Francesca Cuzzoni |

Francesca Cuzzoni

Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaƙa na karni na XNUMX, Cuzzoni-Sandoni, tana da murya mai kyau, mai laushi mai laushi, ta yi nasara daidai da hadaddun coloratura da cantilena aria.

C. Burney ya ɗauko daga kalmomin mawaƙin I.-I. Quantz ya kwatanta kyawawan halayen mawaƙin kamar haka: “Cuzzoni yana da murya mai daɗi da haske na soprano, tsantsar ɗabi’a da kuma kyakkyawan trill; kewayon muryarta ya rungumi octaves biyu - daga kashi daya zuwa uku-quarter c. Salon waƙarta mai sauƙi ne kuma cike da jin daɗi; kayan adonta ba su zama kamar na wucin gadi ba, saboda sauƙi da daidaitaccen hanyar da ta yi su; duk da haka, ta birge zukatan masu saurare da tattausan lafazi da ratsa zuciya. A cikin allegro ba ta da babban gudu, amma an bambanta su ta hanyar kammalawa da santsi na kisa, gogewa da dadi. Duk da haka, tare da duk waɗannan kyawawan dabi'un, dole ne a yarda cewa ta yi wasa da sanyi sosai kuma siffarta ba ta dace da matakin ba.

An haifi Francesca Cuzzoni-Sandoni a shekara ta 1700 a birnin Parma na Italiya, a cikin dangin matalauta na dan wasan violin Angelo Cuzzoni. Ta yi karatun rera waƙa tare da Petronio Lanzi. Ta fara fitowa a matakin wasan opera a shekarar 1716 a garinsu. Daga baya ta rera waka a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Bologna, Venice, Siena tare da kara nasara.

"Mummuna, tare da halin da ba za a iya jurewa ba, mawaƙin duk da haka ya burge masu sauraro tare da yanayinta, kyawun katako, cantilena mara kyau a cikin wasan kwaikwayo," in ji E. Tsodokov. – A ƙarshe, a cikin 1722, prima donna ta sami gayyata daga G.-F. Handel da abokinsa sun burge Johann Heidegger don yin wasa a Kingstier na London. Gwanin Jamus, wanda aka kafa a babban birnin Ingila, yana ƙoƙarin cin nasara "Albion" tare da wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci. Yana jagorantar Kwalejin Kiɗa na Royal (wanda aka tsara don haɓaka wasan opera na Italiya) kuma yana gasa tare da Giovanni Bononcini na Italiyanci. Sha'awar samun Cuzzoni yana da girma har ma da mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo Pietro Giuseppe Sandoni an aika mata zuwa Italiya. A kan hanyar zuwa Landan, Francesca da abokinta sun fara wani al'amari wanda zai kai ga auren wuri. A ƙarshe, a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1722, Jaridar Burtaniya ta ba da sanarwar isowar sabuwar Cuzzoni-Sandoni a Ingila, ba tare da mantawa da bayar da rahoton kuɗinta na kakar wasa ba, wanda shine fam 1500 (a zahiri, prima donna ta karɓi fam 2000) .

Ranar 12 ga Janairu, 1723, mawaƙin ya fara halarta a London a farkon wasan opera na Handel na Otto, Sarkin Jamus (Theophane part). Daga cikin abokan aikin Francesca akwai shahararren ɗan wasan Italiya Senesino, wanda ya yi ta yi da ita akai-akai. Ayyukan da aka yi a farkon wasan operas na Handel Julius Caesar (1724, ɓangaren Cleopatra), Tamerlane (1724, ɓangaren Asteria), da Rodelinda (1725, ɓangaren take) suna biyo baya. A nan gaba, Cuzzoni ya rera manyan rawa a London - duka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Handel "Admet", "Scipio da Alexander", da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasu marubuta. Coriolanus, Vespasian, Artaxerxes da Lucius Verus na Ariosti, Calpurnia da Astyanax na Bononcini. Kuma ko'ina ta yi nasara, kuma yawan magoya baya ya karu.

