Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach) |

Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach

Daga cikin ayyukan piano na Emanuel Bach, Ina da 'yan kaɗan kawai, kuma wasu daga cikinsu ya kamata su yi hidima ga kowane mai fasaha na gaskiya, ba kawai a matsayin abin jin daɗi ba, har ma a matsayin kayan karatu. L. Beethoven. Wasika zuwa ga G. Hertel Yuli 26, 1809

Daga cikin dukan dangin Bach, kawai Carl Philipp Emanuel, ɗa na biyu na JS Bach, da ƙanensa Johann Kirista sun sami lakabi na "mai girma" a lokacin rayuwarsu. Duk da cewa tarihi ya yi nasa gyare-gyare ga kima da kima na zamani na wannan mawaƙi ko waccan mawaƙin, a yanzu babu wanda ya yi jayayya da rawar da FE Bach ke takawa a cikin tsarin samar da nau'ikan kiɗan kayan aiki na gargajiya, wanda ya kai kololuwa a cikin aikin I. Haydn, WA Mozart da L. Beethoven. 'Ya'yan JS Bach an ƙaddara su zauna a cikin wani lokaci na wucin gadi, lokacin da aka tsara sababbin hanyoyi a cikin kiɗa, da alaka da neman ainihin ciki, wuri mai zaman kansa a tsakanin sauran fasaha. Yawancin mawaƙa daga Italiya, Faransa, Jamus da Jamhuriyar Czech sun shiga cikin wannan tsari, wanda ƙoƙarinsa ya shirya fasahar gargajiya na Viennese. Kuma a cikin wannan jerin masu neman masu fasaha, adadi na FE Bach ya fito musamman.

Masu zamani sun ga babban abin da ya dace na Philippe Emanuel a cikin ƙirƙirar salon kidan "mai bayyanawa" ko "m" na kiɗan clavier. Hannun hanyoyin Sonata a cikin ƙaramin F an gano daga baya suna da alaƙa da yanayin fasaha na Sturm und Drang. An taɓa masu sauraro da farin ciki da ƙaya na sonatas na Bach da abubuwan ban sha'awa na ban sha'awa, waƙoƙin "magana" da kuma yadda marubucin ya nuna salon wasa. Malamin kiɗa na farko da kawai na Philip Emanuel shine mahaifinsa, wanda, duk da haka, bai yi la'akari da cewa ya zama dole don shirya ɗansa na hagu ba, wanda ya buga kayan kida kawai, don aikin mawaƙa (Johann Sebastian ya ga ya fi dacewa. magaji a cikin ɗan farinsa, Wilhelm Friedemann). Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar St. Thomas da ke Leipzig, Emanuel ya karanci shari'a a jami'o'in Leipzig da Frankfurt/Oder.

A wannan lokacin ya riga ya rubuta kayan kida da yawa, gami da sonatas biyar da kide-kide na clavier guda biyu. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga jami'a a shekara ta 1738, Emanuel ya sadaukar da kansa ba tare da jinkiri ba ga kiɗa kuma a cikin 1741 ya sami aiki a matsayin mawaƙa a Berlin, a kotun Frederick II na Prussia, wanda kwanan nan ya hau kan karaga. An san sarkin a Turai a matsayin sarki mai wayewa; Kamar ƙarami na zamaninsa, daular Rasha Catherine II, Friedrich ya dace da Voltaire kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga zane-zane.

Jim kadan bayan nadin sarautarsa, an gina gidan wasan opera a Berlin. Duk da haka, an tsara duk rayuwar kiɗan kotu zuwa mafi ƙanƙan dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla dalla da sarki (har zuwa lokacin da wasan opera sarki da kansa ya bi wasan kwaikwayon daga maki - a kan kafada na bandmaster). Wadannan dandano sun kasance na musamman: mai son kiɗa mai rawani bai yarda da kiɗan coci da fugue ba, ya fi son wasan opera na Italiyanci ga kowane nau'i na kiɗa, sarewa ga kowane nau'in kayan kida, sarewa ga dukan sarewa (bisa ga Bach, a fili, da son kida na gaskiya na sarki bai takaitu ba). ). Shahararren mawaƙin sarewa I. Kvanz ya rubuta kimanin kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide guda 300 ga dalibinsa na watan Agusta; duk maraice a cikin shekara, sarki a fadar Sanssouci ya yi dukansu (wani lokaci ma nasa abubuwan da aka tsara), ba tare da kasala a gaban fadawa ba. Aikin Emanuel shi ne ya raka sarki. Wannan sabis ɗin na yau da kullun ana samun katsewa lokaci-lokaci ta kowane lamari. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce ziyarar da aka yi a 1747 zuwa kotun Prussian na JS Bach. Da yake ya riga ya tsufa, a zahiri ya gigita sarki tare da fasaharsa na clavier da inganta gabobin jiki, wanda ya soke kide-kiden nasa a lokacin zuwan tsohon Bach. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, FE Bach ya kiyaye rubuce-rubucen da ya gada a hankali.

