Yehudi Menuhin |

Yehudi Menuhin

A cikin 30s da 40s, lokacin da ya zo ga masu violin na waje, ana kiran sunan Menuhin bayan sunan Heifetz. Ya kasance abokin hamayyarsa da ya cancanta kuma, zuwa babban adadin, maganin hana haihuwa cikin sharuddan kirkire-kirkire. Sa'an nan Menuhin ya fuskanci wani bala'i, watakila mafi muni ga mawaƙa - cutar sana'a ta hannun dama. Babu shakka, sakamakon haɗin gwiwa na kafada “wanda aka yi yawa” (hannun Menuhin sun ɗan gajarta fiye da na al'ada, wanda, duk da haka, ya shafi dama, ba hannun hagu ba). Amma duk da cewa wani lokacin Menuhin da kyar ya sauke baka a kan igiyar, da kyar ya kawo karshensa, karfin baiwar da yake da ita ya kai ga ba a iya jin wannan dan wasan violin. Tare da Menuhin kuna jin wani abu wanda babu wanda yake da shi - yana ba kowane jumlar kida na musamman nuances; duk wata halitta ta kida da alama tana haskakawa da haskoki na wadataccen yanayi. A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, fasaharsa ta zama mai dumi da ɗan adam, yayin da yake ci gaba da kasancewa a lokaci guda "menukhinian" mai hikima.

An haifi Menuhin kuma ya girma a cikin wani baƙon iyali wanda ya haɗa al'adu masu tsarki na tsohuwar Yahudawa tare da ingantaccen ilimin Turai. Iyaye sun fito daga Rasha - mahaifin Moishe Menuhin ɗan asalin Gomel ne, mahaifiyar Marut Sher - Yalta. Suna ba wa 'ya'yansu suna da Ibrananci: Yahudawa na nufin Bayahude. Sunan 'yar'uwar Menuhin Khevsib. Karamin sunanta Yalta, da alama don girmama birnin da aka haifi mahaifiyarta.

A karo na farko, iyayen Menuhin sun sadu ba a Rasha ba, amma a Palestine, inda Moishe, wanda ya rasa iyayensa, ya girma ta hanyar kakansa. Dukansu suna alfahari da kasancewa na dangin Yahudawa na dā.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan rasuwar kakansa, Moishe ya ƙaura zuwa New York, inda ya karanta ilmin lissafi da koyarwa a jami'a kuma ya koyar a makarantar Yahudawa. Maruta ma ta zo New York a 1913. Bayan shekara guda suka yi aure.

A ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1916, an haifi ɗansu na fari, yaro wanda suka sa masa suna Yehudi. Bayan haihuwarsa, iyalin sun koma San Francisco. Menuhins sun yi hayar gida a kan titin Steiner, "ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan gine-ginen katako masu girma tare da manyan tagogi, gefuna, sassaƙaƙƙun littattafai, da bishiyar dabino mai banƙyama a tsakiyar lawn gaban da ke da kama da San Francisco kamar gidajen launin ruwan kasa na Sabbin. York. A can ne, a cikin yanayin tsaro na kwatankwacin abin duniya, aka fara renon Yehudi Menuhin. A shekara ta 1920, an haifi 'yar'uwar farko ta Yehudi, Kevsiba, kuma a cikin Oktoba 1921, na biyu, Yalta.

Iyalin sun zauna a keɓe, kuma shekarun farko na Yahudawa sun kasance tare da manya. Wannan ya shafi ci gabansa; halaye na tsanani, hali na tunani da wuri ya bayyana a cikin hali. Ya kasance a rufe har karshen rayuwarsa. A cikin renonsa, an sake samun abubuwa da yawa da ba a saba gani ba: har ya kai shekaru 3, ya yi magana da Ibrananci musamman - wannan yaren ya kasance cikin dangi; sai mahaifiyar, mace mai ilimi ta musamman, ta koya wa 'ya'yanta karin harsuna 5 - Jamusanci, Faransanci, Turanci, Italiyanci da Rashanci.

Mahaifiyar mawaƙi ce mai kyau. Ta buga piano da cello kuma tana son kiɗa. Menuhin bai kai shekara 2 ba a lokacin da iyayensa suka fara kai shi wurin kade-kade na makada na kade-kade. Ba zai yiwu a bar shi a gida ba, don babu mai kula da yaron. Karamin ya nuna hali mai kyau kuma galibi yakan yi barci cikin kwanciyar hankali, amma da sautin farko ya farka kuma yana sha'awar abin da ake yi a kungiyar makada. Mambobin ƙungiyar makaɗa sun san jaririn kuma suna matukar son mai sauraronsu da ba a saba gani ba.