Shahararriyar abin kunya da taurin kai na mai zane ba su dame Handel ba, wanda ke da isasshen ƙuduri. Da zarar prima donna ba ta son yin aria daga Ottone kamar yadda mawallafin ya tsara. Nan da nan Handel ya yi wa Cuzzoni alkawari cewa idan aka ƙi, zai jefar da ita ta taga!

Bayan Francesca ta haifi 'ya mace a lokacin rani na 1725, ta shiga cikin kakar wasa mai zuwa. Royal Academy dole ne ta shirya wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Handel da kansa ya tafi Vienna, zuwa kotun sarki Charles VI. Anan suna bautar wani ɗan Italiyanci - Faustina Bordoni. Mawaƙin, yana aiki a matsayin mai ban sha'awa, yana gudanar da kwangila tare da mawaƙa, yana ba da yanayin kuɗi mai kyau.

"Bayan samun sabon lu'u-lu'u" a cikin mutumin Bordoni, Handel kuma ya sami sababbin matsaloli," in ji E. Tsodokov. – Yadda za a hada biyu prima donnas a kan mataki? Bayan haka, an san ɗabi'ar Cuzzoni, kuma jama'a, sun kasu kashi biyu, za su ƙara wuta. Duk wannan an hango shi ta hanyar mawaki, yana rubuta sabon wasan opera "Alexander", inda Francesca da Faustina (wanda kuma shine farkon London) yakamata su haɗu a kan mataki. Ga abokan hamayyar nan gaba, ana nufin ayyuka guda biyu daidai - matan Alexander the Great, Lizaura da Roxana. Haka kuma, adadin aria ya kamata ya zama daidai, a cikin duets ya kamata su solo a madadin. Kuma Allah ya kiyaye mizani! Yanzu ya zama bayyananne irin ayyuka, nesa da kiɗa, Handel sau da yawa ya warware a cikin aikinsa na opera. Wannan ba shine wurin da za a zurfafa bincike kan al'adun kiɗa na babban mawaki ba, amma, a fili, ra'ayin waɗancan masana kiɗan da suka yi imani da cewa, bayan yantar da kansa daga "nauyin opera" mai nauyi a cikin 1741, ya sami wannan 'yanci na ciki. wanda ya ba shi damar ƙirƙirar nasa ƙwararrun ƙwararru a cikin nau'in oratorio ("Almasihu", "Samson", "Yahuda Maccabee", da sauransu).

Mayu 5, 1726, da farko na "Alexander" ya faru, wanda ya kasance babban nasara. A cikin watan farko kadai, wannan samarwa ya gudana don wasanni goma sha huɗu. Senesino ya taka rawar take. prima donnas suma suna saman wasansu. Ga dukkan alamu, ita ce mafi ficen wasan opera na wancan lokacin. Abin takaici, Birtaniya sun kafa sansani biyu na magoya bayan prima donnas, wanda Handel ya ji tsoro.

Mawaƙin I.-I. Quantz ya kasance shaida ga wannan rikici. “Tsakanin sassan mawakan biyu, Cuzzoni da Faustina, akwai babban kiyayya ta yadda lokacin da magoya bayan daya suka fara yabo, masoyan daya suka yi ta kururuwa, dangane da haka Landan ta daina shirya wasan opera na wani lokaci. Wadannan mawakan suna da kyawawan halaye masu ban sha'awa da ban mamaki, ta yadda, da masu yin kade-kade ba su zama makiyan jin dadin kansu ba, da sun yaba wa kowannensu bi da bi, kuma sun ji dadin kamala iri-iri. Abin takaicin masu kaifin hali masu neman jin dadin hazaka a duk inda aka same su, fushin wannan rigima ya wargaza duk wasu ‘yan kasuwa da suka biyo baya daga wauta ta kawo mawaka guda biyu masu jinsi daya da baiwa a lokaci guda don haifar da cece-kuce. .

