Fritz Reiner (Reiner) (Fritz Reiner) |
Fritz Reiner
“Sana’ar shugaba tana bukatar daga mai zane-zanen halaye daban-daban na mawaƙi da na mutum. Dole ne ku kasance da kiɗan dabi'a, kunne mara ja da baya da ma'anar kari. Dole ne ku san yanayin kayan kida iri-iri da dabarun buga su. Dole ne ku san harsuna. Dole ne ku kasance da ingantaccen al'adu na gaba ɗaya kuma ku fahimci sauran fasaha - zane-zane, sassaka, waƙa. Dole ne ku ji daɗin iko, kuma, a ƙarshe, dole ne ku kasance masu zaluntar kanku ta yadda a kowane yanayi, daidai a lokacin da aka ƙayyade, ku tsaya a na'urar wasan bidiyo, ko da guguwa ta wuce ko kuma an sami ambaliya, haɗarin jirgin ƙasa, ko kuma kawai kun yi rashin lafiya da mura.
Waɗannan kalmomin na Fritz Reiner ne, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu gudanarwa na ƙarni na XNUMX. Kuma duk tsawon rayuwarsa na halitta ya tabbatar da su. Halayen da aka lissafa a sama, shi da kansa ya mallaki cikakkiyar ma'auni don haka ya kasance misali ga mawaƙa, ga ɗalibansa masu yawa.
Ta asali da makaranta, Reiner mawaƙin Turai ne. Ya sami iliminsa na ƙwararru a garinsa, Budapest, inda B. Bartok yana cikin malamansa. Ayyukan gudanarwa na Reiner ya fara ne a cikin 1910 a Ljubljana. Daga baya ya yi aiki a opera gidajen Budapest da Dresden, da sauri samun jama'a yarda. Daga 1922 Reiner ya koma Amurka; A nan ne shahararsa ta kai matsayinsa, a nan ya samu mafi girman nasarorin fasaha. Daga 1922 zuwa 1931, Reiner ya jagoranci kungiyar kade-kaden Symphony ta Cincinnati, daga 1938 zuwa 1948 ya jagoranci kungiyar Orchestra ta Pittsburgh, sannan ya shafe shekaru biyar ya jagoranci gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Metropolitan Opera, kuma, a karshe, tsawon shekaru goma na rayuwarsa ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darekta. na kungiyar Orchestra na Chicago, wanda ya bar 'yan watanni kafin mutuwa. Duk waɗannan shekaru, jagoran ya zagaya da yawa a Amurka da Turai, ya yi a cikin mafi kyawun ɗakunan kide-kide, a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo "La Scala" da "Covent Garden". Bugu da kari, kusan shekaru talatin ya koyar da gudanarwa a Cibiyar Curtis Philadelphia, yana ilmantar da tsararraki masu yawa, ciki har da L. Bernstein.
Kamar yawancin masu fasaha na zamaninsa, Reiner na cikin makarantar romantic na Jamus. An kwatanta fasaharsa da fa'ida, magana, bambance-bambance masu haske, madaidaicin iko mai girma, pathos titanic. Amma tare da wannan, a matsayin mai gudanarwa na zamani na gaske, Reiner kuma yana da wasu halaye: dandano mai kyau, fahimtar nau'o'in kiɗa daban-daban, ma'anar nau'i, daidaito har ma da hankali a cikin canja wurin rubutun marubucin, cikakke a kammala cikakkun bayanai. Kwarewar aikin karatunsa tare da mawaƙa ya zama labari: ya kasance mai laconic sosai, mawaƙa sun fahimci manufarsa ta motsin hannu na laconic.
Duk wannan ya ba da damar mai gudanarwa ya fassara ayyukan da suka bambanta a cikin hali tare da nasara daidai. Ya kama mai sauraron a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Wagner, Verdi, Bizet, da kuma a cikin manyan kade-kade na Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Brahms, Mahler, da kuma a cikin ƙwararrun mawaƙa na Ravel, Richard Strauss, da kuma a cikin ayyukan gargajiya na Mozart da Haydn. Fasahar Reiner ta zo mana da aka kama akan bayanai da yawa. Daga cikin faifan nasa akwai kyakykyawar karbuwa na rukunin waltz na Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier, wanda madugu da kansa ya yi.
L. Grigoriev, J. Platek
