Alexei Nikolayevich Titov |

Alexei Titov

Nikolay Sergeevich TITOVY (? - 1776) Alexei Nikolaevich (23 Yuli 1769, St. Petersburg - 20 XI 1827, ibid.) Sergei Nikolaevich (1770 - 5 V 1825) Nikolai Alekseevich (10 V 1800, Petersburg - 22 X, ibid. ) Mikhail Alekseevich (1875 IX 17, St. Petersburg - 1804 XII 15, Pavlovsk) Nikolai Sergeevich (1853 - 1798, Moscow)

Iyalin mawaƙa na Rasha Titovs sun bar alamar alama a cikin tarihin al'adun Rasha na zamanin "hasken dilettantism". Ayyukan kiɗansu sun haɓaka tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, wanda ya rufe rabin na biyu na 6th da rabi na farko na karni na 1766. 1769 mambobi na wannan dangi mai daraja sun kasance fitattun mawakan masu son, kamar yadda suka ce a lokacin, "masu son". Wakilan masu hankali masu daraja, sun ba da lokacinsu na kyauta ga zane-zane mai kyau, ba tare da samun ilimin kiɗa na musamman ba. Kamar yadda aka saba a da’irar manyan sarakuna, dukansu suna cikin aikin soja kuma suna da manyan mukamai, tun daga hafsan gadi zuwa Manjo Janar. Kakan wannan daular kade-kade, Kanar, dan majalisar jiha NS Titov, shahararren mawaki ne, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawallafin zamanin Catherine. Daya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi ilimi a zamaninsa, ya kasance mai sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo kuma a 1767 ya bude kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo a Moscow, wanda dan kasuwa ya kasance har zuwa 1795, lokacin da 'ya'yansa suka shiga hannun 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje Belmonti da Chinti. NS Titov ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, ciki har da "The Deceived Guardian" (wanda aka buga a cikin 1768 a Moscow) da kuma "Abin da zai kasance, ba za a kauce masa ba, ko Rigakafin banza" (an buga a XNUMX a St. Petersburg). An san cewa, ban da rubutun, ya kuma rubuta kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Rasha, wanda ake kira "Sabuwar Shekara, ko Taron Maraice na Vasilyev" (wanda aka buga a XNUMX a Moscow). Wannan yana nuna cewa ya tsara kiɗa don sauran wasan kwaikwayo kuma.

'Ya'yan NS Titov - Alexei da Sergei - sun kasance fitattun mawaƙa na ƙarshen XNUMXth - farkon ƙarni na XNUMX, da 'ya'yansu - Nikolai Alekseevich, Mikhail Alekseevich da Nikolai Sergeevich - mashahuran mawaƙa na zamani na Pushkin. Ayyukan kiɗa na tsofaffin Titovs sun haɗa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A m biography AN Titov ya quite arziki, ko da yake in mun gwada da takaice. Mutumin da ke kusa da kotun daular, babban janar, mai sha'awar fasaha, mawaki da violin, ya kasance mai mallakar salon kiɗa, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin fasaha na St. Petersburg. A gida kide-kide, wanda sau da yawa aka yi da jam'iyyar ensembles, sun halarci Titov 'yan'uwa da kansu - Alexei Nikolaevich buga violin da kyau, da kuma Sergey Nikolaevich buga viola da cello - da yawa na gida da kuma na waje artists. Mai salon da kansa, a cewar dansa Nikolai Alekseevich, "ya kasance mai kirki mai ban sha'awa, mai kula da rayuwa da kulawa; mai ilimi, haziki, ya kasance mai yawan fara'a da son zuciya a cikin al'umma, yana da baiwar magana har ma da rubuta wa'azi.