Ga abin da E. Tsodokov ya rubuta:

“A cikin shekarar, gwagwarmayar ba ta wuce iyaka ba. Mawakan sun ci gaba da yin waka cikin nasara. Amma kakar wasa ta gaba ta fara da wahala sosai. Na farko, Senesino, wanda ya gaji da kasancewa a cikin inuwar kishiyar prima donnas, ya ce ba shi da lafiya kuma ya bar nahiyar (ya dawo don kakar wasa ta gaba). Na biyu, kuɗaɗen da ba za a iya tsammani ba na taurari ya girgiza yanayin kuɗi na gudanarwar Kwalejin. Ba su sami wani abu mafi kyau fiye da "sabunta" hamayya tsakanin Handel da Bononcini ba. Handel ya rubuta sabon opera "Admet, Sarkin Thessaly", wanda ya kasance babban nasara (wasan kwaikwayo 19 a kowace kakar). Bononcini kuma yana shirya sabon fara wasa - opera Astianax. Wannan samar da shi ne ya zama kisa a fafatawa tsakanin taurarin biyu. Idan kafin wannan gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin su an gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar "hannun" na magoya baya da kuma tafasa ga juna a wasanni, "shayar da juna" a cikin jarida, sannan a farkon sabon aikin Bononcini, ya shiga cikin "" mataki na zahiri”.

Bari mu yi bayani dalla-dalla game da wannan abin kunya na farko, wanda ya faru a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1727, a gaban matar Yariman Wales Caroline, inda Bordoni ya rera sashin Hermione, kuma Cuzzoni ya rera Andromache. Bayan buguwar al'ada, jam'iyyun sun ci gaba da zuwa "wasan kwaikwayo na cat" da sauran abubuwan batsa; Jijiyoyin prima donnas sun kasa jurewa, suka manne da juna. Yaƙin mata na uniform ya fara - tare da zazzagewa, ƙwanƙwasa, ja gashi. Daruruwan da suka zubar da jini suna dukan juna ba don komai ba. Wannan badakala ta yi yawa har ta kai ga rufe wasannin opera.”

Darakta na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Drury Lane, Colley Syber, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a wata mai zuwa inda aka fito da mawaƙa biyu suna ta ɓacin rai, kuma Handel ya ce wa waɗanda suke so su raba su: “Ku bar shi. Idan sun gaji, fushinsu zai tafi da kansa.” Kuma, domin a gaggauta kawo karshen yakin, sai ya karfafa masa gwiwa da kakkausar murya na timpani.

Har ila yau, wannan badakala na daya daga cikin dalilan da suka haifar da shahararriyar "Opera of the Beggars" na D. Gay da I.-K. Pepusha a cikin 1728. Rikici tsakanin prima donnas an nuna shi a cikin sanannen bickering duet tsakanin Polly da Lucy.

Ba da daɗewa ba rikici tsakanin mawaƙa ya dushe. Shahararrun mawakan uku sun sake yin tare a wasan operas na Handel Cyrus, Sarkin Farisa, Ptolemy, Sarkin Masar. Amma duk wannan ba ya cece "Kingstier", da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta harkokin kullum tabarbarewa. Ba tare da jiran rushewar ba, a cikin 1728 duka Cuzzoni da Bordoni sun bar Landan.

Cuzzoni ya ci gaba da wasan kwaikwayonsa a gida a Venice. Bayan haka, ta bayyana a Vienna. A babban birnin kasar Ostiriya, ba ta daɗe da zama ba saboda yawan buƙatun kuɗi. A cikin 1734-1737 Cuzzoni ya sake rera waƙa a London, wannan lokacin tare da ƙungiyar shahararren mawaki Nicola Porpora.

Komawa Italiya a 1737, mawaƙin ya yi a Florence. Tun shekara ta 1739 ta ke yawon shakatawa a Turai. Cuzzoni yayi a Vienna, Hamburg, Stuttgart, Amsterdam.

Har yanzu akwai jita-jita da yawa a kusa da prima donna. Har ana rade-radin cewa ta kashe mijinta. A Holland, Cuzzoni ya ƙare a kurkukun mai bashi. Ana sakin mawaƙin daga gare ta ne kawai da maraice. Kudin daga wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana zuwa don biyan bashi.

Cuzzoni-Sandoni ya mutu a cikin talauci a Bologna a cikin 1770, yana samun kuɗi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta hanyar yin maɓalli.