Nasarorin kirkire-kirkire na Emanuel Bach da kansa a Berlin suna da ban sha'awa sosai. Tuni a cikin 1742-44. 12 harpsichord sonatas ("Prussian" da "Württemberg"), 2 trios don violins da bass, 3 kide kide kide da wake wake; a cikin 1755-65 - 24 sonatas (jimlar kimanin 200) da guda don garaya, 19 symphonies, 30 trios, 12 sonatas don garaya tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa, kimanin. 50 kide kide kide kide kide, muryoyin murya (cantatas, oratorios). Sonatas clavier sune mafi girman darajar - FE Bach ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga wannan nau'in. Haskaka na alama, 'yancin yin gyare-gyare na sonatas yana ba da shaida ga sababbin abubuwa da kuma amfani da al'adun kiɗa na baya-bayan nan (misali, haɓakawa shine amsawar rubutun JS Bach). Sabon abin da Philippe Emanuel ya gabatar da fasahar clavier wani nau'in waƙar cantilena ne na musamman, kusa da ka'idodin fasaha na jin daɗi. Daga cikin ayyukan vocal na zamanin Berlin, Magnificat (1749) ya fito waje, kama da babban sunan wannan suna ta JS Bach kuma a lokaci guda, a cikin wasu jigogi, yana tsammanin salon WA ​​Mozart.

Yanayin sabis na kotu babu shakka ya ɗora wa "Berlin" Bach nauyi (kamar yadda Philippe Emanuel daga ƙarshe ya fara kiransa). Ba a yaba wa yawancin abubuwan da ya rubuta ba (sarki ya fi son ƙaramin kidan Quantz da 'yan'uwan Graun a gare su). Ana girmama shi a cikin manyan wakilan masu hankali na Berlin (ciki har da wanda ya kafa kulob din wallafe-wallafen Berlin da kiɗa na HG Krause, masana kimiyya na kiɗa I. Kirnberger da F. Marpurg, marubuci kuma masanin falsafa GE Lessing), FE Bach in A lokaci guda. bai sami wani amfani ga sojojinsa a wannan birni ba. Ayyukansa guda ɗaya, wanda ya sami karɓuwa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, shine ka'idar: "Kwarewar fasaha na gaskiya na wasa da clavier" (1753-62). A cikin 1767, FE Bach da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa Hamburg kuma suka zauna a can har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, inda suka ɗauki mukamin darektan kiɗa na birni ta hanyar gasa (bayan mutuwar HF Telemann, ubangidansa, wanda ya daɗe a wannan matsayi. lokaci). Bayan ya zama "Hamburg" Bach, Philippe Emanuel ya sami cikakkiyar amincewa, kamar ya rasa a Berlin. Yana jagorantar rayuwar kide-kide na Hamburg, yana kula da ayyukan ayyukansa, musamman mawaƙa. Daukaka ta zo masa. Koyaya, rashin buƙata, ɗanɗanon lardunan Hamburg ya bata wa Philip Emanuel rai. "Hamburg, wanda ya taɓa shahara da wasan opera, na farko kuma mafi shahara a Jamus, ya zama Boeotia na kiɗa," in ji R. Rolland. "Philippe Emanuel Bach ya ji asara a ciki. Lokacin da Bernie ya ziyarce shi, Philippe Emanuel ya gaya masa: "Ka zo nan bayan shekaru hamsin fiye da yadda ya kamata." Wannan yanayi na bacin rai ba zai iya rufe shekarun da suka gabata na rayuwar FE Bach, wanda ya zama mashahurin duniya. A Hamburg, gwanintarsa ​​a matsayin mawaƙin mawaƙa kuma mai yin waƙarsa ya bayyana kansa tare da sabunta kuzari. "A cikin sassa masu tausayi da jinkirin, duk lokacin da ya buƙaci ba da sanarwa ga dogon sauti, ya sami damar cirewa daga kayan aikin sa kukan baƙin ciki da gunaguni, wanda kawai za a iya samu akan clavichord kuma, watakila, shi kadai, ” C. Burney ya rubuta. Philip Emanuel ya sha'awar Haydn, kuma mutanen zamanin sun kimanta masters biyu a matsayin daidai. A zahiri, yawancin abubuwan da aka gano na FE Bach Haydn, Mozart da Beethoven ne suka ɗauke su kuma sun ɗaga su zuwa mafi girman kamalar fasaha.

D. Chekhovych