Ayyukan kiɗa |

wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa – m. tsarin sake ƙirƙirar kiɗa. ayyuka za a yi ta hanyar. gwaninta. Sabanin sarari. fasaha a cikin (zane-zane, sassaka) kiɗa azaman fasaha na ɗan lokaci, yana nuna gaskiya a cikin fasahar sauti. hotuna, yana buƙatar aikin sake ƙirƙira, tsaka-tsakin mai yin. Haƙiƙa ya kasance a cikin nau'in bayanin kida, ainihin sautinsa, kuma mafi mahimmanci, al'ummarta. wanzuwar kiɗa. wani aiki yana samun kawai a cikin aiwatar da aiwatarwa, fasahar sa. fassara. Yana rayuwa a cikin zuciyar mai sauraro kamar kiɗan da aka ji, sauti. Wannan siffa ta kida tana cikin yanayinta, a cikin yare. hadin kai na kiɗa. samfur. da kuma kisa. Yaya mai zaman kansa. irin fasaha. kere kere I. m. yana tasowa akan wancan tarihi. matakin ci gaban kiɗan. da'awar-va, lokacin da yake cikin yanayin tsaunuka. al'adu, tsarin gyaran kiɗa tare da alamun al'ada sun tashi. A cikin bayanin kida, yin semiotic kawai. ayyuka da gyarawa kawai haɗuwa da tsayi mai tsayi da rhythmic. daidaitawar sauti, wani fasaha yana gyarawa ta mawaƙi. abun ciki. Ƙirƙirar rubutun kiɗa, fassararsa aikin kirkira ne. Fannin hanyoyin magana na mawaƙin mai yin kida yana da takamaiman 'yanci da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa. Yin innation ya bambanta da na mawaƙin (daidaitacce a cikin bayanin kiɗa) da farko a cikin haɓakawa. yanayi. Mafi kyawun innation nuances, agogic, mai ƙarfi. da ɓata lokaci, hanyoyi daban-daban na hakar sauti, waɗanda ba a rubuta su a cikin kide-kide ba, sun haɗa da hadaddun aiwatar da hanyoyin magana waɗanda ke dacewa da hadaddun abubuwan kiɗan. harshen da mawallafin ya yi amfani da shi. Ya danganta da irin yadda mai yin wasan ya yi, saboda kerawa. ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗabi'a, matakin azanci ga fahimtar kiɗan, watakila bayyanar daban-daban na abin da ke cikin siffa da tsarin tunanin sa. Irin wannan bambance-bambancen yawan aiki ana ƙaddara ta bambance-bambancen yawa na ainihin abun ciki na muses. aiki. Samuwar fasaha. gaskiyar kiɗa. samfur, data kasance a cikin nau'in rubutun kiɗa kuma mai yin (ko masu yin wasan kwaikwayo) ne suka ƙirƙira su bisa ƙa'idar da ke cikinsa. alamu, asali ya bambanta I. m. daga ingantawa.

