Tuba: bayanin kayan aiki, sauti, tarihi, abun da ke ciki, abubuwan ban sha'awa

Tuba kayan aiki ne wanda ya tashi daga ƙungiyar soja zuwa ƙungiyar tagulla don ya zauna a can har abada. Wannan shi ne ƙarami kuma mafi ƙasƙanci memba na dangin itacen iska. Idan ba tare da bass ba, wasu ayyukan kiɗan za su rasa ainihin fara'a da ma'anarsu.

Menene tuba

Tuba (tuba) a harshen Latin yana nufin bututu. Lalle ne, a cikin bayyanar yana kama da bututu, kawai mai lankwasa, kamar dai an yi birgima sau da yawa.

Yana cikin rukunin kayan kida na tagulla. Bisa ga rijistar, shi ne mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin "'yan'uwa", yana taka rawar babban bass na orchestral. Ba a kunna shi kawai ba, amma samfurin yana da makawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, jazz, iska, pop ensembles.

Kayan aiki yana da girma sosai - akwai samfurori da suka kai mita 2, suna auna fiye da 50 kg. Mawaƙin koyaushe yana kallon mara ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da tuba.

Menene sautin tuba?

Kewayon tonal na tuba yana kusan octaves 3. Ba shi da takamaiman kewayon, kamar dukan rukunin tagulla. Virtuosos suna iya "matsi" cikakkun palette na sautunan da ke akwai.

Sautunan da kayan aikin ke samarwa suna da zurfi, masu arziki, ƙananan. Yana yiwuwa a ɗauki babban bayanin kula, amma ƙwararrun mawaƙa ne kawai za su iya sarrafa wannan.

Ana yin rikitattun sassa na fasaha a cikin rajista na tsakiya. Timbre zai yi kama da trombone, amma ya fi cikakke, mai launi. Rijista na sama suna sauti mai laushi, sautin su ya fi jin daɗin kunne.

Sautin tubalin, yawan mitar ya dogara da iri-iri. An bambanta kayan aikin guda huɗu:

• B-flat (BBb);
• ku (SS);
• E-flat (Eb);
• da (F).

A cikin kade-kade na kade-kade, ana amfani da bambancin B-flat, E-flat. Wasan solo yana yiwuwa akan samfurin kunna Fa mai iya buga manyan bayanai. Shin (SS) suna son amfani da mawakan jazz.

Mutes yana taimakawa wajen canza sauti, sanya shi ringi, kaifi. An saka zane a cikin kararrawa, wani bangare yana toshe fitowar sauti.

Na'urar kayan aiki

Babban bangaren shine bututun jan karfe na girma mai ban sha'awa. Tsawon da ba a buɗe shi yana da kusan mita 6. Zane ya ƙare tare da kararrawa mai siffar conical. An shirya babban bututu a hanya ta musamman: sauye-sauye na conical, sassan cylindrical suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙananan sauti, "m".

Jikin yana sanye da bawuloli huɗu. Uku suna ba da gudummawa don rage sauti: buɗewar kowane yana saukar da ma'auni ta sautin 1. Ƙarshen gaba ɗaya yana rage ma'auni gaba ɗaya ta huɗu, yana ba ku damar fitar da sautunan mafi ƙarancin kewayo. Ba a cika yin amfani da bawul na 4 ba.

Wasu samfura suna sanye da bawul na biyar wanda ke rage ma'auni ta 3/4 (samuwa a cikin kwafi ɗaya).

Kayan aiki yana ƙarewa da bakin magana - an saka bakin cikin bututu. Babu bakin baki na duniya: mawaƙa suna zaɓar girman daidaiku. Masu sana'a suna siyan baka da dama da aka tsara don yin ayyuka daban-daban. Wannan dalla-dalla na tuba yana da matukar mahimmanci - yana rinjayar tsarin, timbre, sauti na kayan aiki.

Tarihi

Tarihin tuba ya koma farkon zamanai na tsakiya: makamantan kayan aikin sun kasance a lokacin Renaissance. Ana kiran ƙirar maciji, wanda aka yi da itace, da fata, kuma an yi ƙananan sautin bass.

Da farko, yunƙurin inganta tsoffin kayan kida, don ƙirƙirar wani sabon abu na gaske ne na mashawartan Jamus Wipricht, Moritz. Gwaje-gwajen da suka yi tare da tubabbun tuba (macizai, ophicleids) sun ba da sakamako mai kyau. An ƙirƙira ƙirƙira a cikin 1835: ƙirar tana da bawuloli biyar, tsarin F.

