Ukulele: menene, iri, tsari, sauti, tarihi, aikace-aikace

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali na Hawaii shine ƙarami, gita mai ban dariya. Duk da bayyanar kayan wasan yara, kayan kida mai suna ukulele mai ban mamaki yana shahara tare da shahararrun masu kida da novice. Yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, mai sauƙin koya, kuma sautinsa mai haske, fara'a, na soyayya yana tunawa da tsibiran Pacific na wurare masu zafi.

Menene ukulele

Wannan shine sunan jinsin guitar - kayan aiki mai zare da zaren tare da kirtani 4. Babban aikace-aikacen shine rakiyar kida na muryoyin murya da wasan solo.

Sautin ukulele ya dace don kunna waƙoƙin jama'a na Hawaii, jazz da waƙoƙin jama'a, kiɗan ƙasa da reggae.

Tarihi shine ukulele

Tarihin asalin ƙaramin guitar gajere ne, amma kayan aikin asali sun sami damar soyayya da mawaƙa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin rayuwa. Ana ɗaukar ukulele a matsayin ƙirƙira na Hawaiian, kodayake a zahiri dole ne a gode wa Portuguese don asalinsa.

Ana tsammanin a cikin 1875, Portuguese guda huɗu, masu mafarkin gina rayuwa mafi kyau, sun yi hijira zuwa tsibirin Hawaii. Abokai - Jose Santo, Augusto Diaz, Joao Fernandez, Manuel Nunez - sun ɗauki guitar guitar 5-braginya tare da su, wanda ya zama tushen ƙirƙirar ukulele.

A gudun hijira, abokai tsunduma a samar da katako furniture. Duk da haka, mutanen gida ba su son samfurori da aka samar, kuma Portuguese, don kada su yi fatara, sun fara yin kayan kida. Sun yi gwaji da siffar da sautin gitar Portuguese, wanda ya haifar da ƙananan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'in sauti). Adadin kirtani ya ragu - yanzu akwai hudu, ba biyar ba.

Mutanen Hawawa cikin sanyin jiki sun yarda da kirkiro da Fotigal. Amma halinsu ya canza lokacin da, a daya daga cikin bukukuwan kasa, Sarkin Hawai David Kalakaua ya yanke shawarar buga karamar kata. Mai mulkin ya ƙaunaci wani kayan aiki mai ban mamaki, wanda aka umarce shi da ya sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ƙasa ta Hawaii.

Sunan kayan aikin na asalin Hawai ne. Ana fassara kalmar "ukelele" a matsayin " tsalle tsalle ", kuma idan kun karya ta kashi biyu - "uku" da "lele", za ku sami kalmar "zo godiya".

Akwai shawarwari guda uku da ya sa ukulele ya zama haka:

1. Mutanen Hawai da suka ga gitar a karon farko sun yi tunanin cewa yatsun mawaƙin suna gudana tare da igiyoyin suna kama da tsalle-tsalle.
2. Majami'ar sarauta a Hawaii wani Bature ne, Edward Purvis, ɗan gajere, mai hankali, kuma marar natsuwa. Yana buga ƙaramin gita, ya buga ban dariya da waƙa, kuma ana masa laƙabi da ukulele.
3. Sarauniyar Hawa'u Lydia Kamakaea Paki ta kira kyautar da wasu 'yan gudun hijirar Portugal hudu suka ba wa al'ummar Hawai da "godiya da ta zo".

iri

Ukuleles sun zo da siffofi da girma dabam dabam. Kayan aikin na iya yin kama da ƙaramin kwafin guitar na gargajiya, kuma masu sana'a kuma suna ƙirƙirar samfura masu zagaye, masu kama da kabewa da abarba, har ma da masu murabba'i.

Sautin ya dogara da girman kayan aikin. A kan babban kwafi, zaku iya kunna bayanin kula da ke ƙasa. An raba Ukuleles zuwa nau'ikan iri da yawa ta girman:

1. Soprano shine mafi mashahuri iri-iri. Classical ukulele tare da 12-14 frets.
2. Nau'in wasan kwaikwayo ya ɗan fi girma kuma ya fi na soprano girma. Frets kuma suna 12-14.
3. Tenor sanannen bambance-bambancen kasuwanci ne da ake samu a cikin 1920s, tare da kauri, sautin laushi da inuwa da yawa. Matsakaicin 15-20.
4. Baritone wani shahararren nau'in ne wanda aka fara siyarwa a cikin 1940s. Yana samar da sauti mai zurfi, mai arziƙi, ƙarar sauti. Frets, kamar gitar tenor, 15-20.
5. Ƙananan zaɓuɓɓukan gama gari waɗanda suka bayyana bayan 2007 sune bass, bass biyu da piccolo.

Akwai sigar ukulele mai kirtani biyu. Kowane kirtani yana haɗe da kirtani na biyu, wanda aka daidaita tare.

Menene sautin ukulele?

The ukulele yana sautin haske, mai haske, sautunansa suna haskaka kuzari da kyakkyawan fata, suna haifar da abubuwan tunawa da tarin tsibirai na rana a cikin Tekun Fasifik, na furanni masu ban sha'awa na furanni na Hawai.