Samuwar I. m. yadda prof. art-va, tare da abubuwan da suka dace, zane-zane. kuma mai fasaha. ayyuka masu alaƙa da juyin halitta na al'ummomi. kiɗan kiɗa, haɓakar kiɗan. nau'ikan nau'ikan halitta da salo, haɓaka sanarwa da kiɗa. kayan aiki. Samuwar I. m. a tsakiyar zamanai, abin ya faru ne musamman a cikin tsarin kidan daba da ta mamaye wancan lokacin. Coci. akida tare da wa'azinta na asceticism ya iyakance magana. damar yin kida, yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar wok na “gaba ɗaya”. da instr. sauti, ƙaddara takamaiman. zabin zai bayyana. ma'ana da hanyoyin yin aiki, salon a tsaye. tsirara sosai. polyphonic. sito na cult music kuma kusan. Siffofin rikodinsa, da farko a cikin marasa hankali, sannan kuma a cikin bayanin haila, an ƙaddara, a ɗaya ɓangaren, fifikon yin kida na gama gari (ch. ar. choral a cappella), kuma a daya bangaren, zai yi fasali. yin aiki bisa ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi. DA. m. an yi la'akari da kawai a matsayin "cika" na waɗannan dokoki dangane da rubutun kiɗa da aka ba, mai yin wasan kwaikwayo - a matsayin nau'in "mai sana'a". Sabuwar fahimta I. m. tasowa a cikin 16-17 ƙarni. a Italiya tare da al'adun ɗan adam na Renaissance. Tare da ci gaban duwatsu bourgeois. al'adu, bullowar sabbin nau'ikan muz.-al'ummomi masu zaman kansu. rayuwa (masu karatu, gidan wasan opera) prof. kiɗa yana nufin. mafi ƙanƙanta daga mulkin coci. Yarda da salon homophonic, haɓaka kayan aikin kayan aiki, musamman kunna kayan kida, ya shafi I. m. Sabbin kyawawan ka'idoji na Renaissance suna haifar da haɓakar bayyanar da muses. isk-wa. Babban tasiri akan I. m. yana yin wasan opera da fasahar violin. Kishiya a cikin kyawawan halayensu suna karo da tasirin juna. shugabanci na Trend: "instrumentalization" na rera waƙa, halayyar bel canto salon opera. muryoyin, wanda aka bayyana musamman a fili a cikin kwat da wando na mawaƙa na 17-18 ƙarni, da kuma "humanization" na kayan aiki, wanda ya sami cikakkiyar magana a cikin kwat da waƙa na "waƙa" a cikin Italiyanci. 'yan wasan violin, wanda asalinsa shine ƙirƙirar classic. nau'in violin a matsayin kayan aiki mai faɗi. numfashi. Jagoran kyawun yanayin yanayin shine kusantar instr. sauti ga ɗan adam expressiveness. muryoyin ("Don yin wasa da kyau, dole ne ku raira waƙa da kyau," in ji J. Tartini), kai tsaye hade da sha'awar ba shi mutum. canza launi. Violin, wanda ke ba ka damar keɓanta sautin zuwa mafi girma fiye da iska da kayan tsinke, ya zama mai ɗaukar sabon, dimokiradiyya. yi. al'ada, ƙayyade ci gaban I. m. a cikin jagorancin mafi girman cikawa da bambancin magana. Babu gaɓoɓin, kuma ba maɗaukaki ko lute, suna wasa akan abin da ke cikin ƙarni na 17-18. ya kai babban matakin fasaha. da fasaha. matakin, bai yi irin wannan tasiri ga mai yin wasan ba. Da'awar Ita ce waƙar violin - tsayi da tsayi, mai wadatar daidaitawa. inuwa, iya bayyana daban-daban psychologist yanayin ɗan adam, ƙayyade ci gaban sabon kayan aiki. nau'ikan - preclassical. sonata da concerto, osn. a kan ƙungiyar muses masu bambanta. hotuna a cikin keken keke guda ɗaya. siffar. Wannan shi ne farkon bunƙasa ayyukan solo, wadatar da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. wajen magana. Wannan yana nuna abin da ake buƙata na kayan ado na Renaissance don bayyana a cikin art-ve ext. zaman lafiya a cikin kowane mutum. asali. Wani sabon nau'in mawaƙin-ma'aikaci yana fitowa. Wannan ba kunkuntar "mai