Da farko, ƙirƙira ba ta sami rabo mai yawa ba. Masanan ba su kawo al'amarin zuwa ƙarshen ma'ana ba, samfurin ya buƙaci ingantawa don zama cikakken ɓangaren ƙungiyar mawaƙa na symphony. Shahararren dan kasar Belgium Adolf Sachs, mahaifin gine-ginen kade-kade da yawa, ya ci gaba da aikinsa. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarinsa, sabon sabon abu ya yi sauti daban-daban, ya fadada aikinsa, ya jawo hankalin mawaƙa da mawaƙa.

A karo na farko, Tuba ya bayyana a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin 1843, daga baya ya ɗauki wuri mai mahimmanci a can. Sabuwar samfurin ya kammala samuwar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta symphony: bayan haɗa shi a cikin abun da ke ciki, babu abin da ya canza tsawon ƙarni 2.

Dabarun wasan Tuba

Wasa ba ta da sauƙi ga mawaƙa, ana buƙatar dogon horo. Kayan aiki yana da wayar hannu sosai, yana ba da kansa ga dabaru daban-daban, dabaru, amma ya haɗa da aiki mai mahimmanci. Babban motsin iska yana buƙatar numfashi akai-akai, wani lokacin mawaƙi ya yi su don kowane sautin da aka fitar na gaba. Yana da gaske don ƙware wannan, koyaushe horo, haɓaka huhu, haɓaka dabarun numfashi.

Dole ne ku daidaita da girman girman, babban nauyin abu. An sanya shi a gabansa, yana jagorantar kararrawa zuwa sama, lokaci-lokaci dan wasan yana zaune kusa da shi. Mawakan da ke tsaye galibi suna buƙatar madaurin goyan baya don taimakawa riƙe ƙaƙƙarfan tsari.

Babban hanyoyin gama gari na Play:

• staccato;
• trills.

Amfani

Sphere na amfani - Orchestras, ensembles na iri daban-daban:

• symphonic;
• jazz;
• iska.

Ƙungiyoyin kade-kade na Symphony sun gamsu da kasancewar mai kunna tuba guda ɗaya, ƙungiyar makaɗar iska tana jan hankalin mawaƙa biyu ko uku.

Kayan aiki yana taka rawar bass. Yawancin lokaci, an rubuta masa sassa kaɗan, don jin sautin solo shine babban nasara.

Sha'ani mai ban sha'awa

Duk wani kayan aiki na iya yin alfahari da adadin abubuwan ban sha'awa masu alaƙa da shi. Tuba ba banda:

1. Babban gidan kayan gargajiya da aka sadaukar don wannan kayan aikin yana cikin Amurka, birnin Durham. A ciki ana tattara kwafi na lokuta daban-daban tare da jimlar guda 300.
2. Mawaƙi Richard Wagner ya mallaki nasa tuba, wanda ya yi amfani da shi a rubuce-rubucensa.
3. Farfesan kida na Amurka R. Winston shine ma'abucin tarin abubuwan da suka shafi tuba (fiye da abubuwa dubu 2).
4. Jumma'a ta farko na Mayu hutu ce a hukumance, Ranar Tuba.
5. Abubuwan da aka yi don kera kayan aikin ƙwararru shine gami da jan ƙarfe da zinc.
6. Daga cikin kayan aikin iska, tubalin shine "jin dadi" mafi tsada. Kudin kwafi ɗaya daidai yake da farashin motar.
7. Bukatar kayan aiki yana da ƙasa, don haka ana yin aikin masana'anta da hannu.
8. Girman kayan aiki mafi girma shine mita 2,44. Girman kararrawa shine 114 cm, nauyi shine kilo 57. Giant ɗin ya sami kyautar Guinness Book of Records a cikin 1976. A yau, wannan kwafin nuni ne na Gidan Tarihi na Czech.
9. {Asar Amirka ta kafa tarihi na yawan ’yan wasan Tuba a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa: a shekara ta 2007, ƙungiyar mawaƙa 502 ne suka yi wannan kida.
10. Akwai kimanin dozin iri: bass tuba, contrabass tuba, Kaiser tuba, helikon, biyu tuba, marching tuba, subcontrabass tuba, tomister tuba, sousaphone.
11. Sabon samfurin dijital ne, yana kama da gramophone. An yi amfani da shi a cikin makada na dijital.