Anatoly Lyadov |

Anatoly Lyadov

Lyadov. Lullaby (dir. Leopold Stokowski)

... Lyadov a hankali ya sanya kansa filin minature - Piano da Orchestral - kuma kayan ado na farko da kuma na farko-aji na farko. A kyau da gaske ya rayu a cikinsa a cikin kasa-Rasha ruhaniya nau'i. B. Asafiev

A. Lyadov nasa ne na ƙaramin ƙarni na gagarumin galaxy na mawaƙa na Rasha na rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX. Ya nuna kansa a matsayin ƙwararren mawaki, jagora, malami, kide-kide da jama'a. A cikin zuciyar aikin Lyadov akwai hotuna na almara na Rasha da tarihin waƙa, tatsuniyar tatsuniyoyi, an kwatanta shi da waƙoƙin da ke cike da tunani, ma'anar yanayi mai zurfi; a cikin ayyukansa akwai abubuwa na sifa da kuma wasan barkwanci. Kiɗa na Lyadov yana da haske, daidaitaccen yanayi, kamewa a cikin bayyana ji, kawai lokaci-lokaci ya katse ta hanyar sha'awa, kwarewa kai tsaye. Lyadov ya ba da hankali sosai ga inganta tsarin fasaha: sauƙi, sauƙi da ladabi, daidaitattun daidaituwa - waɗannan su ne mafi girman ma'auni na fasaha. Ayyukan M. Glinka da A. Pushkin sun zama manufa a gare shi. Ya yi tunani na dogon lokaci a cikin duk cikakkun bayanai na ayyukan da ya ƙirƙira sa'an nan kuma ya rubuta abubuwan da aka tsara a tsabta, kusan ba tare da ɓarna ba.

Sigar kiɗan da Lyadov ya fi so shine ƙaramin kayan aiki ko murya. Mawakin cikin zolaya ya ce bai iya jure wakar da ta wuce minti biyar ba. Dukan ayyukansa ƙanana ne, taƙaitacce kuma a cikin tsari. Ayyukan Lyadov kadan ne a cikin girma, cantata, ƙungiyoyi 12 don ƙungiyar kade-kade na kade-kade, waƙoƙin yara 18 akan kalmomin jama'a don murya da piano, 4 romances, game da shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a 200, ƙungiyar mawaƙa da yawa, ƙungiyoyin kayan aikin ɗakin 6, sama da guda 50 don piano .

Lyadov aka haife shi a cikin wani m iyali. Mahaifinsa ya kasance jagora a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mariinsky. Yaron ya sami damar sauraron kiɗan kiɗan a cikin kide kide da wake-wake, sau da yawa yakan ziyarci gidan wasan opera don duk karatun da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. "Ya ƙaunaci Glinka kuma ya sani da zuciya ɗaya. "Rogneda" da "Judith" Serov sha'awar. A kan mataki, ya shiga cikin jerin gwano da jama'a, kuma lokacin da ya dawo gida, ya nuna Ruslan ko Farlaf a gaban madubi. Ya ji isassun mawaƙa, mawaƙa da mawaƙa, ”in ji N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Ƙwararriyar kiɗa ta bayyana kanta da wuri, kuma a cikin 1867 Lyadov mai shekaru goma sha ɗaya ya shiga cikin Conservatory na St. Petersburg. Ya yi karatu m rubuce-rubuce tare da Rimsky-Korsakov. Koyaya, saboda rashin zuwa da rashin tarbiyya a cikin 1876, an kore shi. A 1878, Lyadov shiga cikin Conservatory a karo na biyu da kuma a cikin wannan shekara brilliantly wuce karshe jarrabawa. A matsayin aikin difloma, an gabatar da shi tare da kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarshe na "Bride Messin" na F. Schiller.

A tsakiyar 70s. Lyadov ya sadu da membobin da'irar Balakirev. Ga abin da Mussorgsky ya rubuta game da ganawar farko da shi: “… Wani sabon, babu shakka, na asali da Rasha ƙwararrun matasa ..." Sadarwa tare da manyan mawaƙa sun yi tasiri sosai a kan haɓakar haɓakar Lyadov. Yawan abubuwan sha'awarsa yana faɗaɗa: falsafa da ilimin zamantakewa, kyawawan halaye da kimiyyar halitta, adabi na gargajiya da na zamani. Muhimmin bukatar yanayinsa shine tunani. "Ki fita daga littafin menene Kana bukatar kada bunkasa shi a babbasa'an nan kuma za ku san abin da ake nufi tunani", ya rubuta daga baya zuwa ga ɗaya daga cikin abokansa.

Daga cikin kaka na 1878 Lyadov ya zama malami a St. Yana kuma koyarwa a majami'ar Singing Chapel. A lokacin 80-70s. Lyadov ya fara aikinsa ne a matsayin madugu a cikin da'irar masoya waka ta St. Petersburg, daga baya kuma ya yi a matsayin madugu a wasannin kade-kade da wake-wake na jama'a wanda A. Rubinstein ya kafa, da kuma wasannin kade-kade na Rasha da M. Belyaev ya kafa. Rimsky-Korsakov, Rubinstein, G. Laroche, ya yi la'akari da halayensa a matsayin jagora.