Lokacin da Menuhin ya kai shekaru 5, kawarsa ta siya masa violin, aka tura yaron karatu da Sigmund Anker. Matakan farko na sarrafa kayan aikin sun zama masu wahala a gare shi, saboda takaitattun hannaye. Malamin ya kasa 'yantar da hannun hagunsa daga matse shi, da kyar Menuhin ya ji girgizar. Amma lokacin da aka shawo kan waɗannan matsalolin da ke hannun hagu kuma yaron ya sami damar daidaitawa da abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin hannun dama, ya fara samun ci gaba cikin sauri. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 1921, watanni 6 bayan fara azuzuwan, ya sami damar yin kide-kide a wani taron kide-kide na dalibi a Otal din Fairmont na gaye.

An canza Yehudi mai shekaru 7 daga Anker zuwa mawaƙin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, Louis Persinger, mawaƙin babban al'adu kuma ƙwararren malami. Duk da haka, a cikin karatunsa tare da Menuhin, Persinger ya yi kurakurai da yawa, wanda a ƙarshe ya shafi aikin ɗan wasan violin a cikin mummunar hanya. Abubuwan ban mamaki na yaron sun ɗauke shi, saurin ci gabansa, bai mai da hankali sosai ga ɓangaren fasaha na wasan ba. Menuhin bai bi ta hanyar ingantaccen binciken fasaha ba. Persinger ya kasa gane cewa sifofin zahirin jikin Yahudi, gajarta hannun sa, suna cike da munanan haxari da ba su bayyana kansu tun suna yara ba, amma sun fara ji da kansu tun suna girma.

Iyayen Menuhin sun yi renon 'ya'yansu da tsangwama. Karfe 5.30:7 na safe kowa ya tashi, bayan karin kumallo, ya yi ta zagaya gidan har karfe bakwai. Wannan ya biyo bayan darussan kiɗa na sa'o'i 3 - 'yan'uwa mata sun zauna a piano (dukansu sun zama ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, Khevsiba kuma abokiyar abokiyar ɗan'uwansa ne kullum), kuma Yehudi ya ɗauki violin. Da azahar aka yi breakfast na biyu da barcin awa daya. Bayan haka - sababbin darussan kiɗa na 2 hours. Sannan daga karfe 4 zuwa 6 na rana aka bayar da hutu, da yamma suka fara karatu a fannin ilimi na gaba daya. Yehudi ya fara sanin wallafe-wallafen gargajiya kuma yana aiki akan falsafanci, yayi nazarin littattafan Kant, Hegel, Spinoza. Ranar lahadi dangin sun shafe a wajen birni, suna tafiya da ƙafa tsawon kilomita 8 zuwa bakin teku.

Hazakar yaron ta jawo hankalin mai ba da taimako na gida Sydney Erman. Ya shawarci Menuhins da su je Paris don ba wa yaransu ilimin kiɗa na gaske, kuma suna kula da kayan. A cikin kaka na 1926 iyali tafi Turai. An yi wata ganawa mai ban mamaki tsakanin Yehudi da Enescu a birnin Paris.

Littafin Robert Magidov “Yehudi Menuhin” ya kawo abubuwan tarihin ɗan Faransanci, farfesa a Conservatory na Paris Gerard Hecking, wanda ya gabatar da Yehudi ga Enescu:

"Ina so in yi karatu tare da ku," in ji Yehudi.

– A fili, akwai kuskure, Ba na ba masu zaman kansu darussa, – ya ce Enescu.

“Amma dole in yi nazari da ku, don Allah ku saurare ni.

– Ba shi yiwuwa. Zan tafi yawon shakatawa ta jirgin ƙasa gobe a 6.30:XNUMX na safe.

Zan iya zuwa sa'a daya da wuri in yi wasa yayin da kuke shirya kaya. Za a iya?

Gaji Enescu ya ji wani abu mara iyaka a cikin wannan yaron, kai tsaye, mai manufa kuma a lokaci guda ba shi da kariya. Ya sa hannu a kafadar Yahudawa.

"Ka yi nasara, yaro," Hecking ya yi dariya.

- Ku zo a 5.30 zuwa titin Clichy, 26. Zan kasance a can, - Enescu ya ce ban kwana.