sana'a" ba ne, yana aiki daidai da sarki. hadisai na tsakiyar zamanai, amma a duniya artist tare da m ilimi da basira. Yana da alaƙa da haɗuwa a cikin mutum ɗaya na mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da mahaliccin kiɗa; a zuciyarsa zai yi. fasaha ta'allaka ne kerawa. ingantawa. Ya yi aikin "mawaƙin wasa" a cikin yanayin rikici. al'umma ta iyakance ga tsarin "rufe kide-kide", ya yi a gaban zaɓaɓɓen da'irar masu sauraro a cikin ƙaramin ɗaki (aristocratic. salon, zauren fada, wani bangare coci). Ya kasance ainihin yin kida ne na ɗaki, tare da Krom babu wani layi mai kaifi tsakanin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da masu sauraro - sun kasance da haɗin kai ta hanyar jin daɗin jin daɗi. Saboda haka irin wannan sifa dalla-dalla kamar rashin mataki. Ya bambanta da na zamani mai fasaha yana yin a gaban ɗimbin jama'a tare da shirin da aka riga aka shirya wanda ya ƙunshi tsararru ta wasu. marubuta, da "play mawaki" yi magana da kunkuntar da'irar na" connoisseurs "da" connoisseurs" na music kuma yawanci yi nasa. kasidu. Ya samu nasara ba fasaha sosai ba. cikar wasan, nawa ne fasahar haɓakawa. sake kunnawa kiɗa. An fahimci nagarta ba a matsayin cikakkiyar mallaka na jimlar fasahar fasaha ba. dabarun aiki, amma a matsayin ikon "magana" tare da masu sauraro ta amfani da kayan aiki. Ana ganin wannan a matsayin mafi girman burin I. m. Makamantan kiɗan. aikin yana da alaƙa da wani zamani lokacin da "mai yin wasan kwaikwayo" ya kasance jagorar ƙirƙira. adadi, da kiɗa. samfur. har yanzu ba a yi la'akari da shi gaba ɗaya ba, har zuwa sauti na ƙarshe, wanda aka riga aka shigar da shi ta hanyar ƙirarsa. wani aiki da aka gyara a cikin bayanin kida. Saboda haka rinjaye a cikin 17-18 ƙarni. siffofin kiɗan da ba su cika ba (ko da yake 5-line bayanin kula, wanda ya maye gurbin nemensional da mensural, ya daidaita daidai tsayi da tsawon sauti) da kuma hadisai na inganta ta. haifuwa a cikin tsarin babban bass da fasaha na kayan ado. Dole mawaƙin ya mallaki na musamman. ilimi da basira, tun daga fasahar kere kere. ingantawa yana buƙatar mai yin ya bi wasu dokoki. Da'awar fasaha. ingantawa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wadatar da magana. kuma mai fasaha. bangaran I. m., ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙarfafa abubuwan fasaha a ciki. son rai, da ci gaban virtuosity. Kammala zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18. samuwar kade-kade na kade-kade na kade-kade, wanda ke hade da samuwar nau'in wasan kwaikwayo, kuma kadan daga baya, haɓaka sabon kayan aikin solo - kayan aikin guduma, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka nau'ikan gargajiya. sonatas da concertos, alamar muhimmin mataki a cikin juyin halittar I. m. Sabbin nau'ikan al'adu da siffofi, suna rufe kewayon gidan abinci. hotuna da motsin zuciyarmu. jihohi fiye da na farko, sun ba da gudummawa ga kara zurfafawa da wadatar da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. wajen magana. Rukunin kiɗa. abun ciki ya wajabta ba kawai cikakken kuma ingantaccen rikodin rubutun kiɗa ta hanyar mawaƙa ba, har ma da daidaitawa na musamman. yi. umarnin. Tsarin bass na gaba ɗaya yana mutuwa, fasahar kere-kere tana faɗuwa cikin lalacewa. ingantawa, lalacewa zuwa kayan ado na waje. Ƙarƙashin tasirin jin daɗi tare da al'adar ji da ɗabi'a, waƙoƙin waƙar solo suna haɓaka, instr. kiɗa yana samun ƙarin jikewa na motsin