Viola - Kayan Kiɗa

A kallo na farko, mai sauraren da bai sani ba zai iya rikita wannan kirtani na kirtani cikin sauƙi da a biki. Lallai, ban da girman, suna kama da waje. Amma dole ne mutum ya saurari timbrensa kawai - ana iya lura da bambanci nan da nan, kirji kuma a lokaci guda abin mamaki mai laushi da ɗan ɗanɗano sauti mai kama da contralto - taushi da bayyanawa.

Lokacin tunani game da kayan kirtani, viola yawanci ana mantawa da ita don ƙarami ko manyan takwarorinsa, amma ƙwararrun katako da tarihin ban sha'awa suna sa ya zama kusa. Viola kayan aikin falsafa ne, ba tare da jan hankali ba, cikin ladabi ya zaunar da kansa a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa tsakanin violin da cello.

Karanta tarihin viola da kuma abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa game da wannan kayan kida a shafinmu.

Viola sauti

Languid, balaga, mai daraja, velvety, m, iko, da kuma wani lokacin lullube - wannan shi ne yadda za ka iya kwatanta bambance-bambancen timbre na viola. Sautinsa bazai zama mai bayyanawa da haske kamar na a biki, amma yafi zafi da laushi.

Launi mai launi na timbre shine sakamakon bambancin sautin kowane kirtani na kayan aiki. Mafi ƙasƙanci madaurin kirtani na "C" yana da ƙarfi, resonant, ƙwaƙƙwaran katako wanda zai iya isar da ma'anar tsinkaya da kuma haifar da yanayi mai ban tsoro. Kuma "la" na sama, wanda ya bambanta da sauran kirtani, yana da halinsa na mutum: rai da ascetic.

Yawancin fitattun mawaƙa da yawa sun yi amfani da siffar sautin viola: a cikin “1812” PI Tchaikovsky - waƙar coci; a cikin opera "The Queen of Spades" - rera waƙa na nuns a cikin yanayi na 5, lokacin da aka gabatar da Herman tare da jana'izar; in DD Shostakovich 's Symphony "1905" - waƙar waƙar "Kun fadi wanda aka azabtar."

Viola Photo:

Sha'ani mai ban sha'awa game da viola

• Irin manyan mawakan kamar IS Bach , VA Mozart , LV Beethoven , A. Dvorak , B. Britten, P. Hindemith ya buga viola.
• Andrea Amati ya kasance sanannen mai yin violin a zamaninsa, kuma a shekara ta 1565, Sarki Charles na IX na Faransa ya umarce shi da ya yi kayan kida 38 (violin, violas da cellos) ga mawakan fadar sarki. Yawancin waɗancan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun an lalata su ne a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa, amma viola ɗaya ta tsira kuma ana iya gani a gidan tarihi na Ashmolean a Oxford. Ya fi girma, tare da tsawon jiki na 47 cm.
• Wani viola mai ban mamaki, wanda aka kwatanta a jikin gicciye, 'ya'yan Amati ne suka yi. Kayan aikin na shahararren ɗan wasan violist ne na LA Bianchi.
• Violas da bakuna da mashahuran masters ke yi ba su da yawa, don haka viola da A. Stradivari ko A. Guarneri ya yi ya fi violin tsada fiye da violin na masters iri ɗaya.
• Yawancin fitattun 'yan wasan violin kamar: Niccolo Paganini , David Oistrakh, Nigel Kennedy, Maxim Vengerov, Yehudi Menuhin daidai hade kuma har yanzu suna haɗa wasan viola tare da kunna violin.
• A cikin 1960s, ƙungiyar dutsen Amurka The Velvet Underground, ƙungiyar dutsen Ingilishi The Who, kuma a zamanin yau Van Morrison, makada na dutsen Goo Goo Dolls, da Vampire Weekend duk suna nuna viola a cikin shirye-shiryensu. wakoki da Albums.
• Sunayen kayan aiki a cikin harsuna daban-daban suna da ban sha'awa: Faransanci - alto; Italiyanci da Ingilishi - viola; Finnish - alttoviulu; Jamusanci - bratsche.
• Yu. An gane Bashmet a matsayin mafi kyawun violist na zamaninmu. Domin shekaru 230, shi ne na farko da aka yarda ya buga kayan aikin VA Mozart a Salzburg. Wannan ƙwararren mawaƙin ya sake buga waƙar da aka rubuta don viola - kusan guda 200 na kiɗan, wanda 40 daga cikinsu mawaƙa na zamani ne suka tsara kuma suka sadaukar da su gare shi.

• Yuri Bashmet har yanzu yana wasa da viola, wanda ya saya akan 1,500 rubles a 1972. Saurayin ya sami kuɗi a discos yana kunna waƙoƙi daga repertoire na Beatles akan guitar. Kayan aikin yana da shekaru sama da 200 kuma ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Italiya Paolo Tastore ne ya yi shi a shekara ta 1758.
• Babban taron 'yan wasan violist ya ƙunshi 'yan wasa 321 kuma ƙungiyar masu cin zarafi ta Portugal ne suka hallara a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Suggia a Porto, Portugal a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2011.
• 'Yan ta'adda sun fi shahara a cikin tatsuniyoyi da barkwanci.

