don violin da piano (1878) Quartet na biyu (1883)

Kiɗan murya "Waƙar Czech" don ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa (1860) "Renegade" don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kashi biyu (1860) "Masu doki uku" don mawaƙa na maza (1866) "Rolnicka" don mawaƙa na maza (1868) "Solemn Song" ga mawaƙa maza (1870) 1877) "Waƙar bakin Teku" na mawaƙa maza (3) Ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa na mata 1878 (1879) "Waƙoƙin Maraice" don murya da piano (1880) "Saki" na mawaƙa na maza (1880) "Addu'a" na mawaƙa na maza (1882) " Kalmomi guda biyu" na mawaƙa na maza (1883) "Waƙarmu" don mawaƙa na maza (XNUMX)