rai, kuzari, bambanci, sabon salon wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyar makaɗa yana fitowa, wanda ke nuna juyin juya hali a fagen aiwatar da kuzari. Haɓaka mai kama da amsawa wanda ya mamaye zamanin Baroque, yana kan Ch. ar. akan ka'idodin gine-gine, yana ba da hanya zuwa santsi, mai ƙarfi a hankali. canje-canje, bambance-bambance a hankali. nuances masu tsauri - "tsarin ji". Aesthetics na sabon salo I. m. nunawa a cikin koyaswar tasiri (cf. shafi ka'idar). Ƙaddamar da dangantaka tsakanin aiki da tasiri, wanda aka kwatanta a cikin makarantun I. Quantz da F. E. Bach, duk da nau'ikan injina na gabaɗaya, ya ba da gudummawa ga zurfafa fahimtar masu yin motsin rai. abun ciki na kiɗa. aiki da ƙarin cikakken ganewa a cikin aiwatar da aiki. Bayan wucewa ta hanyar tasirin salon baroque, rococo da sentimentalism, fasahar I. m. a ƙarshen karni na 18. yana fuskantar tasirin sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da ke ci gaba da karuwa ta hanyar tabbatar da bourgeoisie. al'ummomi. dangantaka. A wannan lokacin, tsarin samuwar nat. yi. makarantu. A ƙarƙashin rinjayar Babban juyin juya halin Faransanci wanda ya kawo ƙarshen tsohuwar tsarin "rufe" na ƙungiyar muses. rayuwa, main na academician. gata, a kan tsohon mamayar gaba. masu martaba da Ikilisiya, ana dimokradiyya. Wani sabon nau'i na buɗaɗɗen bourgeois. kiɗa-yin kiɗa - wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a (tare da ka'idodin biyan kuɗi da shirye-shiryen da aka riga aka shirya), ya amsa muhimman canje-canjen zamantakewar da suka faru a cikin mahallin masu sauraro. Sabon mai sauraro, wanda ya shiga cikin makarantar rayuwa mai tsauri, ya tsira daga abubuwan da suka faru na babban juyin juya hali da zamanin Napoleon, wanda ya zuga sha'awar ɗan adam, ya gabatar wa I. m. sababbin bukatun. Ya fi son cikar ji, bayyananniyar bayyanawa, motsin rai ga kusancin abubuwan. tazara. Mai gabatar da jawabi ya burge shi, yana magana da ɗimbin masu sauraro. A cikin conc. wani mataki ne ya bayyana a cikin zauren, wani nau'i na magana, yana raba mai zane da jama'a, kamar an sanya shi a sama. A Faransa, a cikin kiɗa. wasan kwaikwayon yana haɓaka salon jarumtaka. classicism, wanda ke nuni da zuwan romanticism. Daga farkon 19 in. DA. m. samun karin 'yancin kai. Yaduwar kade-kade da kade-kade na opera yana haifar da bukatar da yawa. ma'aikatan prof. masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin tarin mawakan akwai rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin mawaƙin da mawaƙa. Duk da haka, a cikin sababbin al'ummomi. yanayi, an kafa wani nau'in mawaƙa daban-daban - "mai tsara virtuoso", wanda har yanzu ya haɗu da mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa a cikin mutum ɗaya. Haɓaka dangantakar kasuwanci da al'adu tsakanin ƙasashe, shigar da muses. al'adu a cikin fa'ida, dimokuradiyya. da'irori na yawan jama'a suna canza yanayin aikin mai yin. Tattalin arziki tushen aikinsa ba shine albashin da wani majiɓincin fasaha ko coci ke biya masa ba. curiae, da kuma samun kudin shiga daga prof. ayyukan kide kide. Abũbuwan amfãni. sha'awar opera yana ba da damar haɓaka sha'awar instr. kiɗa. Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar sabon conc. masu sauraro. Bayan kawar da buƙatar faranta wa masu daraja "masu sani" da "masu sani" na kiɗa, mai zane-zane ya tilasta yin la'akari da dandano na bourgeoisie. tikitin kide-kide na siyan jama'a. T. game da., ko da yake bourgeois. al'ummomi. tsarin ya 'yantar da mai yin wasan daga tsaka mai wuya. dogaro da kuma sanya shi daidai da memba na al'umma, wannan 'yancin ya kasance mai ruɗi. Siffofin dogara kawai sun canza: sun zama mafi faɗi, mafi sassauƙa, ƙarancin bayyananne da rashin ƙarfi. Fadada ma'auni zai yi. Ayyukan ba ya ƙyale mawaƙin kide-kide ya gudanar da kansa da kansa na ƙungiyar ayyukansa. Wannan ya sa ya nemi taimako daga wasu. mutane. Sana'ar impresario ta taso. Samun wani kaso na samun kudin shiga a ƙarƙashin kwangilar, mai zane ya ɗauki nauyin yin a cikin kide kide da wake-wake da impresario ya shirya. "Mawaƙin wasan kwaikwayo" na farko wanda ya kulla irin wannan yarjejeniya tare da mutum mai zaman kansa shine N. Paganini. Wannan ya nuna farkon conc na zamani. masana'antu a jari-hujja. kasashe, da halatta jari hujja. siffofin cin zarafi na mai zane. Hazakar mawaƙa ta zama abin riba, jarin jari mai riba. “Mawaƙin da ya sayar da waƙar ta a kan kansa, ma’aikaci ne marar amfani. Amma wannan mawaƙin, wanda wani ɗan kasuwa ya gayyace shi, wanda, don neman kuɗi, ya sa ta rera waƙa, ma’aikaci ne mai ƙwazo, domin tana samar da jari.” (K. Marx, Theory of ragi darajar, ch. 1 ZUWA. Marks da kuma F. Engels, Soch., ed. 2 ta, t. 26, h ku. 1, M., 1962, shafi. 410). Roko ga taron jama'a (ko da yake a cikin fahimtar wancan lokacin) yana gabatar da sabon kerawa ga mai yin. ayyuka. Kyawun kiɗan yana ɗaukar salo. aikin, wanda ya sami ƙarshensa. magana a cikin da'awar "composing virtuoso" - manyan m. Figures na Romantic. Tsakanin shi da "mai wasan kwaikwayo" na ƙarni na 17-18. akwai babban bambanci na asali: ga "mai yin waƙa" zai yi. fasaha hanya ce kawai ta gane kerawa. buri, kuma, akasin haka, don “composing virtuoso” kerawa mawaƙi shine kawai hanyar nuna aikin. fasaha. Sabuwar sararin samaniya-acoustic. yanayin babban dakin kide kide da wake-wake, wanda mai yin wasan ya ci gaba. ayyuka na "composing virtuoso" suna da tasiri a kan dukkan bangarori na I. m., da kuma kan kiɗa. kayan aiki. Bukatar ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin sauti yana haifar da maye gurbin gurɓata mai rauni da aikin guduma mai ƙarfi. Ƙarfafa gaba ɗaya a cikin farar cokali mai yatsa ya haifar da tashin hankali mai karfi a kan igiyoyin violin, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dole a canza dutsen sa (inganta na tsaye, homies, da dai sauransu). Wannan yana bayyana yawan amfani da violinists da masu kishin tantanin halitta na fasahar vibrato, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen sauti a cikin babban ɗaki, da haɓakar fasaha na virtuoso da ba a taɓa gani ba a matsayin fasaha mai ƙarfi. siffofin watsa kiɗa. motsi. Acoustics big conc. kiɗan pop yana ƙarfafa neman sababbin maganganu. kuma mai fasaha. kudi za su yi. isk-wa. Don ƙarfafa tasirin tunani akan yawan masu sauraro, an gabatar da abubuwan nishaɗi a cikin wasan kwaikwayon. Ayyukan reincarnation, bayyana. Karimcin abu ne mai mahimmanci na romanticism. wasan kwaikwayon. “Wasan” na fuskar mai zane da hannuwansa ya zama hanyar “sculpting” na sararin samaniya ta mai yin kida. Hoton da ke haɓaka fahimtar mai sauraro game da shi ("Sauraron wasan Liszt a bayan labule zai zama rabin abin jin daɗi ne kawai," in ji R. Schumann). Saboda haka sabon abu, bayyanar "wasan kwaikwayo" na mai zane, wanda sau da yawa ya tsoratar da bourgeois "mai daraja". Wannan kuma ya bayyana a cikin zanga-zangar da masu