Shahararrun ayyuka don viola:

VA Mozart: Concertant Symphony for Violin, Viola da Orchestra (saurara)

Audio PlayerA. Vietnam - Sonata don viola da piano (saurara)

A. Schnittke – Concerto na viola da ƙungiyar makaɗa (saurara)

Viola gini

A waje, viola yayi kama da na biki, Bambancin kawai shine ya ɗan fi girma a girman fiye da violin.

Viola ya ƙunshi sassa iri ɗaya kamar violin: benaye biyu - babba da ƙasa, tarnaƙi, fretboard, gashin baki, tsayawa, allon yatsa, darling da sauransu - jimlar abubuwa 70. Allon sauti na sama yana da ramukan sauti iri ɗaya da violin, yawanci ana kiran su "efs". Don ƙera viola, kawai ana amfani da mafi kyawun samfurori na itace masu tsufa, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su, waɗanda aka yi su ta hanyar masters bisa ga girke-girke na musamman.

Tsawon jiki na viola ya bambanta daga 350 zuwa 430 mm. Tsawon baka shine 74 cm kuma yana da ɗan nauyi fiye da violin.

Viola tana da igiyoyi huɗu waɗanda aka kunna ƙasa ta biyar fiye da kirtani na violin.

Ma'auni na viola ba su dace da samuwar sa ba, saboda wannan dole ne mafi kyawun tsawon jikin kayan aiki ya zama akalla 540 mm, kuma a gaskiya kawai 430 mm sannan kuma mafi girma. A wasu kalmomi, viola yana da ƙanƙanta sosai dangane da gyaran sa - wannan shine dalilin da ya sa girman kututture da sauti na musamman.

 Viola ba shi da wani abu kamar "cikakken" kuma yana iya girma daga "mafi girma fiye da violin" zuwa manyan violas. Ya kamata a lura cewa mafi girma da viola, mafi cikakken sautinsa. Duk da haka, mawaƙin ya zaɓi kayan aikin da ya dace da shi don yin wasa, duk ya dogara ne akan ginin mai wasan kwaikwayo, tsayin hannayensa da girman hannun.

A yau, viola yana ƙara zama kayan aiki da aka sani. Masu sana'a suna ci gaba da gwaji tare da nau'i daban-daban don haɓaka halayen sauti na musamman da kuma haifar da sababbin. Alal misali, viola na lantarki ba shi da jiki mai sauti, tun da babu buƙata, saboda sauti yana bayyana tare da taimakon amplifiers da microphones.

Aikace-aikace da repertoire

An fi amfani da viola a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na simphony kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya haɗa da kayan kida 6 zuwa 10. A baya can, viola da ake kira da rashin adalci "Cinderella" na kungiyar makada, saboda duk da cewa wannan kayan aiki yana da wani arziki timbre da kuma m sauti, shi bai samu da yawa fitarwa.

Timbre na viola an haɗa shi daidai da sautin wasu kayan aiki, kamar violin, cello, garaya, obba, ƙaho - duk wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura cewa viola yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin quartet na kirtani, tare da violin biyu da cello.

Duk da cewa viola an fi amfani da ita a cikin gungu-gungu da kiɗan kaɗe-kaɗe, yana kuma samun karɓuwa a matsayin kayan aikin solo. Na farko da ya kawo kayan aikin zuwa babban mataki su ne violists na Ingila L. Tertis da W. Primrose.

Har ila yau, ba zai yiwu a ambaci sunayen fitattun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Y. Bashmet, V. Bakaleinikov, S. Kacharyan, T. Zimmerman, M. Ivanov, Y. Kramarov, M. Rysanov, F. Druzhinin, K. Kashkashyan. D. Shebalin, U Primrose, R. Barshai da sauransu.

Laburaren kiɗan na viola, idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan kida, ba su da girma sosai, amma kwanan nan an ƙara yin abubuwan ƙirƙira don shi daga ƙarƙashin alkalami na mawaƙa. Anan akwai ƙaramin jerin ayyukan solo waɗanda aka rubuta musamman don viola: concertos da B. Bartok , P. Hindemith, W. Walton, E. Denisov, A. Schnittke , D. Milhaud, E. Kreutz, K. Penderetsky; sonata da M. Glinka , D. Shostakovich, I. Brahms, N. Roslavets, R. Schumann, A. Hovaness, I. David, B. Zimmerman, H. Henz.

Dabarun wasan Viola

А вы знаете каких усилий требует игра на альте? Его большой корпус плюс длина грифа требуть Из-за больших размеров альта техника игры, по сравнению со скрипкой. Позици на грифе располагаются дальше, что требует большой пальцев.