Buɗe sautin kirtani ana kiransa kunnawa. Suna zaɓar irin wannan tsarin don hakar abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su ya dace. Tuning Ukulele al'ada ce ga guitar, an ba da halayensa a ƙasa.

Daidaitaccen kunna ukulele shine soprano. Sunayen zaren sune kamar haka:

• gishiri (G);
• ku (C);
• ina (E);
• da (A).

Ƙididdigar kirtani yana tafiya daga hudu zuwa ɗaya (sama zuwa ƙasa). C-Ea (CEA) kunna kirtani, amma ga guitar gargajiya, wato, farkon babban bayanin kula ne, ƙarshen yana da ƙasa. Kirtani G yakamata yayi sauti sama da na 3nd da XNUMXrd saboda yana cikin octave cewa sauran bayanan XNUMX na ciki.

Amfanin wannan kunnawa shine ikon kunna waƙoƙi iri ɗaya waɗanda ke akwai don yin wasa akan guitar na gargajiya, farawa daga damuwa na 5. Ga mawakan da suka saba kunna gita, kunna kida akan ukulele na iya zama kamar ba dadi da farko. Amma jaraba yana zuwa da sauri. Ana samun hakar maɓalli ɗaya da yatsu ɗaya ko biyu.

Ƙunƙarar wuyan ukulele yana ba da damar yin amfani da kayan aiki kyauta zuwa kunna da ake so. Yana yiwuwa a yi daidaitaccen kunna guitar, wanda sauti zai dace da kirtani huɗu na farko na guitar gargajiya. Wato ya zama:

• ina (E);
• ku (B);
• gishiri (G);
• kuma (D).

Ga ukulele, dabarar wasa ita ce ƙarfin hali da faɗa. Suna tsinke igiyoyin da yatsu na hannun dama ko kuma da maƙarƙashiya.

Structure

Tsarin ukulele kusan iri ɗaya ne da na guitar. Dole ne ukulele ya ƙunshi:

• katako, fanko a cikin jiki tare da wutsiya da rami mai zagaye a cikin allon sauti na gaba;
• wuyansa - dogon farantin katako wanda aka shimfiɗa igiyoyi;
• yatsa mai yatsa;
• frets - sassan allon yatsa da aka iyakance ta hanyar haɓakar ƙarfe (tsarin bayanin kula yana ƙayyade ta wurin frets ga kowane nau'i na 4);
• shugabannin - sashin ƙarshe na wuyansa tare da turaku;
• igiyoyi (yawanci ana yin su da nailan).

Ana yin Ukuleles daga acacia, maple, ash, gyada, spruce, rosewood. Ana yin kwafi masu rahusa da filastik, amma irin waɗannan analogues bazai yi kyau fiye da asalin katako ba. Ana sarrafa wuyan daga faranti ɗaya, kuma ana amfani da katako. Tsayin guitar an yi shi da filastik ko itace.

Girman kayan aiki

Bambanci a girman ukulele na sauti daban-daban:

• soprano - 53 cm;
• wasan kwaikwayo - 58 cm;
• tsawon - 66 cm;
• baritone da bass - 76 cm.

Mafi girman kwafin ukulele, wanda tsayinsa ya kai 3 m 99 cm, Lawrence Stump na Amurka ne ya ƙirƙira shi. Samfurin, wanda aka jera a cikin Guinness Book of Records, yana aiki, zaku iya wasa akansa.

Shahararrun Masu Wasa

Ukulele ya daɗe ya daina zama kayan aikin Hawaii na gida, yanzu ya zama sanannen mashahurin guitar da mawaƙa ke yabawa. Yawancin mashahuran mawaƙa sun ƙaunaci ƙaramin kayan aiki, suna amfani da shi a wurin raye-raye, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga shahararsa.

Shahararren ɗan wasan ukulele shine ɗan wasan gita na Hawaii Israel Kaanoi Kamakawiwoole. Ya zama mai sha'awar kiɗan guitar tun yana ƙuruciya, a cikin tsibiran Hawaii babban mashahuri ne, mutane suna kiransa da ƙauna "giant mai laushi".

Har ila yau, 'yan Hawaii suna ɗaukar Eddie Kamae da Gabby Pahinui, waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar kiɗan The Sons of Hawaii, a matsayin taurari na gida. Suna yin kidan kishin kishin ƙasa da ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa tare da haɗa abubuwan ƙira na ƙasa.

Daga cikin manyan masu sha'awar ukulele ya kamata a kira:

• Mawaƙin jazz Laila Ritz;
• Dan wasan barkwanci na Ingilishi kuma mawaki George Formby;
• Mawaƙin ɗan Amurka Roy Smeck;
• Dan wasan Amurka Cliff Edwards;
• mawaki mai tafiya Rocky Leon;
• virtuoso guitarist Jake Shimabukuro;
• Mawakin fasaha na Kanada James Hill.

Ukulele wani kayan aiki ne mai ban mamaki wanda ya zama sananne ba kawai don sauti mai haske da tabbatacce ba, har ma don ƙaddamarwa. Ana iya ɗaukar shi a kan tafiya, a kan ziyara, zuwa wani taron - ko'ina mawaƙin ya haifar da yanayi mai ban sha'awa ta hanyar kunna ukulele.