son soyayya suka yi wa ’yan bogi. alheri. Ana kuma gina taro mai gauraya akan nishaɗi. shirin da "composing virtuoso" ke yin tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa na kayan aiki, da ƙungiyar makaɗa. Yin nasa kawai. Prod., "Composing virtuoso" yana iyakance ga nau'ikan wasan kide-kide na virtuoso, fantasy da bambance-bambancen akan shahararrun jigogi na wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa, ƙarancin abun ciki, amma gabatar da kayan godiya don nuna mutum. yi. fasaha. Masu sauraro suna tasiri ta hanyar virtuoso ikon yinsa na wasan, ƙaƙƙarfan jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, launuka masu launi na inuwa mai motsin rai. Sha'awarta ta ƙare a cikin aiwatar da lambar ƙarshe na wajibi na shirin - fantasy kyauta akan batun da aka bayar. A ciki, bisa ga romantic. aesthetics, jin daɗin mai zane ya kasance cikakke, a sarari kuma kai tsaye, an bayyana halayensa. Yawancin cin nasara na wasan kwaikwayon Romantic, musamman sabbin launuka. da virtuoso wasa dabaru, da tabbaci shiga muses. yi, duk da haka, da'awar "composing virtuoso" yana da sabani mai zurfi, wanda ya ƙunshi rata tsakanin dukiyar magana. yana nufin kuma sau da yawa rashin mahimmanci na muses. abu, zuwa yanayin da aka aiko su. Sai kawai tare da irin waɗannan masu fasaha kamar Paganini, wannan ya kasance mafi yawan fansa da babbar kerawa. qarfin halinsu. Yawancin masu koyi da su I. m. ya koma cikin salon nishadi. fasaha, wanda mutanen da suka ci gaba a wannan zamani suka ɗauka a matsayin mai nuna ɗabi'a. Bourgeois ya fadi. na al'umma. K sar. 19 a cikin. sabani mai girma a tsakanin mai salo tsarin ma'anar fasahar "composing virtuoso" da fasaha na gabaɗaya. yanayin haɓakar kiɗa yana haifar da rikicin soyayya. wasan kwaikwayon. Ana samun sabon nau'in mawaƙa - mai fassara, mai fassarar ƙirƙirar mawaƙin wani. Akwai tsattsauran ra'ayi. juyin juya hali a cikin conc. wakili. Fantasies da bambance-bambancen akan jigogi masu aiki ana maye gurbinsu da samarwa. DA. C. Baha, W. A. Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, ayyukan tsofaffin masters ana farfado da su. A cikin yanayin tasiri zai yi.

A cikin farkon lokacin amincewa da da'awar muses. Fassarar babbar rawa ta taka rawar gani ta ayyukan fitattun mawakan da dama. Tare da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo kamar violinists F. David da Y. Joachim ko shugaba F. A. Khabeneck da sauransu, waɗannan ma masu fasaha ne na duniya waɗanda suka kasance farkon mawaƙa, amma a lokaci guda ƙwararrun pianists da masu gudanarwa - F. List da A. G. Rubinstein, ko kawai masu gudanarwa - G. Berlioz da R. Wagner. Ayyukan waɗannan mawaƙa sun yi alama mafi mahimmancin tarihi. mataki a cikin ci gaba. m., wanda ke nuna farkon zamani. yi. da'awar. DA. m. ya tashi zuwa mafi girma kuma qualitatively daban-daban art. matakin, an amince da sabon nau'in mai yin wasan kwaikwayo. "Composing virtuoso" - mai yin nasa. prod., Ya bayyana a cikin iƙirarinsa-ve kawai ƙunƙunwar da'irar motsin rai. jihohi da yanayin da suka yi daidai da ƙawar kansa. aspirations. Da gaske ba wani abu ba ne face mai ingantawa ya bayyana nasa. ji, haka ma, iyakance ta hanyar ra'ayi na zahiri game da yuwuwar yin aiki. isk-wa. Ga mai yin sabon nau'i - mai fassarar aikin mawaƙin wani, yanayin wasan na musamman yana ba da damar fassarar da ke sanya fasaha ta haƙiƙa a gaban mai yin. ayyuka - bayyanawa, fassarar da watsa tsarin siffa na