Sergey Mikhailovich Slonimsky |
Sergey Slonimsky
Shi kadai ya cancanci ya gaji Wanda zai iya shafa gadon rayuwa. JW Goethe, “Faust”
Lallai yana daya daga cikin ’yan tsirarun mawakan zamani wadanda a kullum ake ganinsu a matsayin magajin al’adu. Wanene? Yawancin lokaci ana kiransa M. Mussorgsky da S. Prokofiev. Babu ƙasa da ƙarfi a cikin hukunce-hukuncen Slonimsky, an kuma jaddada akasin haka: mai haske na kiɗan kiɗan, abin tunawa da sauƙin fahimta. Dogaro da al'adu da na Slonimsky na "I" ba su bambanta da juna ba. Amma ga haɗin kai na waɗannan sabani guda biyu, an ƙara na uku - ikon iya haifar da dogara a cikin salon kiɗa na lokuta da al'ummomi daban-daban, ko dai ƙauyen Rasha ne na zamanin juyin juya hali a cikin opera Virineya (1967, bisa ga). labarin L. Seifullina) ko tsohuwar Scotland a cikin opera Mary Stuart (1980), wanda ya ba wa masu sauraron Scotland mamaki da zurfin shigarsa. Irin wannan ingancin ingancin ya ta'allaka ne a cikin abubuwan "tsohuwar": ballet "Icarus" (1971); guda vocal "Song of Songs" (1975), "Bakwai da Aboki a cikin jeji" (1966), "Monologues" (1967); opera The Master and Margarita (1972, Sabon Alkawari Scenes). A lokaci guda kuma, marubucin ya tsara zamanin da, yana haɗa ka'idodin kiɗa na almara, sabbin fasahohin ƙira na ƙarni na XNUMX. da irin halinta. "Slonimsky, a fili, yana da wannan kyauta ta musamman wanda ke bambanta mawaƙa daya daga mutane da yawa: ikon yin magana da harsunan kiɗa daban-daban, kuma a lokaci guda tambarin halayen mutum wanda ya dogara da ayyukansa," in ji mai sukar Amurka.
Marubucin ayyuka da yawa, Slonimsky ba shi da tabbas a kowane sabon abu. Bayan cantata "Songs of the Freemen" (1959, a kan litattafan jama'a), wanda aiwatar da ban mamaki na tarihin Rasha ya sa ya yiwu a yi magana game da Slonimsky a matsayin daya daga cikin masu karfafawa na "sabon labarun labarun", Solo Violin Sonata ya bayyana. – wani opus na matuƙar zamani magana da rikitarwa. Bayan gidan wasan opera The Master da Margarita, da Concerto for uku lantarki gitas, solo kida da kade-kade na kade-kade (1973) ya bayyana - mafi asali kira na nau'i biyu da nau'i na tunanin kida: rock da symphony. Irin wannan amplitude da kaifi canji a cikin siffofi da kuma mãkirci sha'awa na mawaki a farko gigice da yawa, bai bayyana a fili: menene ainihin Slonimsky? "... Wani lokaci, bayan sabon aiki na gaba, magoya bayansa sun zama "masu ƙaryata shi", kuma waɗannan daga baya sun zama magoya baya. Abu daya ne kawai ya rage: kiɗan sa koyaushe yana tayar da sha'awar masu sauraro, suna tunani game da shi kuma suna jayayya game da shi. A hankali, an bayyana haɗin kai na Slonimsky daban-daban styles, misali, da ikon ba ko da dodecaphony fasali na gargajiya melos. Sai ya zama cewa irin wannan matsananci-m dabarun kamar yin amfani da untempered tsarin (na uku- da kuma kwata-sautin intonations), free improvisational rhythms ba tare da calms, su ne halayyar tatsuniyoyi. Kuma binciken da aka yi a hankali game da jituwarsa ya nuna yadda marubucin ya yi amfani da ƙa’idodin tsohuwar jituwa da kuma yawan furucin jama’a, ba shakka, tare da arsenal na hanyoyin haɗin kai da na zamani. Abin da ya sa a cikin kowane waƙoƙinsa guda tara ya ƙirƙiri wasu wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, sau da yawa haɗuwa da hotuna - masu ɗaukar manyan ra'ayoyin, suna nuna nau'i daban-daban da siffofi na nagarta da mugunta. Kamar yadda mai haske, yalwatacce, mai ban sha'awa, zane-zane na dukkanin shirye-shiryensa na wasan kwaikwayo guda hudu - ballet da operas uku - suna bayyana daidai a cikin kiɗa. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan dalilai na ci gaba da sha'awar masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da masu sauraro a cikin kiɗa na Slonimsky, wanda aka ji a cikin USSR da kasashen waje.
An haife shi a shekara ta 1932 a Leningrad, a cikin dangin shahararren marubucin Soviet M. Slonimsky, mawaƙi na gaba ya gaji al'adun ruhaniya na dimokiradiyya na Rasha. Tun daga ƙuruciyarsa, yana tunawa da abokan mahaifinsa na kud da kud: E. Schwartz, M. Zoshchenko, K. Fedin, labarun game da M. Gorky, A. Grin, yanayin yanayi na tashin hankali, mai wuya, rayuwar marubuci mai ban mamaki. Duk wannan da sauri ya faɗaɗa duniyar ciki na yaron, ya koyar da kallon duniya ta wurin idanun marubuci, mai zane. Mummunan kallo, nazari, tsabta a cikin tantance al'amura, mutane, ayyuka - a hankali ya haɓaka tunani mai ban mamaki a cikinsa.