Babban hanyar hakar sauti a kan viola shine "arco" - motsa baka tare da kirtani. Pizzicato, col lego, martle, daki-daki, legato, staccato, spiccato, tremolo, portamento, ricochet, masu jituwa, amfani da bebe da sauran fasahohin da ‘yan wasan violin ke amfani da su suma suna ƙarƙashin violin, amma suna buƙatar takamaiman fasaha daga mawaƙa. Ya kamata a kula da wata hujja guda: violists, don saukaka rubutu da karanta bayanin kula, suna da nasu ɓangarorin - alto, duk da haka, dole ne su iya karanta bayanin kula a cikin ƙugiya. Wannan yana haifar da wasu matsaloli da rashin jin daɗi lokacin wasa daga takarda.

Koyar da viola a cikin yara ba zai yiwu ba, kamar yadda kayan aiki yana da girma. Suna fara yin nazari a kai a azuzuwan ƙarshe na makarantar kiɗa ko kuma a farkon shekarar makarantar kiɗa.

Tarihin viola

Tarihin viola da abin da ake kira dangin violin suna da alaƙa. A baya na kiɗan gargajiya, viola, ko da yake an yi watsi da su ta fuskoki da yawa, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa.

Daga tsoffin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen tsakiyar zamanai, mun koyi cewa Indiya ita ce wurin haifuwar kayan kidan ruku’u. Kayan aiki sun yi tafiya tare da 'yan kasuwa zuwa kasashe da dama na duniya, sun fara zuwa Farisa, Larabawa, mutanen Arewacin Afirka sannan a karni na takwas zuwa Turai. 

Iyalin violin na viola sun bayyana kuma sun fara haɓaka kusan 1500 a Italiya daga kayan kida na baya. Siffar viola, kamar yadda suke faɗa a yau, ba a ƙirƙira shi ba ne, sakamakon juyin halittar kayan aikin da suka gabata ne da kuma gwaje-gwajen masters daban-daban don cimma kyakkyawan tsari. 

Wasu suna jayayya cewa viola ya riga ya wuce violin. Hujja mai ƙarfi da ke tallafawa wannan ka'idar tana ƙunshe a cikin sunan kayan aiki. viola na farko, sannan viola + ino - ƙaramin alto, soprano alto, viola + ɗaya - babban alto, bass alto, viola + akan + cello (ƙarami fiye da violone) - ƙaramin bass alto. Wannan yana da ma'ana, Wata hanya ko wata, amma na farko wanda ya yi kayan aikin violin sune mawallafin Italiyanci daga Cremona - Andrea Amati da Gasparo da Solo, kuma ya kawo su zuwa cikakke, daidai da nau'i na yanzu, Antonio Stradivari da Andrea Guarneri. Kayan aikin waɗannan mashahuran sun wanzu har yau kuma suna ci gaba da faranta wa masu sauraro farin ciki da sautinsu. Zane na viola bai canza sosai ba tun lokacin da aka fara shi, don haka bayyanar kayan aikin da aka saba da mu shine daidai da ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata.

Masu sana'ar Italiyanci sun yi manyan violas masu ban mamaki. Amma akwai rashin fahimta: mawaƙa sun watsar da manyan violas kuma sun zaɓi ƙananan kayan kida don kansu - ya fi dacewa don kunna su. Masanan, suna cika umarni na masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, sun fara yin violas, wanda ya fi girma fiye da violin kuma sun kasance ƙasa da kyau na sauti ga tsohon kayan aiki.

A viola kayan aiki ne mai ban mamaki. A cikin shekarun da ya wanzu, har yanzu ya iya juyo daga wani m "Orchestral Cinderella" a cikin wata gimbiya da kuma tashi zuwa wannan matakin a matsayin "Sarauniya na mataki" - violin. Fitattun 'yan ta'adda, sun karya duk wani ra'ayi, sun tabbatar wa duk duniya yadda wannan kayan aiki yake da kyau da farin jini, da kuma mawaki. K. Gluck ya kafa harsashin wannan, yana ba da babban waƙa a cikin opera "Alceste" zuwa viola.

Viola FAQ

Menene bambanci tsakanin violin da alt?

Duk waɗannan kayan aikin guda biyu sune kirtani, amma Alt yana sauti a cikin ƙaramin rajista. Duk kayan aikin biyu suna da tsari iri ɗaya: akwai ungulu da akwati, igiyoyi huɗu. Duk da haka, alt ya fi girma fiye da violin a girman. Gidansa na iya kaiwa tsayin mm 445, haka nan ungulun Alta ya fi tsayi fiye da na violin.

Menene ya fi wahala don kunna viola ko violin?

An yi imanin cewa yana da sauƙin yin wasa akan Alt (viola) fiye da violin, kuma har kwanan nan, ALT ba a yi la'akari da kayan aiki na solo ba.

Menene sautin Viola?

Ana saita igiyoyin Viola akan quints a ƙarƙashin violin kuma akan octave sama da cello - C, G, D1, A1 (zuwa, Gishiri na Ƙananan Oktava, Re, La First Oktava). Mafi yawan kewayon shine daga C (zuwa ƙaramar octave) zuwa E3 (octave dina na uku), ana samun sauti mafi girma a cikin ayyukan solo.