muses. samfur. da niyyar marubucinta. Darajar a executable girma. isk-ve da gangan-sani. abubuwa, ka'idar hankali ta inganta. Tare da haɓaka fassarar art-va a cikin kiɗa. an kafa wasan kwaikwayo. makarantu, trends, styles hade da decomp. fahimtar ayyuka da hanyoyin I. m., Matsaloli suna tasowa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa na farko, ana haifar da siffofin gyara fassarar - mai yin wasan kwaikwayo. gyarawa da kwafi. Ƙirƙirar ƙirƙira a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19-20th. Rikodi ya haifar da yuwuwar gyara kowane takamaiman aikin samarwa. Wani sabon nau'in wasan kwaikwayon ya fito a cikin yanayin rikodin rikodi - nau'in wasan kwaikwayo. "Genre", wanda yana da nasa kayan ado. na yau da kullun da fasalulluka waɗanda ke bambanta shi daga madaidaicin madaidaicin. kisa. Rikodi ya rinjayi dukkan bangarorin I. m., sa gaba sabon kayan ado, tunani. kuma mai fasaha. matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da tsari, watsawa da fahimtar kiɗa. Al'ummomin zamani. rayuwa tana fama da ita. Takin, rawar da ba a taɓa jin irin ta fasahar fasaha ba, yana da tasiri sosai akan I. m., ci gaban da ke faruwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. A cikin ƙasashe masu jari-hujja suna da mummunan tasiri a kan gabaɗayan dabi'un ɓata ɗan adam da ke cikin zamani. da'awar bourgeois. A cikin 1920-30s. cikin kuma. m. al'amuran birni na kunno kai. style "Neue Sachlichkeit" ("sabon inganci", "sabon abu") tare da motsin zuciyarsa, apsychology, fetishization na fasaha, ingantaccen bushewa, ɗaukaka yana ƙoƙari. taki da juriya na wasa. Tun daga 1950-ies. mummunar tasiri, a gefe guda, na bourgeoisie yana karuwa. Al'adun "taro", tallace-tallace na art-va, kuma a daya - kiɗa. avant-garde, inkarin I. m. kamar kara a cikin mutum mai rai. magana, maye gurbinsa na inji. hadawa da sake haifar da sautuna. Wannan yana haifar da I. m. munanan abubuwan al'ajabi, suna haifar da gibi tsakanin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da jama'a. Hanyoyin lalacewa suna adawa da mujiya. yi. fasaha, da kuma ayyukan manyan masu fasaha na kasashen waje masu ci gaba, bisa al'adun gaske na gaske. da romantic. wasan kwaikwayon. bayanin B. Walter, W. Furtwengler, J. Sighety, P. Casals da sauransu. wasu masu fasaha suna kwatanta kalmomin K. Marx cewa "haɓaka jari hujja yana adawa da wasu rassa na samarwa na ruhaniya, kamar fasaha da waƙa" (K. Marx, Theory of ragi darajar, ch. 1 ZUWA. Marks da kuma F. Engels, Soch., ed na biyu, juzu'i. 26, h ku. 1, M., 1962, shafi. 280). Koyaya, a cikin mafi kyawun fasahar su. samfurori na kiɗan zamani tare da haɗakarwa. da rhythmic. tsarin yana tasiri sosai ga juyin halittar mai yin. hanyoyin magana da ka'idojin wasan kwaikwayo. Matsayinsa yana da girma wajen shawo kan kafaffun ra'ayoyin game da instr. da wok. nagarta, a cikin sake yin tunani game da rawar da masu wasan kwaikwayo suka yi, a fahimtar timbre ba a matsayin hanyar "launi" ba, amma a matsayin hanyar bayyana ma'anar muses. magana. Ƙarshen yana rinjayar ci gaban hanyoyin fasaha na musamman, musamman. amfani da tabawa da feda ta 'yan pianists, violinists da cellists - vibrato, portamento, nau'in bugun jini na musamman, da dai sauransu. n., da nufin bayyanawa na tunani-bayyanai. subtext na kiɗan. Duk wannan yana canza instr. dabara, spiritualizes shi, ya sa shi mafi tsauri. Ayyukan zamani. Hanyar magana ta buɗe yiwuwar sabon karatun muses.