Ilimin kiɗa na Slonimsky ya fara ne a cikin shekarun kafin yaƙi a Leningrad, ya ci gaba a lokacin yaƙin Perm da Moscow, a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Tsakiya; ƙare a Leningrad - a shekaru goma makaranta, a Conservatory a ikon tunani na abun da ke ciki (1955) da piano (1958), kuma a karshe, a digiri na biyu makaranta - a music ka'idar (1958). Daga cikin malaman Slonimsky akwai B. Arapov, I. Sherman, V. Shebalin, O. Messner, O. Evlakhov (haɗin gwiwa). Ƙaunar haɓakawa, ƙauna ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, sha'awar S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, M. Mussorgsky, wanda ya bayyana tun daga ƙuruciya, ya fi mayar da hankali ga m image na gaba mawaki. Bayan da ya ji yawancin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya a cikin shekarun yaki a Perm, inda aka kwashe gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kirov, Slonimsky matashi ya inganta dukkan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na opera, ya hada wasanni da sonatas. Kuma, tabbas, ya kasance mai girman kai a cikin ransa, ko da yake ya damu da cewa irin wannan mawaƙa kamar A. Pazovsky, sa'an nan kuma babban darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, bai yarda cewa Sergei Slonimsky dan shekaru goma ya rubuta wani soyayya ga Lermontov ta ayoyi da kansa. .
A 1943, Slonimsky ya sayi a daya daga cikin shagunan haberdashery na Moscow clavier na opera Lady Macbeth na gundumar Mtsensk - aikin da Shostakovich ya haramta. An haddace wasan opera kuma an sanar da hutun da aka yi a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Tsakiya a matsayin "Spanking Scene" a ƙarƙashin ruɗani da rashin yarda da kallon malamai. Hangen kidan na Slonimsky ya girma cikin sauri, kidan duniya ya shaku da nau'in nau'i, salo ta salo. Duk abin da ya fi muni ga matashin mawaƙa shine 1948, wanda ya ƙaddamar da duniyar kiɗa na zamani zuwa wani wuri mai banƙyama wanda aka iyakance ta bangon "formalism". Kamar duk mawaƙa na wannan tsara, wanda ya yi karatu a Conservatories bayan 1948, ya aka kawo kawai a kan na gargajiya al'adunmu. Sai kawai bayan taron na XNUMXth na CPSU ya fara bincike mai zurfi da rashin son zuciya game da al'adun kiɗa na ƙarni na XNUMX. Mawakiyar matasa na Leningrad, Moscow sun cika lokacin da aka rasa. Tare da L. Prigogine, E. Denisov, A. Schnittke. S. Gubaidulina, sun yi koyi da juna.
A lokaci guda, Rasha labarin ya zama mafi muhimmanci makaranta ga Slonimsky. Yawancin balaguron balaguro na al'ada - "dukkan tarihin tarihin tarihi," a cikin kalmomin marubucin - an gudanar da su cikin fahimta ba kawai na waƙar ba, har ma da halin jama'a, hanyar ƙauyen Rasha. Koyaya, matsayi na fasaha na Slonimsky yana buƙatar kulawa mai mahimmanci ga tarihin birni na zamani. Don haka waƙoƙin yawon buɗe ido da waƙoƙin bard na 60s sun shiga cikin waƙarsa ta zahiri. Cantata “Voice from the Chorus” (a kan A. Blok’s st., 1964) ita ce yunƙuri na farko na haɗa salo mai nisa cikin fasaha guda ɗaya, daga baya A. Schnittke ya ayyana a matsayin “polystylists”.
Slonimsky ya kirkiro tunanin fasaha na zamani tun daga yara. Amma ƙarshen 50s da farkon 60s sun kasance mahimmanci. Sadarwa da yawa tare da mawaƙa na Leningrad E. Rein, G. Gerbovsky, I. Brodsky, tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo M. Kozakov, S. Yursky, tare da Leninist V. Loginov, darektan fim G. Poloka, Slonimsky ya girma a cikin ƙungiyar taurari masu basira. Yana haɗawa daidai balaga da ɓarna, kunya, kai ga ɓatanci, da ƙarfin hali, matsayi na rayuwa. Kalmominsa masu kaifi, masu gaskiya koyaushe suna cikawa, suna goyon bayan ma'anar adalci da babban ilimi. Ba'a na Sergei Slonimsky yana da ɗanɗano, daidai, mai mannewa kamar jumlar mutane masu manufa.
Slonimsky ba kawai mawaki da pianist ba ne. Shi ne mai hazaka, mafi fasaha improviser, babban masanin kida (mawallafin littafin "Symphony by S. Prokofiev", labarin game da R. Schumann, G. Mahler, I. Stravinsky, D. Shostakovich, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, M. Balakirev, kaifi da polemical jawabai a kan zamani m kerawa). Shi ne kuma malami - farfesa a Leningrad Conservatory, a gaskiya ma, mahaliccin dukan makaranta. Daga cikin dalibansa: V. Kobekin, A. Zatin, A. Mrevlov - a cikin jimlar fiye da 30 mambobi na Ƙungiyar Mawaƙa, ciki har da masana kimiyya. Wani mai kida da jama'a wanda ke kula da ci gaba da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kuma yin ayyukan da ba a manta da su ba M. Mussorgsky, V. Shcherbachev, har ma R. Schumann, Slonimsky yana daya daga cikin mawakan Soviet na zamani masu iko.
M. Rytsareva
