Tito Gobbi (Tito Gobbi) |

Tito Gobbi

Sunan Tito Gobbi, fitaccen mawaki na zamaninmu, yana da alaƙa da shafuka masu haske da yawa a cikin tarihin al'adun kiɗa na Italiya. Yana da murya mai girman gaske, ba kasafai ba cikin kyawun katako. Ya ƙware a cikin fasahar murya, kuma hakan ya ba shi damar kaiwa ga kololuwar gwaninta.

"Muryar, idan kun san yadda ake amfani da ita, ita ce mafi girman iko," in ji Gobbi. “Ku yarda da ni, wannan magana tawa ba ta samo asali ba ne na maye da kai ko girman kai ba. A ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, na kan yi wa waɗanda suka ji rauni waƙa a asibitoci, inda marasa galihu daga ko’ina cikin duniya suka taru. Kuma wata rana wani mutum - ya yi muni sosai - a cikin rada ya ce in yi masa waƙa "Ave Maria".

Wannan talakan yana matashi ne, ya karaya, shi kadai, domin ya yi nisa da gida. Na zauna kusa da gadonsa, na ɗauki hannunsa na rera "Ave Maria". Yayin da nake waƙa, ya mutu - yana murmushi.

An haifi Tito Gobbi a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1913 a Bassano del Grappa, wani gari da ke kan tudun Alps. Mahaifinsa na cikin tsohon dangin Mantua ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Enrika Weiss, ta fito daga dangin Austrian. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Tito ya shiga Jami'ar Padua, inda ya shirya kansa don yin aikin lauya. Duk da haka, tare da haɓakar murya mai ƙarfi, mai sauti, saurayin ya yanke shawarar samun ilimin kiɗa. Ya bar doka, ya fara ɗaukar darussan murya a Roma, tare da shahararren ɗan wasa Giulio Crimi. A gidan Crimi, Tito ya sadu da ƙwararren ɗan wasan pian Tilda, 'yar fitaccen masanin kiɗan Italiya Raffaelo de Rensis, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya aure ta.

"A cikin 1936, na fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin comprimano (mai yin ƙananan ayyuka. - Kimanin Aut.); Dole ne in koyi ayyuka da yawa a lokaci guda, ta yadda idan wani daga cikin masu wasan kwaikwayo ya yi rashin lafiya, zan kasance a shirye in maye gurbinsa nan da nan. Makonni na maimaitawa marasa iyaka sun ba ni damar kutsawa cikin ainihin rawar, don samun isasshen kwarin gwiwa a cikinta, don haka ko kaɗan ba su kasance mini nauyi ba. Damar bayyana a kan mataki, ko da yaushe ba zato ba tsammani, ya kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai, musamman tun lokacin da aka rage girman haɗarin da ke tattare da irin wannan kwatsam a Teatro Real a Roma a wancan lokacin godiya ga taimakon mai mahimmanci na babban adadin masu koyarwa da kuma goyon baya mai karimci. abokan tarayya.

Matsaloli da yawa sun ɓoye abin da ake kira ƙananan ayyuka. Yawanci sun ƙunshi ƴan jimloli kaɗan da suka warwatse a kusa da ayyuka daban-daban, amma a lokaci guda, tarkuna da yawa suna ɓoye a cikinsu. Ba ni kadai nake tsoronsu ba…”

A cikin 1937, Gobbi ya fara halarta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Adriano a Roma a matsayin Germont Uba a cikin opera La Traviata. Mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo na babban birnin kasar sun lura da basirar kiɗa na matashin mawaki.

Bayan da ya ci nasara a cikin 1938 a Gasar Vocal ta Duniya a Vienna, Gobbi ya zama mai riƙe da malanta a makarantar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na La Scala a Milan. Haƙiƙa na farko na Gobbi a shahararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya faru a cikin Maris 1941 a Umberto Giordano's Fedora kuma ya yi nasara sosai. An ƙarfafa wannan nasarar bayan shekara guda a matsayin Belcore a cikin Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore. Wa] annan wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na sassan Verdi's Falstaff, sun sa Gobbi yayi magana game da wani gagarumin al'amari a fasahar muryar Italiyanci. Tito yana samun rawar gani da yawa a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban a Italiya. Ya yi rikodin farko, kuma yana aiki a cikin fina-finai. A nan gaba, mawakin zai yi cikakken rikodin wasan kwaikwayo fiye da hamsin.