Lokacin da Yehudi ya gama wasa da misalin karfe 6 na safe, Enescu ya amince ya fara aiki tare da shi bayan kammala yawon shakatawa, a cikin watanni 2. Ya gaya wa mahaifinsa da mamaki cewa darussan za su kasance kyauta.

"Yehudi zai sa ni farin ciki kamar yadda na amfane shi."

Matashin dan wasan violin ya dade yana mafarkin yin karatu tare da Enescu, kamar yadda ya taba jin wani dan wasan violin na Romania, sannan a wurin da ya fi shahara, a wani shagali a San Francisco. Dangantakar da Menuhin ya ɓullo da Enescu da ƙyar ba za a iya kiransa da alakar malami da ɗalibi ba. Enescu ya zama uba na biyu, malami mai kulawa, aboki. Sau nawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, lokacin da Menuhin ya zama balagagge mai fasaha, Enescu ya yi tare da shi a cikin kide-kide, tare da piano, ko kunna wasan kwaikwayo na Bach sau biyu. Haka ne, kuma Menuhin ya ƙaunaci malaminsa da dukan ƙaya na ɗabi'a mai daraja da tsarki. Ya rabu da Enescu a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Menuhin ya tashi nan da nan zuwa Bucharest a farkon damar. Ya ziyarci Enescu da ke mutuwa a Paris; tsoho maestro ya yi masa wasiyya da violinsa masu daraja.

Enescu ya koyar da Yahudi ba kawai yadda ake kunna kayan aikin ba, ya buɗe masa ruhin kiɗan. Ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, basirar yaron ta bunƙasa, ta wadata a ruhaniya. Kuma ya bayyana a zahiri a cikin shekara guda da sadarwar su. Enescu ya kai dalibinsa zuwa Romania, inda sarauniyar ta ba su masu sauraro. A lokacin da ya koma Paris, Yehudi ya yi a cikin kide-kide guda biyu tare da Orchestra na Lamouret wanda Paul Parey ya gudanar; a 1927 ya tafi New York, inda ya yi mamaki tare da wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Carnegie Hall.

Winthrop Sergent ya kwatanta wasan kwaikwayon kamar haka: “Masu son kiɗan New York da yawa har yanzu suna tunawa da yadda, a cikin 1927, Yehudi Menuhin, ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya, yaro mai kaifi, mai tsoro da tsoro sanye da gajeren wando, safa da riga mai buɗe wuya, ya yi tafiya. a kan mataki na Carnegie Hall, ya tsaya a gaban Orchestra na Symphony na New York kuma ya yi wasan kwaikwayon Beethoven's Violin Concerto tare da kamala wanda ya saba wa kowane bayani mai ma'ana. Mambobin ƙungiyar makaɗa sun yi kuka da jin daɗi, kuma masu suka ba su ɓoye ruɗensu ba.

Na gaba ya zo duniya shahara. "A Berlin, inda ya yi kade-kade na violin na Bach, Beethoven da Brahms a karkashin sandar Bruno Walter, 'yan sanda sun hana jama'ar da ke kan titi da kyar, yayin da masu sauraro suka ba shi gaisuwa na mintuna 45. Fritz Busch, jagoran Dresden Opera, ya soke wani wasan kwaikwayo don gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na Menuhin tare da wannan shirin. A Rome, a cikin dakin wasan kwaikwayo na Augusteo, taron ya karya tagogi dozin biyu a kokarin shiga ciki; a Vienna, wani mai sukar, wanda kusan bai cika da farin ciki ba, zai iya ba shi kyautar "mai ban mamaki". A 1931 ya sami lambar yabo ta farko a gasar Conservatoire ta Paris.

An ci gaba da yin wasannin kide-kide har zuwa 1936, lokacin da Menuhin ba zato ba tsammani ya soke duk wasannin kide-kide kuma ya yi ritaya na tsawon shekara guda da rabi tare da dukan iyalinsa - iyaye da 'yan'uwa mata a cikin wani Villa da aka saya a wancan lokacin kusa da Los Gatos, California. Yana da shekara 19 a lokacin. Lokaci ne da wani saurayi ke zama babba, kuma wannan lokacin ya kasance mai cike da rikici mai zurfi wanda ya tilasta Menuhin yanke irin wannan bakon shawarar. Ya bayyana keɓantacce ne ta hanyar buƙatar gwada kansa da sanin ainihin fasahar da yake ciki. Har yanzu, a cikin ra'ayinsa, ya taka leda zalla, kamar yaro, ba tare da tunani game da dokokin aikin ba. Yanzu ya yanke shawarar, don sanya shi aphoristically, don sanin violin kuma ya san kansa, jikinsa a cikin wasan. Ya yarda cewa dukan malaman da suka koya masa tun yana ƙarami sun ba shi haɓakar fasaha mai kyau, amma ba su yi nazari da gaske game da fasahar violin ba tare da shi: “Ko da haɗarin rasa dukan ƙwai na zinariya a nan gaba. , Ina bukatar in koyi yadda Goose ya kwashe su.”