AN Titov ya shiga tarihi a matsayin ƙwararren mawaƙin wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo sama da 20 na nau'o'i daban-daban. Daga cikin su akwai 10 operas na daban-daban abun ciki: ban dariya, jaruntaka, lyric-sentimental, tarihi da kuma yau da kullum, har ma da wani kishin kasa opera "Daga Rasha History" ("The Courage na Kievite, ko Waɗannan su ne Rashawa," wanda aka yi a 1817 a 1805. Petersburg). Musamman shahararru sun kasance wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya na yau da kullun bisa ga rubutun A. Ya. Knyaznin "Yam, ko Gidan Watsawa" (1808), "Taro, ko Sakamakon Ramin" (1809) da "Budurwa, ko Bikin Bikin Filatkin" (XNUMX), wanda ya zama nau'i na trilogy (dukkan su an kawo su a cikin Petersburg). AN Titov kuma ya tsara kiɗa don yin rawa, melodramas, da wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki. Harshensa na kiɗan yana dawwama a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Turai, kodayake a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya na yau da kullun akwai alaƙa mai ma'ana tare da waƙar waƙa ta yau da kullun ta Rasha.

SN Titov ya kasance shekara fiye da ɗan'uwansa, kuma hanyarsa ta kirkira ta zama ya fi guntu - ya mutu yana da shekaru 55. Bayan kammala aikinsa na soja tare da matsayi na Laftanar Janar, a 1811 ya yi ritaya ya shiga aikin gwamnati. . Mahalarta na yau da kullun a cikin tarurrukan kiɗa a gidan ɗan'uwansa - kuma ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya kware a cikin piano da viola - Sergei Nikolayevich, kamar ɗan'uwansa, ya haɗa kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Daga cikin ayyukansa, wasan kwaikwayo ya fito fili, yana nuna rayuwar zamani na Rasha, wanda ya kasance wani sabon abu da ci gaba a wannan lokacin. Waɗannan su ne ballet "New Werther" (wanda I. Valberkh ya shirya a 1799 a St. Petersburg), jarumawan da suka kasance mazaunan Moscow na wancan zamanin, waɗanda suka yi a kan mataki a cikin tufafin zamani masu dacewa, da kuma "Vaudeville folk" bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na A. Shakhovsky "Peasants, or Meeting of the Unvited" (wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1814 a St. Kiɗa na ballet ya dace da makircinsa na jin daɗi, wanda ke ba da labari game da jin daɗin mutane. Waƙar wasan opera ta vaudeville Ƙauye, ko taron waɗanda ba a gayyata ba, kamar nau'in rarrabuwar kawuna da aka saba yi a wancan lokacin, an gina su ne a kan amfani da waƙoƙin jama'a da na soyayya. 'Ya'yan AN Titov - Nikolai da Mikhail, - da kuma ɗan SN Titov - Nikolai - sun shiga cikin tarihin al'adun kiɗa na Rasha a matsayin "majagaba" na soyayya na Rasha (B. Asafiev). Ayyukansu sun haɗa gaba ɗaya tare da yin kida na yau da kullun a cikin salon masu hankali masu daraja da aristocracy na 1820-40s.

Babban shahara ya fadi zuwa rabon NA Titov, daya daga cikin mashahuran mawakan zamanin Pushkin. Ya rayu duk rayuwarsa a Petersburg. Ya shafe shekaru takwas yana aikin jami'an tsaro, sannan ya girma a makarantun allo masu zaman kansu. Ya fara koyon wasan piano yana ɗan shekara 11-12, ƙarƙashin jagorancin malaman Jamus. Tun yana da shekaru 17, kusan rabin karni, yana cikin aikin soja, ya yi ritaya tare da mukamin Laftanar Janar a shekara ta 1867. Ya fara yin rubutun yana da shekaru 19: a wannan lokacin ne, ta hanyar shigar da kansa. "A karon farko zuciyarsa ta yi magana ta zubo daga zurfafan ruhin" soyayyarsa ta farko. Ba tare da horo na ka'idar da ake buƙata ba, an tilasta mawallafin novice don "a hankali ya kai ga komai da kansa", yana mai da hankali kan soyayyar Faransanci na F. Boildieu, Ch. Lafon da wasu da aka sani da shi. , sannan ya dauki darussa daga malamin mawakan Italiyanci Zamboni da kuma Soliva. Duk da haka, waɗannan karatun sun kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma a gaba ɗaya, KA Titov ya kasance mai koyar da kansa, wakilin wakilin Rasha "hasken dilettantism".

