Vibrato, girgiza |
VIBRATO, rawar jiki (Varato ta Italiya, vibratio na Latin - girgiza).
1) liyafar aiki a kan igiyoyi. kayan aiki (tare da wuyansa); jijjiga iri ɗaya na yatsan hannun hagu akan igiyar da aka danna shi, yana haifar da lokaci-lokaci. canzawa tsakanin ƙananan iyakoki na sauti, ƙara da kuma timbre na sauti. V. yana ba da sauti na musamman launi, melodiousness, yana ƙara yawan furcin su, da kuma kuzari, musamman a cikin yanayi mai girma. gabatarwa. Halin V. da kuma hanyoyin da ake amfani da shi an ƙaddara ta mutum. salon fassara da fasaha. halin mai yin. Adadin jijjiga na al'ada na V. yana kusan. 6 a sakan daya. Tare da ƙaramin adadin girgiza, ana jin motsi ko rawar jiki, yana haifar da hana fasaha. ra'ayi. Kalmar "V." ya bayyana a karni na 19, amma masu yin luwadi da 'yan wasan gambo sun yi amfani da wannan dabara tun a karni na 16 da 17. A cikin dabara Littattafan lokacin suna ba da bayanin hanyoyi guda biyu na wasan V.: da yatsa ɗaya (kamar yadda ake yin aikin zamani) da kuma tare da biyu, lokacin da ɗayan ya danna kirtani, ɗayan kuma cikin sauri da sauƙi. Sunaye na da. hanya ta farko - Faransanci. kassai, ingilishi. hargitsi (don lute), fr. langueur, plainte (na viola da gamba); na biyun Faransanci ne. battement, pincé, lebur-tement, daga baya - flatté, daidaitawa, rawar jiki, rawar jiki serré; Turanci kusa girgiza; ital. tremolo, ciwon zuciya; A kan shi. harshe sunan kowane nau'in V. - Bebung. Tun bayan koma bayan fasahar solo lute da viola da gamba. Ana haɗa aikace-aikacen V. ta hl. arr. da kayan wasa na dangin violin. Daya daga cikin na farko ambaton violinist. V. yana ƙunshe a cikin "Haɗin Duniya" ("Harmonie universele ...", 1636) na M. Mersenne. Classic School of violin wasa a cikin 18th karni. an yi la'akari da V. kawai a matsayin nau'in kayan ado kuma an danganta wannan fasaha zuwa kayan ado. J. Tartini a cikin Maganinsa akan kayan ado (Trattato delle appogiatura, ca. 1723, ed. 1782) ya kira V. "tremolo" kuma yana la'akari da shi a matsayin nau'in abin da ake kira. dabi'un wasan. An ba da izinin amfani da shi, da kuma sauran kayan ado (trill, bayanin kula, da sauransu), a cikin lokuta "lokacin da sha'awar ta buƙaci shi." A cewar Tartini da L. Mozart ("The Experience of a Solid Violin School" - "Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule", 1756), B. zai yiwu a cantilena, a kan dogon, ci gaba da sautunan, musamman a cikin "karshen m phrases". Tare da mezza voce - kwaikwayon muryar ɗan adam - V., akasin haka, "bai kamata a yi amfani da shi ba." V. ya bambanta iri ɗaya a hankali, daidai gwargwado da sauri kuma a hankali a hankali, ana nuna su ta hanyar layukan kaɗawa sama da bayanan kula:
A cikin zamanin romanticism, V. daga "adon" ya juya zuwa hanyar kiɗa. bayyanawa, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwa na ƙwarewar wasan violin. Yin amfani da violin mai yaduwa, wanda N. Paganini ya fara, ta hanyar dabi'a ya biyo baya daga fassarar launi na violin ta Romantics. A cikin karni na 19, tare da sakin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a kan mataki na babban conc. zauren, V. yana da ƙarfi a cikin aikin wasan. Duk da haka, ko da L. Spohr a cikin "Makarantar Violin" ("Violinschule", 1831) yana ba ku damar yin V. kawai sashi. sauti, to-rye ya yi alama da layi mai kauri. Tare da nau'ikan da aka ambata a sama, Spohr kuma yayi amfani da raguwar V.