Tabbas, yanayin na'urarsa ta tilasta Menuhin ya dauki irin wannan hadarin, saboda "kamar haka" saboda tsananin sha'awar, babu wani mawaƙi a matsayinsa da zai shiga nazarin fasahar violin, ya ƙi ba da kide kide. Da alama, tuni a lokacin ya fara jin wasu alamomi da suka firgita shi.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa Menuhin ya kusanci maganin matsalolin violin ta hanyar, watakila, babu wani mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da ya yi a gabansa. Ba tare da tsayawa kawai a nazarin hanyoyin ayyukan da litattafai ba, ya shiga cikin ilimin halin dan Adam, ilimin jiki, ilimin halittar jiki da ... har ma a cikin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki. Yana ƙoƙari ya kafa dangantaka tsakanin abubuwan mamaki da fahimtar tasirin wasan violin na mafi hadaddun abubuwan psycho-physiological da nazarin halittu.

Koyaya, yin la'akari da sakamakon zane-zane, Menuhin, a lokacin keɓe shi, ba wai kawai ya shiga cikin bincike mai ma'ana ba na dokokin wasan violin. Babu shakka, a lokaci guda, tsarin balaga na ruhaniya ya ci gaba a cikinsa, don haka na halitta don lokacin da saurayi ya juya ya zama namiji. A kowane hali, mai zane ya koma yin wasan kwaikwayon yana wadatar da hikimar zuciya, wanda daga yanzu ya zama alamar fasaharsa. Yanzu yana neman fahimtar a cikin kiɗan zurfafan ruhinta; Bach da Beethoven sun ja hankalinsa, amma ba jarumi-farar hula ba, amma falsafanci, shiga cikin baƙin ciki da tashi daga baƙin ciki saboda sababbin yaƙe-yaƙe na ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a ga mutum da ɗan adam.

Wataƙila, a cikin ɗabi'a, ɗabi'a da fasaha na Menuhin akwai fasali waɗanda galibi halayen mutanen Gabas ne. Hikimarsa ta hanyoyi da yawa tana kama da hikimar Gabas, tare da dabi'arta zuwa zurfafa kai na ruhaniya da sanin duniya ta hanyar yin la'akari da ainihin ɗabi'a na abubuwan mamaki. Kasancewar irin waɗannan halaye a Menuhin ba abin mamaki bane, idan muka tuna da yanayin da ya girma, al'adun da aka horar da su a cikin iyali. Kuma daga baya gabas ya jawo shi kansa. Bayan ya ziyarci Indiya, ya zama mai sha'awar koyarwar yogis.

Daga ɓacin rai, Menuhin ya koma kiɗa a tsakiyar 1938. A wannan shekara an yi alama ta wani taron - aure. Yehudi ya sadu da Nola Nicholas a London a daya daga cikin kide-kide nasa. Abin ban dariya shi ne cewa auren ɗan'uwa da 'yan'uwa biyu ya faru a lokaci guda: Khevsiba ya auri Lindsay, abokin iyali na Menuhin, kuma Yalta ta auri William Styx.

Daga wannan aure, Yehudi yana da 'ya'ya biyu: yarinya da aka haifa a 1939 da wani yaro a 1940. An kira yarinyar Zamira - daga kalmar Rasha don "salama" da sunan Ibrananci don tsuntsu mai rairayi; yaron ya karbi sunan Krov, wanda kuma aka danganta da kalmar Rasha don "jini" da kalmar Ibrananci don "gwagwarmayar". An bayar da sunan ne a sakamakon barkewar yaki tsakanin Jamus da Ingila.