A 1820, da romance "Solitary Pine" da aka buga, wanda shi ne na farko da aka buga aikin NA Titov kuma ya kawo masa babbar daraja. Shahararriyar wannan soyayya ta tabbatar da ambatonsa a cikin labarin "Tatyana Borisovna da ɗan'uwanta" daga I. Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter": da tabbaci a cikin bar-estate da salon-aristocratic rayuwa, Titov's romance rayuwa, kamar yadda yake. kasance, rayuwa mai zaman kanta a cikin wannan yanayi, wanda ya riga ya manta da sunansa marubucin, har ma da kuskuren dangana ga A. Varlamov.

A cikin 20s. An fara buga nau'ikan rawa na salon salon Titov - quadrilles, polkas, maci, waltzes don piano. Daga cikin su akwai guda na wani ɗaki, m yanayi, wanda sannu a hankali rasa su aikace-aikace muhimmanci da kuma juya zuwa wani m miniature har ma a cikin shirin aiki. Irin waɗannan, alal misali, su ne quadrille na "Faransa" "Zunubi na samartaka" (1824) da "Wani labari a cikin 12 waltzes" da ake kira "Lokacin da nake matashi" (1829), wanda ke nuna labarin jin dadi na ƙauna da aka ƙi. Mafi kyawun piano na NA Titov ana nuna su da sauƙi, ikhlasi, ikhlasi, waƙa, kusa da salon soyayya na yau da kullun na Rasha.

A cikin 30s. Mawaƙin ya sadu da M. Glinka da A. Dargomyzhsky, wanda ya yi sha'awar aikinsa sosai kuma, a cewar Titov da kansa, ya kira shi "kakan soyayya na Rasha." Abokan hulɗa sun haɗa shi da mawaƙa I. Laskovskiy da A. Varlamov, wanda ya sadaukar da soyayyarsa "Youth ya tashi da dare zuwa Titov". A cikin 60s. Nikolai Alekseevich ya ziyarci Dargomyzhsky sau da yawa, wanda ba kawai ya ba shi shawara mai ban sha'awa ba, amma kuma ya rubuta labaran soyayya "Ka gafarta mini na dogon lokaci" da "Flower" a cikin muryoyin biyu. NA Titov ya rayu shekaru 75, yana kama da rabi na biyu na karni na 1820. – da heyday na Rasha m classics. Duk da haka, aikinsa yana da alaƙa gaba ɗaya tare da yanayin fasaha na salon salon masu hankali na 40-XNUMXs. Haɗa soyayya, ya fi sau da yawa ya juya zuwa wakoki na mawaƙa mai son, dilettantes kamar kansa. A lokaci guda, mai yin waƙa bai wuce waƙar da manyan mutanen zamaninsa ba - A. Pushkin ("To Morpheus", "Bird") da M. Lermontov ("Mountain Peaks"). Abubuwan soyayya na NA Titov galibi suna da hankali kuma suna da hankali, amma a cikin su akwai hotunan soyayya da yanayi. Fassarar jigon kadaici yana da mahimmanci, wanda ke tattare da kewayo daga al'ada mai raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi daga ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciyar gida ("Vetka", "Snow na Rasha a Paris") da kuma kaɗaicin mutum mai son soyayya a cikin mutane (" Pine", "Kada ku yi mamaki, abokai"). Ƙwayoyin murya na Titov suna bambanta ta hanyar melodiousness, jin daɗin gaske, da ma'anar ma'anar waƙoƙin waka. A cikin su, a cikin ainihin su, har yanzu butulci kuma a cikin nau'ikan da ba su da kyau, suna tsiro daga cikin mafi mahimman halaye na waƙoƙin muryar Rasha, juzu'i mai ma'ana, wani lokaci suna tsammanin abubuwan da ke cikin Glinka romances, nau'ikan raka, sha'awar nuna yanayin. na romance a cikin piano part, an kafa.

Peru NA Titov ta mallaki fiye da 60 na soyayya a cikin rubutun Rashanci da Faransanci, fiye da raye-raye 30 don piano, da kuma raye-raye na ƙungiyar makaɗa (2 waltzes, quadrille). An san shi ma ya yi wakoki: wasu sun kafa tushen soyayyarsa (“Ah, gaya mani, mutanen kirki”, “Frenzy”, “Shiru zuciyarka”, da sauransu), wasu kuma an adana su a cikin littafin rubutu da hannu. , cikin zolaya ya kira shi “Ishana da wauta. Ƙaddamar da "Ya'yana", wanda ya buɗe wannan littafin rubutu, ya zana mawallafin mawallafin mai son, wanda ya sami farin ciki da annashuwa a cikin aikinsa:

Wanene bai yi wauta ba a duniya? Wani ya rubuta waka, wani kuma ya yi ta garaya. Allah ya aiko min da waka da kade-kade a gadona, Ina son su da raina, na rubuta gwargwadon iyawara. Don haka ina neman gafara Lokacin da aka gabatar muku - lokutan wahayi.