Matsalolin I. m. sun ja hankali a tsawon tarihin ci gabanta. An rufe su a cikin ayyukan kimiyya da yawa: daga rubuce-rubucen masu tunani na da da kuma tsakiyar zamanai. masu ilimin falsafa ga ayyukan falsafa na D. Diderot, F. Hegel da kuma K. Marx. Daga karni na 16 na musamman sun bayyana. rubuce-rubuce akan I. m., sau da yawa mai ɗaukar aji, mai kaifi. hali (misali, rubutun da Y. Leblanc "Don kare bass viola a kan da'awar violin…" - "Défense de la basse de violin contre les entreprises du violon et les prétentions du violon", 1740), wok. da instr. "Hanyoyi" da ke bayyana ka'idar. da aesthetical tushen I. m., la'akari da tambayoyi zai yi. ayyuka. Faɗin ci gaban kiɗa. al'ada ta ƙayyade muhimmin wurin da I. m. a zamani. al'ummomi. rayuwa, muhimmancinsa a matsayin babbar fasaha.-da'a. sojojin da ke shafar duniyar ruhaniya ta mutum. Sha'awa cikin tambayoyin I. m. ya karu, kuma yawan binciken kimiyya ya fadada. matsaloli. Tare da cibiyar. matsalolin aesthetics na I. m. (Rabo na haƙiƙa da ƙa'idodin da ke cikinsa, aikin da fassararsa), nazarin kwatancen I. m, osn. a kan rikodin sauti, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a kwatanta da kuma nazarin decomp. fassarar samfurin iri ɗaya. Tasiri akan I. m. da kuma fahimtarsa ​​game da rikodin sauti, rediyo, talabijin, da dai sauransu. ana nazari. adabi na kasashen waje, sadaukarwa. tambayoyin I. m., yana ba da hoto mai launi. Ra'ayi na gaskiya da kuma kyakkyawan manufa na yanayin I. m. zama tare da decomp. irin manufa. Concepts da formalistic. ka'idojin da ke haifar da akida da tunani. asalin I. m., tare da ra'ayoyin da suka rage shi zuwa aikin injiniyoyi. mai watsa rubutu na kiɗa, kuma tare da ilimin kimiyya na bogi. tsinkayar mutuwarsa a cikin yanayin zamani. ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha. A wasu ayyuka, kamar, misali, a cikin littafin. T. V. Adorno "Mai Jagora Mai Aminci. Nuni ga aikin kiɗa", an yi ƙoƙari, bisa ga jigon abubuwan da ke cikin zamani. musika (A. Webern, A. Schoenberg, A. Berg), don ba da sabon aiki. umarnin zartarwa. Babban kan sake tunani a cikin wannan yanki na al'ada. da romantic. hadisai, sun shafi al'amurran da suka shafi haifuwa, da amfani da wasu fasahohin wasa: bugawa maɓalli, bugun jini, bugun jini, sanya lafazin, ɗan lokaci, magana, kuzari, da dai sauransu; a cikin sassan sassan, waɗannan alamun suna da sha'awa. Yana nufin gudunmawa ga binciken I. m. yana sa mujiya. n.-i. da ka'idar tunani. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, nazarin abubuwan kiɗan ya kafa wani reshe mai zaman kansa na ilimin kide-kide - tarihi da ka'idar aiki, bisa ka'idodin kyawawan halayen Marxist-Leninist. A cikin aikinsa, St. tarihin I. m., ka'idarsa da kyawawan halaye, owls. masanan kida suna neman bayyana yanayin ɗan adam. kuma darajar I. m. a matsayin gaskiya. iƙirarin magana mai rai na ɗan adam. Ana buga bugu na musamman a cikin USSR. Asabar "Wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa" (fitila na 1-7, Moscow, 1954-72), "Fasahar wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasashen waje" (fitowa ta 1-6, Moscow, 1962-72) da "Kwarewar mawaƙa" (fitilar 1, M. , 1972). A cikin mujiya da yawa. conservatories karanta na musamman. tafarkin tarihi da ka'idar kiɗa.

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IM Yampolsky