Haɗin kiɗan Lyadov yana faɗaɗawa. Ya sadu da P. Tchaikovsky, A. Glazunov, Laroche, ya zama memba na Belyaevsky Jumma'a. A lokaci guda, ya shahara a matsayin mawaki. Tun 1874, Lyadov na farko ayyukan da aka buga: 4 romances, op. 1 da "Spikers" op. 2 (1876). Ƙaunar soyayya ta zama ƙwarewar Lyadov kawai a cikin wannan nau'in; An halicce su a ƙarƙashin rinjayar "Kuchkist". "Spikers" shine kayan haɗin piano na farko na Lyadov, wanda shine jerin ƙananan ƙananan, nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, a hade cikin cikakken zagayowar. Tuni a nan an ƙaddara hanyar gabatar da Lyadov - kusanci, haske, ladabi. Har zuwa farkon 1900s. Lyadov ya rubuta kuma ya buga 50 opuses. Yawancin su ƙananan piano ne: intermezzos, arabesques, preludes, impromptu, etudes, mazurkas, waltzes, da dai sauransu. The Musical Snuffbox ya lashe fadi da shahararsa, a cikin abin da hotuna na wani yar tsana-abin wasa duniya da aka sake haifar da musamman subtlety da sophistication. Daga cikin abubuwan gabatarwa, Prelude a cikin B small op. ya fice musamman. 11, waƙar waƙar da ke kusa da waƙoƙin jama'a "Kuma abin da ke cikin duniya yana da zalunci" daga tarin M. Balakirev "Waƙoƙin Folk na Rasha 40".

Manyan ayyuka na piano sun haɗa da zagayowar bambance-bambancen guda biyu (a kan jigon soyayyar Glinka “Daren Venetian” da kuma kan jigon Yaren mutanen Poland). Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo shine ballad "Game da tsohuwar". Wannan aikin yana kusa da shafukan almara na wasan opera na Glinka "Ruslan da Lyudmila" da "Bogatyrskaya" na A. Borodin. Lokacin da a cikin 2 Lyadov ya yi wani mawaƙa version na ballad "Game da tsohon zamanin", V. Stasov, ya ji shi, ya ce: "Ainihin jeri Kun sassaka a nan.”

A karshen 80s. Lyadov ya juya zuwa kiɗan murya kuma ya ƙirƙiri tarin waƙoƙin yara 3 bisa ga matani na barkwanci na jama'a, tatsuniyoyi, mawaƙa. C. Cui ya kira waɗannan waƙoƙin “ƙananan lu’u-lu’u a cikin mafi kyau, gamawa.”

Tun daga ƙarshen 90s. Lyadov yana da sha'awar aiki da sarrafa waƙoƙin jama'a da balaguro na Geographical Society suka tattara. Tarin 4 don murya da piano sun yi fice musamman. Bayan al'adun Balakirev da Rimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov ya yadu yana amfani da dabarun subvocal polyphony. Kuma a cikin wannan nau'i na kerawa na kiɗa, an nuna hali na Lyadov na al'ada - kusanci (yana amfani da ƙananan muryoyin da ke samar da masana'anta mai haske).

A farkon karni na XX. Lyadov zama daya daga cikin manyan da kuma iko Rasha mawaƙa. A Conservatory, musamman ka'idar da abun da ke ciki azuzuwan wuce zuwa gare shi, daga cikin dalibansa S. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky, B. Asafiev, da sauransu. Halin Lyadov a cikin 1905, a lokacin lokacin tashin hankalin dalibai, ana iya kiransa m da daraja. Nisa daga siyasa, ba tare da wani sharadi ba ya shiga cikin manyan gungun malamai waɗanda suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da martanin RMS. Bayan korarsa daga Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory Lyadov, tare da Glazunov, ya sanar da murabus daga furofesoshi.

A cikin 1900s Lyadov ya juya yafi zuwa ga kiɗan kiɗa. Ya kirkiro ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da al'adun gargajiya na Rasha na karni na XNUMX. Waɗannan su ne ƙananan kade-kade, makirci da hotuna waɗanda aka ba da shawarar ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai ("Baba Yaga", "Kikimora") da kuma tunanin kyawawan dabi'u ("Lake Magic"). Lyadov ya kira su "Hotuna masu ban mamaki." A cikinsu, mawaƙin ya yi amfani da damammaki masu launi da hoto na ƙungiyar makaɗa, yana bin hanyar Glinka da mawaƙan The Mighty Handful. Wani wuri na musamman yana shagaltar da "Waƙoƙi na Rasha Guda takwas don Orchestra", wanda Lyadov ya yi amfani da fasaha na sahihan waƙoƙin jama'a - epic, lyrical, raye-raye, al'ada, rawa mai zagaye, yana bayyana bangarori daban-daban na duniyar ruhaniya na mutumin Rasha.

A cikin wadannan shekaru Lyadov ya nuna sha'awar sabon wallafe-wallafen da fasaha trends, kuma wannan ya nuna a cikin aikinsa. Ya rubuta kida don wasan kwaikwayo na M. Maeterlinck "Sister Beatrice", hoton symphonic "Daga Apocalypse" da "Sorrowful Song for Orchestra". Daga cikin sababbin ra'ayoyin mawaƙa sun hada da ballet "Leila da Alalei" da kuma hoton kwaikwayo na "Kupala Night" bisa ayyukan A. Remizov.

Shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwar marubucin sun kasance inuwa da ɗacin hasara. Lyadov ya kasance mai matukar damuwa kuma ya damu da asarar abokai da abokan tarayya: daya bayan daya Stasov, Belyaev, Rimsky-Korsakov ya mutu. A 1911, Lyadov sha wahala mai tsanani rashin lafiya, daga abin da ya ba zai iya cikakken murmurewa.

Shaida mai ban sha'awa na amincewa da cancantar Lyadov shine bikin a 1913 na bikin cika shekaru 35 na ayyukansa na kere kere. Yawancin ayyukansa har yanzu suna da farin jini sosai kuma masu sauraro suna son su.

A. Kuznetsova