Yakin ya tarwatsa rayuwar Menuhin sosai. A matsayinsa na mahaifin ’ya’ya biyu, ba a shigar da shi aikin soja ba, amma lamirinsa a matsayinsa na mai zane bai bar shi ya kasance mai lura da al’amuran soja a waje ba. A lokacin yakin, Menuhin ya ba da kide-kide kusan 500 “a duk sansanonin soja daga tsibirin Aleutian zuwa Caribbean, sannan kuma a wancan gefen Tekun Atlantika,” in ji Winthrop Sergent. A lokaci guda, ya buga kida mafi mahimmanci a cikin kowane masu sauraro - Bach, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, da fasaharsa ta wuta ta ci nasara har ma da sojoji. Suna aika masa da wasiku masu ratsa jiki masu cike da godiya. Shekarar 1943 ta kasance alama ce ta babban taron Yehudi - ya sadu da Bela Bartok a New York. A bukatar Menuhin, Bartók ya rubuta da Sonata ga solo violin ba tare da rakiya, yi a karon farko da artist a watan Nuwamba 1944. Amma m wadannan shekaru ne kishin kide-kide a soja raka'a, asibitoci.

A karshen 1943, ya yi watsi da hadarin tafiya a fadin teku, ya tafi Ingila da kuma ci gaba da wani m kide kide a nan. A lokacin farmakin sojojin kawance, a zahiri ya bi diddigin sojojin, na farko na mawakan duniya da ke taka leda a 'yantar da su a Paris, Brussels, Antwerp.

Wasan da ya yi a Antwerp ya faru ne a lokacin da bayan birnin ke hannun Jamusawa.

Yakin yana zuwa karshe. Da yake komawa ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, Menuhin kuma, kamar yadda yake a 1936, ba zato ba tsammani ya ƙi yin kide-kide, ya huta, ya sadaukar da shi, kamar yadda ya yi a wancan lokacin, don sake duba fasaha. Babu shakka, alamun damuwa suna karuwa. Duk da haka, jinkirin bai daɗe ba - 'yan makonni kawai. Menuhin yana gudanar da sauri da kuma kafa na'urar zartarwa gaba ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, wasansa yana buga da cikakkiyar kamala, iko, wahayi, wuta.

Shekaru 1943-1945 sun kasance suna cike da sabani a rayuwar Menuhin. Tafiyar na yau da kullun ya ɓata dangantakarsa da matarsa. Nola da Yahudi sun bambanta sosai a yanayi. Ba ta gane ba kuma ba ta yafe masa ba don sha'awar fasaha, wanda ya zama kamar bai bar lokaci ga iyali ba. Na ɗan lokaci har yanzu suna ƙoƙari su ceci ƙungiyarsu, amma a 1945 an tilasta musu su je kashe aure.

Ƙarshe na ƙarshe na kisan aure shine ganawar Menuhin tare da Diana Gould ta Ingila a watan Satumba 1944 a London. Zafafan soyayya ta kunno kai daga bangarorin biyu. Diana tana da halaye na ruhaniya waɗanda musamman ya burge Yahudawa. Ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1947, suka yi aure. Daga wannan aure an haifi 'ya'ya biyu - Gerald a watan Yuli 1948 da Irmiya - bayan shekaru uku.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan lokacin rani na 1945, Menuhin ya gudanar da rangadin ƙasashen ƙawance, ciki har da Faransa, Holland, Czechoslovakia, da Rasha. A Ingila, ya sadu da Benjamin Britten kuma ya yi tare da shi a wani wasan kwaikwayo. Kyakkyawar sautin piano ya burge shi a ƙarƙashin yatsun Britten wanda ya raka shi. A Bucharest, a ƙarshe ya sake saduwa da Enescu, kuma wannan taron ya tabbatar da yadda suke kusa da juna a ruhaniya. A cikin Nuwamba 1945, Menuhin ya isa Tarayyar Soviet.

Kasar dai ta fara farfadowa daga munanan tashe-tashen hankula na yakin; An lalata garuruwa, an ba da abinci a kan katunan. Amma duk da haka rayuwar fasaha ta kasance cikin sauri. Menuhin ya ji daɗin yadda Muscovites suka yi a kan wasan kwaikwayo nasa. "Yanzu ina tunanin yadda yake da fa'ida ga mai fasaha don sadarwa tare da irin wannan masu sauraron da na samu a Moscow - mai hankali, mai hankali, farkawa a cikin mai wasan kwaikwayon yanayin ƙonawa mai girma da sha'awar komawa ƙasar da kiɗa ke da. ya shiga rayuwa sosai kuma a zahiri. da kuma rayuwar mutane. ”…

