Hans Knappertsbusch |

Hans Knappertbusch

Masoyan waka, abokan mawaka a Jamus da sauran kasashe suna kiransa "Kna" a takaice. Amma bayan wannan sunan laƙabin da aka saba akwai babban girmamawa ga ƙwararren mai fasaha, ɗaya daga cikin Mohican na ƙarshe na tsohuwar makarantar jagorar Jamus. Hans Knappertsbusch mawaƙin-falsafa ne kuma a lokaci guda mawaƙin soyayya - "ƙauna ta ƙarshe a filin wasa", kamar yadda Ernst Krause ya kira shi. Kowane wasan kwaikwayonsa ya zama wani taron kiɗa na gaske: ya buɗe sabon hangen nesa ga masu sauraro a wasu lokuta sanannun abubuwan ƙira.

Lokacin da mai ban sha'awa na wannan mai zane ya bayyana a kan mataki, wani tashin hankali na musamman ya tashi a cikin zauren, wanda bai bar ƙungiyar mawaƙa da masu sauraro ba har zuwa ƙarshe. Da alama duk abin da ya yi abu ne mai sauƙi na musamman, wani lokacin ma mai sauƙi ne. Ƙungiyoyin Knappertsbusch sun kasance cikin natsuwa da ba a saba gani ba, ba tare da wani tasiri ba. Sau da yawa, a lokuta mafi mahimmanci, ya daina gudanarwa gaba ɗaya, ya runtse hannayensa, kamar yana ƙoƙarin kada ya dame motsin tunanin kiɗa tare da motsin zuciyarsa. An yi tunanin cewa ƙungiyar makaɗa da kanta tana wasa da kanta, amma ’yancin kai ne kawai: ƙarfin gwanintar jagora da ƙwararrun lissafinsa sun mallaki mawakan da aka bari su kaɗai tare da kiɗan. Kuma a wasu lokuta da ba kasafai ba Knappertsbusch ba zato ba tsammani ya jefa manyan hannayensa sama da gefe - kuma wannan fashewar ta yi matukar tasiri ga masu sauraro.

Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner da Wagner su ne mawakan da fassararsu Knappertsbusch ya kai matsayinsa. Haka kuma, fassarar da ya yi na ayyukan manyan mawaƙa yakan haifar da zazzafar cece-kuce, kuma a ganin mutane da yawa sun yi watsi da al'ada. Amma ga Knappertsbusch babu wasu dokoki sai dai kiɗan kanta. Ko ta yaya, a yau rikodinsa na kade-kaden wake-wake na Beethoven, Brahms da Bruckner, operas Wagner, da sauran ayyuka da dama sun zama misali na karatun zamani na litattafai.

Fiye da rabin karni, Knappertsbusch ya mamaye daya daga cikin manyan wurare a rayuwar kiɗan Turai. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya yi mafarkin zama masanin falsafa, kuma kawai yana da shekaru ashirin a ƙarshe ya ba da fifiko ga kiɗa. Tun daga 1910, Knappertsbusch yana aiki a gidajen wasan opera a biranen Jamus daban-daban - Elberfeld, Leipzig, Dessau, kuma a cikin 1922 ya zama magajin B. Walter, yana jagorantar Opera na Munich. Sa'an nan kuma an riga an san shi a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, ko da yake shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta "General Director Music" a cikin tarihin Jamus.

A wancan lokacin, shaharar Knappertsbush ta bazu ko'ina cikin Turai. Kuma daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fara yaba wa fasaharsa ita ce Tarayyar Soviet. Knappertsbusch ya ziyarci Tarayyar Soviet sau uku, ya bar ra'ayi maras sharewa tare da fassararsa na kiɗan Jamus kuma "a ƙarshe ya lashe zukatan masu sauraro" (kamar yadda ɗaya daga cikin masu bitar ya rubuta a lokacin) tare da wasan kwaikwayo na Tchaikovsky's Fifth Symphony. Ga yadda mujallar Life of Art ta mayar da martani ga ɗaya daga cikin wasannin kide-kide nasa: “Yare ne na musamman, sabon abu, mai sassauƙa da dabara na wani lokaci da kyar ake iya gane shi, amma motsin fuska, kai, duka jiki, yatsu. Knappertsbusch yana konewa yayin wasan kwaikwayon tare da zurfafan abubuwan ciki waɗanda suka bayyana a jikin sa gabaɗaya, babu makawa ya wuce zuwa ƙungiyar makaɗa kuma harba shi ba tare da jurewa ba. A cikin Knappertsbusch, fasaha tana haɗe tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi da ɗabi'a. Wannan ya sanya shi cikin fitattun madugu na zamani.”

Bayan da 'yan Nazi suka hau mulki a Jamus, an cire Knappertsbusch daga mukaminsa a Munich. Gaskiya da rashin daidaituwa na mai zane ba su son Nazis. Ya koma Vienna, inda har zuwa karshen yakin ya gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na Jihar Opera. Bayan yakin, mai zane ya yi kasa akai-akai fiye da baya, amma kowane wasan kwaikwayo ko wasan opera a karkashin jagorancinsa ya kawo babban nasara. Tun 1951, ya kasance mai halarta akai-akai a cikin Bikin Bayreuth, inda ya gudanar da Der Ring des Nibelungen, Parsifal, da Nuremberg Mastersingers. Bayan maido da aikin opera na Jamus a Berlin, a 1955 Knappertsbusch ya zo GDR don gudanar da Der Ring des Nibelungen. Kuma a ko'ina mawaƙa da jama'a sun yi wa mai zanen ban sha'awa da matuƙar girmamawa.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek