Harmonium: menene, tarihi, nau'ikan, abubuwan ban sha'awa

A tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, a cikin gidajen biranen Turai sau da yawa ana iya ganin kayan kida mai ban mamaki, harmonium. A zahiri, yana kama da piano, amma yana da cikakkiyar cikar ciki daban-daban. Ya kasance na ajin na wayar iska ko masu jituwa. Ana samar da sauti ta hanyar aikin iska akan redu. Wannan kayan aiki shine muhimmin sifa na majami'un Katolika.

Menene harmonium

Ta hanyar ƙira, kayan aikin iska na madannai yana kama da piano ko gaba. Harmonium shima yana da maɓalli, amma anan ne kamancin ya ƙare. Lokacin kunna piano, guduma da ke buga igiyoyin suna da alhakin cire sautin. Sautin gabobi yana faruwa ne saboda ratsawar igiyoyin iska ta cikin bututu. Harmonium yana kusa da gabobin. Ana fitar da igiyoyin iska ta hanyar bellows, suna wucewa ta cikin bututu masu tsayi daban-daban, suna kunna harsunan ƙarfe.

Ana sanya kayan aiki a ƙasa ko a kan tebur. Maɓallin tsakiya yana mamaye da madannai. Yana iya zama jeri ɗaya ko an shirya shi cikin layuka biyu. A ƙarƙashinsa akwai ƙofofi da ƙafafu. Yin aiki a kan ƙafar ƙafa, mawaƙa yana tsara tsarin samar da iska zuwa furs, kullun suna sarrafa gwiwoyi. Suna da alhakin inuwar sauti mai ƙarfi. Kewayon kida da kunna kida shine octaves biyar. Ƙarfin kayan aiki yana da yawa, ana iya amfani dashi don yin ayyukan shirye-shirye, shirya haɓakawa.

Jikin harmonium an yi shi da itace. A ciki akwai sandunan murya tare da zamewar harsuna. Maɓallin madannai ya kasu kashi dama da hagu, waɗanda levers da ke sama da madannai ke sarrafa su. Kayan aikin gargajiya yana da girma mai ban sha'awa - tsayin mita daya da rabi da faɗin santimita 130.

Tarihin kayan aiki

Hanyar fitar da sautuna, wanda aka kafa harmonium, ya bayyana tun kafin ƙirƙirar wannan "gagaru". Kafin Turawa, Sinawa sun koyi amfani da harsunan ƙarfe. A kan wannan ka'ida, accordion da harmonica sun haɓaka. A ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, masanin Czech F. Kirschnik ya sami tasirin "espressivo" akan sabon tsarin da aka ƙirƙira. Ya ba da damar ƙara ko raunana sauti dangane da zurfin bugun maɓalli.

Wani dalibi na Czech master ya inganta kayan aikin, ta amfani da zamewa. A farkon karni na 1818, G. Grenier, I. Bushman ya yi canje-canjen su, sunan "harmonium" ya bayyana ta maigidan Viennese A. Heckel a 1840. Sunan ya dogara ne akan kalmomin Helenanci, waɗanda aka fassara a matsayin " fur" da "harmony". An sami takardar izini don sabon ƙirƙira a cikin XNUMX kawai ta A. Deben. A wannan lokacin, kayan aikin sun riga sun yi amfani da su ta hanyar masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin salon kiɗa na gida.

iri

Harmonium ya sami sauye-sauye na tsari kuma ya inganta a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMXth. Malamai daga kasashe daban-daban sun yi gyare-gyare bisa al'adun yin waka na kasa. A yau, a cikin al'adu daban-daban, akwai nau'ikan kayan aiki daban-daban:

• accordionflute - wannan shine sunan harmonium na farko, wanda aka ƙirƙira bisa ga sigar ɗaya ta A. Heckel, kuma a cewar wani - ta M. Busson. An shigar da shi a kan tasha, kuma furs ɗin ana amfani da su ta hanyar fedal. Kewayon sautin bai faɗi ba - octaves 3-4 kawai.
• Harmonium na Indiya - 'yan Hindu, Pakistan, Nepalese suna wasa a kai, suna zaune a kasa. Ƙafafun ba su da hannu wajen fitar da sauti. Mai yin hannu ɗaya yana kunna Jawo, ɗayan yana danna maɓallan.
• enharmonic harmonium – gwaji da kayan aikin madannai, farfesa na Oxford, Robert Bosanquet ya raba octaves na maɓalli na gaba ɗaya zuwa matakai daidai 53, samun ingantaccen sauti. An daɗe ana amfani da ƙirƙirarsa a fasahar kiɗan Jamus.

Daga baya, kwafi masu lantarki sun bayyana. Organola da multimonica sun zama magabata na zamani synthesizers.

Amfani da harmonium

Godiya ga taushi, sauti mai bayyanawa, kayan aikin ya sami shahara. Har zuwa farkon karni na XNUMX, an buga shi a cikin gidaje masu daraja, a cikin gidajen da aka haifa masu kyau. An rubuta ayyuka da yawa don harmonium. An bambanta guntuwar da jin daɗi, waƙa, kwanciyar hankali. Mafi sau da yawa, masu wasan kwaikwayo sun buga kwafin murya, ayyukan clavier.

Kayan aikin ya zo Rasha da jama'a tare da baƙi daga Jamus zuwa Yamma da Gabashin Ukraine. Sa'an nan za a iya gani a kusan kowane gida. Kafin yakin, shaharar harmonium ya fara raguwa sosai. A yau, magoya bayan gaskiya ne kawai ke wasa da shi, kuma ana amfani da shi don koyon ayyukan kiɗa da aka rubuta don sashin jiki.

Sha'ani mai ban sha'awa

1. Paparoma Pius na 10 ya albarkaci taron jituwa don yin liturgies, a ra’ayinsa, wannan kayan aikin “ya mallaki rai.” An fara shigar da shi a cikin dukkan majami'u waɗanda ba su da damar siyan sashin jiki.
2. A cikin Rasha, daya daga cikin masu yada harmonium VF Odoevsky sanannen mai tunani ne kuma wanda ya kafa ilimin kida na Rasha.
3. Astrakhan Museum-Reserve yana gabatar da baje kolin da aka sadaukar don kayan aiki da gudummawar Yu.G. Zimmerman a cikin ci gaban al'adun kiɗa. Jikin harmonium an ƙawata shi da kayan ado na fure da farantin alama wanda ke nuna alaƙar masana'anta.

A yau, kusan ba a taɓa samun na'urorin jirgin sama akan siyarwa ba. Kwararrun masana na gaskiya suna yin odar samarwa ta sirri a masana'antar kiɗa.