S. Belza ya rubuta: “…Tito Gobbi a dabi’a an ba shi da ban mamaki ba kawai murya ba, har ma da fasaha na wasan kwaikwayo, yanayi, kyauta mai ban mamaki na sake reincarnation, wanda ya ba shi damar ƙirƙirar hotuna masu bayyanawa da abin tunawa. Hakan ya ba shi sha’awa musamman ga ’yan fim, inda suka gayyaci mawakin jarumin ya fito a fina-finai sama da ashirin. Komawa cikin 1937, ya bayyana akan allo a cikin Louis Trenker's The Condottieri. Kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, Mario Costa ya fara yin fim ɗin fim ɗin opera na farko mai cikakken tsayi tare da sa hannu - The Barber of Seville.

Gobbi ya tuna:

“Kwanan nan, na sake kallon wani fim da aka gina akan wannan opera a 1947. Na rera taken taken a ciki. Na sake gwada komai, kuma na fi son fim ɗin kusan fiye da lokacin. Na wata duniya ce mai nisa da bata, amma da fatan ba za a iya dawo da ita ba. Yadda na ji daɗin ƙuruciyata sa’ad da na koyi Barber tare da sauye-sauye na ƙwanƙwasa da ba su misaltuwa, yadda wadatuwa da haske na kiɗan suka burge ni a zahiri! Wasan opera da ba kasafai ba ta kasance kusa da ni a ruhu.

Daga 1941 zuwa 1943 Maestro Ricci da ni muna yin wannan aikin kusan kowace rana. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani, Opera na Rome ta gayyace ni don yin wasa a farkon shirin Barber; Tabbas, ba zan iya ƙi wannan gayyatar ba. Amma, kuma na tuna da shi da girman kai, Ina da ƙarfin neman jinkiri. Bayan haka, na san cewa don yin shiri sosai, don jin amincewa da kai, yana ɗaukar lokaci. Sa'an nan kuma masu kula da wasan kwaikwayo suna ci gaba da tunani game da ingantawar mai zane; An amince da a dage shirin na farko, kuma na rera waƙar Barber a karon farko a cikin Fabrairu 1944.

A gare ni, wannan muhimmin mataki ne na gaba. Na samu gagarumar nasara, an yabe ni saboda tsaftar sauti da raye-rayen waka.

Daga baya, za a sake cire Gobbi daga Costa - a cikin "Pagliacci" bisa opera ta Leoncavallo. Tito ya yi sassa uku lokaci guda: Prologue, Tonio da Silvio.

A cikin 1947, Gobbi ya sami nasarar buɗe kakar wasa tare da ɓangaren Mephistopheles a cikin sigar matakin Berlioz's Damnation of Faust. An fara rangadin kasashen waje da dama, wanda ya karawa Gobbi kwarin gwiwa. A cikin wannan shekarar, mawaƙin ya sami farin ciki da yabo daga Stockholm da London. A cikin 1950, ya koma Landan a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kamfanin La Scala Opera kuma ya yi a kan mataki na Covent Garden a cikin operas L'elisir d'amore, da Falstaff, Sicilian Vespers da Verdi's Otello.

Daga baya, Mario Del Monaco, wanda ya lissafta fitattun abokan aikinsa, ya kira Gobbi "Iago wanda ba shi da kyau kuma mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo." Kuma a wancan lokacin, saboda rawar da ya taka a wasan operas guda uku na Verdi, an baiwa Gobbi kyauta ta musamman, a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan da suka taka rawar gani a wancan lokacin a Covent Garden.

Tsakanin shekarun 50s shine lokacin haɓakar haɓaka mafi girma na mawaƙa. Manyan gidajen opera a duniya suna ba shi kwangiloli. Gobbi, musamman, yana waka a Stockholm, Lisbon, New York, Chicago, San Francisco.

A 1952 Tito ya rera waka a bikin Salzburg; An amince da shi gaba ɗaya a matsayin Don Giovanni wanda ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin opera na Mozart mai suna iri ɗaya. A cikin 1958, Gobbi ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Don Carlos a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Covent Garden na London. Mawaƙin da ya yi aikin Rodrigo ya sami mafi yawan sake dubawa daga masu sukar.

A cikin 1964, Franco Zeffirelli ya shirya Tosca a Covent Garden, yana gayyatar Gobbi da Maria Callas.