Ƙarin fadada amfani da V. yana da alaƙa da aikin E. Isai kuma, musamman, F. Kreisler. Yi ƙoƙari don motsin rai. jikewa da dynamism na wasan kwaikwayon, da kuma yin amfani da V. a matsayin hanyar fasaha na "waƙa", Kreisler ya gabatar da rawar jiki lokacin wasa da sauri da kuma a cikin bugun jini (wanda aka hana ta makarantun gargajiya).
Wannan ya ba da gudummawar shawo kan "etude", bushewar sautin irin waɗannan sassa. Nazarin violin V. dec. nau'in da fasaharsa. K. Flesh ya ba da aikace-aikacen a cikin aikinsa "The Art of Playing the Violin" ("Die Kunst des Violinspiels", Bd 1-2, 1923-28).
2) Hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan clavichord, wanda ya yi amfani da shi sosai. masu yin wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 18; m "ado", kama da V. da kuma ake kira Bebung.
Tare da taimakon motsi na oscillatory a tsaye na yatsa a kan maɓallin saukarwa, godiya ga abin da tangent ya kasance a cikin hulɗar kullun tare da kirtani, an haifar da tasirin canji a cikin sauti da ƙarfin sauti. Ya wajaba a yi amfani da wannan fasaha a kan ɗorewa, sautunan da aka shafa (FE Bach, 1753) kuma, musamman, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na baƙin ciki, halin baƙin ciki (DG Türk, 1786). Bayanan sun ce:
3) liyafar yin aiki akan wasu kayan aikin iska; kadan budewa da rufe bawuloli, hade tare da canji a cikin tsananin exhalation, haifar da sakamako na V. Ya zama tartsatsi tsakanin masu wasan jazz.
4) A cikin waƙa - nau'i na musamman na rawar murya na mawaƙa. Dangane da wok na halitta. V. ya ta'allaka ne da rashin daidaituwa (ba cikakkar daidaitawa ba) jujjuyawar igiyoyin murya. "Bugawa" da ke tasowa saboda wannan yana sa muryar lokaci-lokaci tana bugun jini, "jijjiga". Ingancin muryar mawaƙi - timbre, zafi, da bayyanawa - ya dogara da dukiyar V.. Yanayin rera V. ba ya canzawa daga lokacin maye gurbi, kuma kawai a cikin tsufa V. wani lokacin. wuce cikin abin da ake kira. rawar jiki (juyawa) muryar, wanda ke sa sautin rashin jin daɗi. Girgizawa kuma na iya zama sakamakon mugun wok. makarantu.
References: Kazansky VS da Rzhevsky SN, Nazarin katako na sautin murya da kayan kida na ruku'u, "Journal of Applied Physics", 1928, vol. 5, fitowa ta 1; Rabinovich AV, Hanyar Oscillographic na nazarin waƙa, M., 1932; Struve BA, Jijjiga a matsayin gwanintar wasan kida, L., 1933; Garbuzov HA, Yanayin yanki na jin sauti, M. - L., 1948; Agarkov OM, Vibrato a matsayin hanyar magana ta kiɗa a cikin kunna violin, M., 1956; Pars Yu., Vibrato da hangen nesa, a cikin: Aikace-aikacen hanyoyin bincike na sauti a cikin ilimin kiɗa, M., 1964; Mirsenne M., Harmonie universelle…, aya 1-2, P., 1636, facimile, aya 1-3, P., 1963; Rau F., Das Vibrato auf der Violine…, Lpz., 1922; Seashore, SE, The vibrato, Iowa, 1932 (Jami'ar Iowa. Nazarin a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam na kiɗa, v. 1); nasa, Psychology na vibrato a cikin murya da kayan aiki, Iowa, 1936 (jeri iri ɗaya, v. 3).
IM Yampolsky