Ya yi a cikin Tchaikovsky Hall a maraice guda 3 concertos - na violins biyu na I.-S. Bach tare da David Oistrakh, concertos na Brahms da Beethoven; a cikin sauran maraice biyu - Bach's Sonatas don solo violin, jerin dada. Lev Oborin ya mayar da martani tare da bita, inda ya rubuta cewa Menuhin ɗan wasan violin ne na babban shirin wasan kwaikwayo. “Babban fagen kerawa na wannan hamshakin dan wasan violin shine ayyukan manyan sifofi. Ba shi da kusanci da salon ƙanƙantar ƙanƙara ko ayyukan virtuoso zalla. Sinadarin Menuhin babban zane ne, amma kuma ya aiwatar da wasu ƙanana da yawa.

Binciken Oborin daidai ne wajen siffanta Menuhin kuma ya lura daidai da halayensa na violin - babbar dabarar yatsa da sauti mai ban mamaki cikin ƙarfi da kyau. Haka ne, a lokacin sautinsa yana da ƙarfi musamman. Wataƙila wannan ingancin nasa ya ƙunshi daidai da yadda ake wasa da hannu gabaɗaya, "daga kafada", wanda ya ba da sautin wadata da yawa na musamman, amma tare da guntuwar hannu, a fili, ya sa ya wuce gona da iri. Ya kasance mara kyau a cikin sonatas na Bach, kuma game da wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven, da wuya mutum ya iya jin irin wannan wasan a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar tsarar mu. Menuhin ya sami nasarar jaddada bangaren ɗabi'a a cikinsa kuma ya fassara shi a matsayin abin tunawa na tsantsa, maɗaukakin gargajiya.

A cikin watan Disamba na 1945, Menuhin ya sami sabani da sanannen jagoran Jamus Wilhelm Furtwängler, wanda ya yi aiki a Jamus a ƙarƙashin mulkin Nazi. Da alama wannan hujjar ta kori Yahudawa, wanda hakan bai faru ba. Akasin haka, a yawancin maganganunsa, Menuhin ya zo don kare Furtwängler. A cikin wata talifi da aka keɓe musamman ga shugabar, ya kwatanta yadda Furtwängler yana zaune a Jamus na Nazi ya yi ƙoƙari ya rage wahalhalun mawaƙa Yahudawa kuma ya ceci mutane da yawa daga ramuwar gayya. Kariyar Furtwängler ta haifar da kai hare-hare kan Menuhin. Ya isa tsakiyar muhawara game da tambaya - shin mawakan da suka yi wa Nazis hidima za su iya zama barata? Shari'ar, da aka gudanar a 1947, ta wanke Furtwängler.

Ba da da ewa wakilin sojan Amurka a Berlin ya yanke shawarar shirya jerin kade-kade na philharmonic karkashin jagorancinsa tare da halartar fitattun mawakan solo na Amurka. Na farko shine Menuhin. Ya ba da kide-kide 3 a Berlin - 2 ga Amurkawa da Burtaniya da 1 - buɗe ga jama'ar Jamus. Da yake magana a gaban Jamusawa - wato abokan gaba na baya-bayan nan - ya jawo kakkausar suka ga Menuhin a tsakanin Yahudawan Amurka da Turai. Hakurin da ya yi musu tamkar cin amana ne. Yaya girman ƙiyayyar da aka yi masa za a iya yin la’akari da cewa an hana shi shiga Isra’ila tsawon shekaru da yawa.

Wakokin Menuhin sun zama wata matsala ta ƙasa a Isra'ila, kamar al'amarin Dreyfus. Sa’ad da ya isa wurin a shekara ta 1950, jama’ar da ke filin jirgin sama na Tel Aviv sun yi masa maraba da sanyin sanyi, kuma ’yan sanda dauke da makamai ne ke gadin dakinsa na otal da ke tare da shi a cikin birnin. Ayyukan Menuhin kawai, kiɗansa, kira zuwa ga alheri da yaki da mugunta, ya karya wannan ƙiyayya. Bayan wani balaguro na biyu a Isra’ila a shekara ta 1951-1952, ɗaya daga cikin masu suka ya rubuta: “Wasan mai fasaha kamar Menuhin zai iya sa wanda bai yarda da Allah ya gaskata da Allah ba.”