Gobbi ya rubuta: “The Covent Garden Theatre ya rayu cikin hauka da tsoro: idan Callas ya ƙi yin aiki a ƙarshe fa? Sander Gorlinski, manajanta, ba shi da lokacin yin wani abu. Kasancewar mutane marasa izini a duk karatun boko haramun ne. Jaridu sun iyakance ga rahotannin laconic waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa komai yana tafiya daidai…

Janairu 21, 1964. Ga bayanin wannan wasan da ba za a manta da shi ba, da matata Tilda ta rubuta a cikin littafinta da safe:

“Abin mamaki maraice! Matsayi mai ban sha'awa, kodayake a karo na farko a rayuwata aria "Vissi d'arte" bai sami tafi ba. (Ra'ayina shi ne, ƴan kallo sun yi sha'awar kallon abin da ya sa ba su kuskura su katse aikin da tafi da bai dace ba. - Tito Gobbi. labule, kamar abokan hamayya. Bayan tsayuwar daka mara iyaka, masu sauraro sun mamaye dandalin. Na ga yadda ’yan Birtaniyya da aka kame suka yi hauka a zahiri: sun cire rigunan su, alakoki, Allah ya san abin kuma kuma ya kaɗa su. Tito ba shi da iyaka, kuma an bambanta halayen biyun da daidaito na ban mamaki. Tabbas, Maria ta girgiza hoton da aka saba na Tosca, yana ba shi ƙarin ɗan adam da buɗe ido. Amma ita kadai za ta iya yi. Duk wanda zai kuskura ya yi koyi da ita, zan gargade: a hattara!

An sake maimaita wasan kwaikwayon mai ban sha'awa ta hanyar simintin gyare-gyare a cikin Paris da New York, bayan haka prima donna na allahntaka ya bar wasan opera na dogon lokaci.

Repertoire na mawakin ya kasance mai ban mamaki. Gobbi ya rera wakoki sama da dari daban-daban na kowane zamani da salo. "Dukkan yanayin motsin rai da tunani na wasan opera na duniya yana ƙarƙashinsa," in ji masu suka.

L. Landman ya rubuta: “Bayanin waɗanda aka ambata, Macbeth, Simon Boccanegra, Renato, Rigoletto, Germont, Amonasro ne ya yi rawar gani sosai. Hotuna masu ban mamaki da rashin tausayi na operas na Puccini suna kusa da mawaƙa: Gianni Schicchi, Scarpia, haruffan wasan kwaikwayo na Verist ta R. Leoncavallo, P. Mascagni, F. Cilea, ban dariya na Figaro na Rossini da kuma mahimmancin mahimmanci na operas. "William gaya".

Tito Gobbi ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne. Da yake shan kashi a cikin mafi girma na opera na karni, ya yi akai-akai tare da irin ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani kamar su Maria Callas, Mario Del Monaco, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, madugu A. Toscanini, V. Furtwängler, G. Karajan. Kyakkyawan ilimin sassan opera, ikon rarraba kuzari da kyau da kuma sauraron abokin tarayya a hankali ya ba shi damar samun haɗin kai da ba kasafai ba a cikin waƙa. Tare da Callas, mawaƙin ya rubuta Tosca sau biyu akan rikodin, tare da Mario Del Monaco - Othello. Ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na TV da na fina-finai da yawa, daidaitawar fina-finai na tarihin rayuwar fitattun mawakan. faifan bidiyo na Tito Gobbi, da kuma fina-finai tare da halartarsa, babbar nasara ce a tsakanin masoya fasahar murya. A kan rikodin, mawaƙin kuma ya bayyana a cikin rawar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a yi la'akari da girman abubuwan da ya shafi kiɗa. A cikin repertoire na gidan Gobbi, babban wurin da aka keɓe don kiɗa na tsofaffin masters na ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMXth J. Carissimi, J. Caccini, A. Stradella, J. Pergolesi. Ya so kuma da yawa yana rubuta waƙoƙin Neapolitan.

A farkon shekarun 60s, Gobbi ya koma yin umarni. A lokaci guda, yana ci gaba da ayyukan kide kide da wake-wake. A cikin 1970, Gobbi, tare da Kalas, sun zo Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin bako na gasar kasa da kasa ta IV mai suna PI Tchaikovsky.

Shekaru da yawa, tare da shahararrun mawaƙa, saduwa da fitattun mawaƙa, Gobbi ya tara kayan tarihi masu ban sha'awa. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa littattafai na mawaƙa "My Life" da "The World of Italian Opera" suna samun babban nasara, wanda ya bayyana a fili da kuma bayyana asirin gidan wasan opera. Tito Gobbi ya rasu a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1984.