Ƙanin NA Titov Mikhail Alekseevich, bin al'adar iyali, ya kasance jami'in Preobrazhensky Regiment. Tun 1830, ya yi ritaya, ya zauna a Pavlovsk, inda ya mutu yana da shekaru 49. Akwai shaida cewa ya yi karatu abun da ke ciki tare da theorist Giuliani. Mikhail Alekseevich an san shi a matsayin marubucin labarun soyayya ga rubutun Rasha da Faransanci, tare da wani ɓangaren piano mai ban sha'awa da ɗan ɗanɗano da waƙa mai mahimmanci, sau da yawa yana gabatowa salon salon soyayya ("Oh, idan kuna son haka", "Me yasa Shin mafarkin kyakkyawa ya ɓace", " tsammanin "- akan labarin marubutan da ba a sani ba). Sophistication mai daraja yana bambanta mafi kyawun kayan raye-rayen salon sa don piano, cike da yanayin jin daɗi na farkon soyayya. Plasticity na melodics, kusa da soyayya na yau da kullum na Rasha, gyare-gyare, da kyau na zane-zane yana ba su kyauta mai ban sha'awa na fasaha mai ladabi na kayan ado na aristocratic.

Dan uwan ​​​​NA da MA Titov, NS Titov, sun rayu shekaru 45 kawai - ya mutu daga cin abinci. Bisa ga al'adar wannan iyali, ya kasance a cikin aikin soja - ya kasance mai tsaron raga na Semenovsky. Kamar ’yan uwansa, shi mawaƙi ne mai son yin waƙa kuma ya tsara soyayya. Tare da kamanceceniya da yawa, aikinsa na soyayya shima yana da nasa halaye na mutum ɗaya. Ba kamar NA Titov ba, tare da sahihanci da sauƙi da sauƙi, Nikolai Sergeevich yana da karin ɗakin kwana, sautin magana mai daraja. A lokaci guda, yana da ƙarfi sosai ga jigogi da hotuna. Ya kasance ƙasa da sha'awar sha'awar sha'awa, kuma ya fi son wakokin V. Zhukovsky. E. Baratynsky, kuma mafi yawan - A. Pushkin. A kokarinsa na nuna daidai da abin da ke cikin rubutun waka da kuma tsarin sautin wakoki, ya ci gaba da yin gwaji a fagen waka, tsari, ta hanyar amfani da karin zamani, hanyoyin nuna kida na soyayya. Soyayyarsa suna da alaƙa da sha'awar ci gaba da ci gaba, kwatancen hanyoyin suna iri ɗaya, da ma'amalar tertian na tonalities. Ban sha'awa, duk da ajizanci na cikin jiki, shine ra'ayin romance "a sassa uku" a St. Baratynsky "Rabuwa - Jiran - Komawa", wanda shine ƙoƙari na ƙirƙirar nau'i-nau'i guda uku ta hanyar ci gaba bisa ga canje-canje a cikin yanayin tunani na jarumi na lyrical. Daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan NS Titov, Pushkin's romances "The Tempest", "The Singer", "Serenade", "Fountain na Bakhchisarai Palace", a cikin abin da akwai tashi daga al'ada hankali ga halittar wani m lyric. hoto na tunani.

Ayyukan 'yan'uwa HA, MA da NS Titovs sune na yau da kullum kuma a lokaci guda mafi kyawun misalan kerawa na masu son Rasha na zamanin Pushkin. A cikin romances, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da hanyoyin kiɗa na faɗakarwa na Rasha ta haɓaka, kuma a cikin ɗabi'ance na yau da kullun na amfani da kayan aikin da ke haifar da fitowar da haɓaka shirye-shiryensu na yau da kullun nau'ikan kiɗan piano na Rasha.

T. Korzhenyant