Menuhin ya shafe Fabrairu da Maris 1952 a Indiya, inda ya sadu da Jawaharlar Nehru da Eleanor Roosevelt. Kasar ta ba shi mamaki. Ya zama mai sha'awar falsafarta, nazarin ka'idar yogis.

A cikin rabin na biyu na 50s, wata cuta ta sana'a da ta daɗe ta fara bayyana kanta sosai. Koyaya, Menuhin yayi ƙoƙarin shawo kan cutar. Kuma yayi nasara. Tabbas, hannun damansa bai yi daidai ba. A gabanmu misali ne na nasarar da aka yi a kan cutar, kuma ba farfadowa na jiki na gaskiya ba. Kuma duk da haka Menuhin shine Menuhin! Babban wahayinsa na fasaha yana sa kowane lokaci kuma yanzu manta game da hannun dama, game da fasaha - game da duk abin da ke cikin duniya. Kuma, ba shakka, Galina Barinova ya yi daidai lokacin da, bayan yawon shakatawa na Menuhin a cikin 1952 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ta rubuta: "Da alama hurarrun Menuhin na sama da ƙasa ba za su iya rabuwa da kamanninsa na ruhaniya ba, don kawai mai fasaha mai basira da tsaftataccen rai zai iya. shiga cikin zurfin aikin Beethoven da Mozart".

Menuhin ya zo kasarmu tare da 'yar uwarsa Kevsiba, wanda shi ne abokin wasan kwaikwayo na dogon lokaci. Sun ba sonata maraice; Yahudi kuma ya yi a wasannin kade-kade na kade-kade. A birnin Moscow, ya kulla abota da shahararren mawakin Soviet Rudolf Barshai, shugaban kungiyar makada ta Moscow Chamber. Menuhin da Barshai, tare da wannan gungu, sun yi Mozart's Symphony Concerto na violin da viola. Shirin ya kuma hada da Bach Concerto da Divertimento a D major na Mozart: “Menuhin ya wuce gona da iri; Maɗaukakin kiɗan ya cika da abubuwan ƙirƙira na musamman.

Ƙarfin Menuhin yana da ban mamaki: yana yin dogon yawon shakatawa, yana shirya bukukuwan kiɗa na shekara-shekara a Ingila da Switzerland, yana gudanar da shi, yana da niyyar ɗaukar ilimin koyarwa.

Labarin Winthrop yana ba da cikakken bayanin bayyanar Menuhin.

"Cunky, ja-gashi, shuɗi-sa ido tare da murmushin saurayi da wani abu na mujiya a fuskarsa, yana ba da ra'ayi na mutum mai sauƙin zuciya kuma a lokaci guda ba tare da ƙwarewa ba. Yana magana da turanci masu kayatarwa, kalmomin da aka zaɓa a hankali, tare da lafazi wanda yawancin ƴan uwansa Amurkawa ke ɗaukan Birtaniyya. Ba ya yin fushi ko kuma ya yi amfani da kakkausan harshe. Halinsa ga duniyar da ke kewaye da shi yana hade da ladabi mai kulawa tare da ladabi na yau da kullum. Kyawawan mata ya kira "kyakkyawan mata," kuma ya yi musu magana da kamun kai na wani mutumin kirki yana magana a wurin taro. Keɓewar Menuhin daga wasu ɓangarori na rayuwa ya sa abokai da yawa suna kamanta shi da Buddha: hakika, shagaltuwarsa da tambayoyi na madawwamiyar mahimmaci ga cutar da duk wani abu na ɗan lokaci da na wucin gadi yana sa shi yin mantuwa na ban mamaki a cikin lamuran duniya na banza. Sanin wannan sosai, matarsa ​​ba ta yi mamaki ba lokacin da ya tambayi ko wanene Greta Garbo cikin ladabi.

Rayuwar Menuhin ta sirri tare da matarsa ​​ta biyu da alama sun sami ci gaba cikin farin ciki. Galibi takan raka shi a tafiye-tafiye, kuma a farkon rayuwarsu tare bai je ko'ina ba sai da ita. Ka tuna cewa har ma ta haifi ɗanta na farko a kan hanya - a wani biki a Edinburgh.

Amma koma ga bayanin Winthrop: “Kamar yawancin masu zane-zanen kide-kide, Menuhin, ta larura, yana tafiyar da rayuwa mai wahala. Matarsa ​​Turanci tana kiransa "mai rarraba kiɗan violin". Yana da gidan nasa - kuma mai ban sha'awa sosai - yana zaune a cikin tsaunuka kusa da garin Los Gatos, kilomita ɗari kudu da San Francisco, amma ba kasafai yake shafe sama da mako ɗaya ko biyu a shekara a ciki ba. Wurin da ya fi dacewa da shi shine ɗakin tuhume-tuhume na teku ko sashin motar Pullman, wanda yake shiga yayin balaguron kide-kide na kusan ba tare da katsewa ba. Lokacin da matarsa ​​ba ta tare da shi, sai ya shiga ɗakin Pullman tare da wani nau'i na rashin tausayi: mai yiwuwa ya zama rashin mutunci a gare shi ya zauna a wurin da aka yi nufin fasinjoji da yawa shi kadai. Amma wani sashe daban ya fi dacewa da shi don yin motsa jiki daban-daban da koyarwar yoga ta gabas ta tsara, wanda ya zama mai bin sa shekaru da yawa da suka wuce. A ra'ayinsa, waɗannan atisayen suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da lafiyarsa, da alama suna da kyau, da yanayin tunaninsa, a fili a natsuwa. Shirin waɗannan darussan ya haɗa da tsayawa a kan ku na tsawon minti goma sha biyar ko goma sha biyu a kullum, feat, a ƙarƙashin kowane yanayi da ke da alaƙa da daidaitawar tsoka mai ban mamaki, a cikin jirgin ƙasa mai motsi ko a cikin jirgin ruwa a lokacin hadari, yana buƙatar juriya fiye da mutum.

Kayan Menuhin yana da ban mamaki a cikin sauƙi kuma, idan aka yi la'akari da tsawon rangadin da ya yi, a cikin ƙarancinsa. Ya ƙunshi akwatuna guda biyu masu banƙyama da ke cike da tufafi, kayan ado don wasan kwaikwayo da kuma aiki, ƙaramin ɗan falsafa na kasar Sin Lao Tzu "Koyarwar Tao" da ba za ta iya canzawa ba da kuma wani babban akwati na violin tare da stradivarius biyu na dala dubu ɗari da hamsin; kullum yana goge su da tawul ɗin Pullman. Idan ya bar gida, yana iya samun kwandon soyayyen kaza da ’ya’yan itace a cikin kayansa; duk cikin ƙauna da mahaifiyarsa ke naɗe da takarda kakin zuma, wadda ke zaune tare da mijinta, mahaifin Yahudawa, kuma kusa da Los Gatos. Menuhin baya son motocin cin abinci kuma idan jirgin kasa ya tsaya na tsawon lokaci ko kadan a kowane gari, yakan je nemo rumfuna na abinci, inda yake shan karas da ruwan seleri da yawa. Idan akwai wani abu a cikin duniyar da ke da sha'awar Menuhin fiye da wasa da violin da ra'ayoyi masu girma, to, waɗannan tambayoyi ne na abinci mai gina jiki: da tabbaci cewa rayuwa ya kamata a bi da shi a matsayin kwayoyin halitta, yana gudanar da haɗa waɗannan abubuwa guda uku tare a cikin tunaninsa. .

A ƙarshen sifa, Winthrop yana zaune akan sadaka Menuhin. Ya yi nuni da cewa, kudaden da yake samu daga wasannin wake-wake ya zarce dalar Amurka 100 a shekara, ya rubuta cewa yakan raba mafi yawan wadannan kudade, kuma hakan baya ga wasannin sadaka na kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, Yahudawan Isra’ila, na wadanda aka kashe a sansanonin ta’addancin Jamus, don taimakawa. aikin sake ginawa a Ingila, Faransa, Belgium da Holland.

“Ya kan mika kudaden da aka samu daga wasan kide-kide zuwa asusun fansho na kungiyar kade-kade da ke yin waka da su. Yardar da ya yi don yin hidima tare da fasaharsa don kusan kowace manufa ta sadaka ya sa ya sami godiyar mutane a sassa da dama na duniya - da kuma cikakken akwati na umarni, har zuwa kuma ciki har da Legion of Honor da Cross of Lorraine.

Hoton ɗan adam da na halitta Menuhin a bayyane yake. Ana iya kiransa daya daga cikin manyan 'yan adam a cikin mawakan bourgeois duniya. Wannan ɗan adamtaka yana ƙayyadadden mahimmancinsa a cikin al'adun kiɗan duniya na ƙarni namu.

L. Rabin, 1967