Ivan Danilovich Zhadan (Ivan Zhadan) |

Ivan Zadan

KADDARA! Ivan Zhadan da rayuwarsa biyu

Idan ka tambayi wani opera lover abin da tenors haskaka a kan mataki na Bolshoi Theater a cikin 30s, amsar za ta zama a fili - Lemeshev da Kozlovsky. A cikin wadannan shekarun ne tauraruwarsu ta tashi. Zan yi ƙoƙari in faɗi cewa akwai wani mawaƙi wanda fasaha ba ta da ƙasa da waɗannan almara na fasahar wasan kwaikwayo na Soviet. Kuma a wasu hanyoyi, watakila, ya fi girma! Sunansa Ivan Zhadan!

Me yasa ba a san shi ba, ba a haɗa shi a cikin litattafai da litattafai na tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba, wanda aka sani kawai ga kwararru? Amsar ita ce labarin rayuwar mutumin nan da aka gabatar a nan.

Ivan Danilovich Zhadan aka haife kan Satumba 22, 1902 a Ukrainian birnin Lugansk a cikin iyali na harsashi factory ma'aikaci. Tun yana dan shekara 9 ya zauna a kauye, inda iyayensa suka tura shi karatu a matsayin maƙeri. Tuni a cikin ƙuruciya, ƙaunar Ivan don raira waƙa ta bayyana. Yana son yin waƙa a cikin mawakan coci, a lokacin bukukuwan aure. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 13, saurayin ya koma gida ya tafi aiki a masana’antar mahaifinsa. Ya yi aiki a nan har zuwa 1923. A 1920, a lokacin horo na soja, Ivan shi ne shugaban na detachment. Abokai sun ba shi shawarar ya shiga cikin da'irar murya. Anan an shirya wasu sassa na operas. A lokacin rehearsals na "Eugene Onegin", inda Ivan yi wani ɓangare na Lensky, saurayi ya sadu da nan gaba matarsa ​​Olga, wanda ya taka rawar Olga Larina a cikin wannan yi (irin wannan kwatsam). A shekara ta 1923, an lura da basirar Zhadan, kuma kungiyar kwadago ta tura shi karatu a Moscow. A babban birnin kasar, Ivan shiga cikin Musical College a Conservatory, inda ya zama dalibi na sanannen singer M. Deisha-Sionitskaya, kuma daga baya ya koma ajin Farfesa EE Egorov. Rayuwa a cikin dakunan kwanan dalibai na da wuya, babu isassun kudi, da kuma matasa dalibi aka tilasta yin aiki a matsayin maƙera, sa'an nan a matsayin malami a Air Force Academy, inda nan gaba sanannen mai zanen jirgin sama AS Yakovlev ya tafi ga dalibansa. Zhadan ya kasance yana alfahari da wannan shafi na rayuwarsa. A 1926, Ivan ya fara gayyatar zuwa rediyo. A 1927 ya shiga Opera Studio na Bolshoi Theater, shugaban KS Stanislavsky, wanda ya iya godiya da basira na singer da kuma "m ƙamus". Kuma a karshen wannan shekarar, da singer, samun nasarar lashe gasar, aka shiga cikin Bolshoi Theater.

Aikin Ivan ya ci gaba cikin nasara. An lura da basirar mawaƙa na mawaƙa, wanda ya mallaki mafi kyawun katako. Bayan nasarar aiwatar da sashin farko na alhakin baƙon Indiya, an ba shi muhimmiyar rawar Sinodal a cikin Rubinstein's The Demon (1929).

A 1930 ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na A. Spendiarov ta opera Almast. Tare da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, mai zane ya yi tafiya a cikin kasar, yana magana da masu aiki. Yana ba da kide-kide na kide-kide a cikin sojoji, ciki har da na Gabas mai Nisa, wanda a cikin 1935 ya sami takardar shaidar girmamawa daga hannun Marshal V. Blucher. Gabaɗaya, yana jagorantar rayuwa ta al'ada ta mai zane-zane na Soviet, bayyananne kuma marar gajimare, ta hanyar akida. Yana karɓar wasiƙu masu daɗi daga ma'aikata da manoma na gama gari. Babu wani abu da ke kwatanta guguwar da ke tafe.

Zhadan yana da ƙarin sabbin ayyuka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ayyukan Lensky, Faust, Duke, Berendey ("Snow Maiden"), Yurodivy, Vladimir Dubrovsky, Gerald ( "Lakme"), Almaviva ("Barber na Seville") ya bayyana a cikin repertoire.

Tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Soviet (V. Barsova, M. Maksakova, P. Nortsov, A. Pirogov da sauransu), a 1935 ya yi yawon shakatawa zuwa Turkiyya. Jaridun Turkiyya na cike da jawabai game da mawakin. Shugaban kasar Turkiyya na farko M. Ataturk, ya zama mai sha'awar basirar sa, inda ya gabatar da mawakin a daya daga cikin liyafar liyafar da akwatinsa na zinare na musamman, wanda Zhadan ya ajiye a matsayin wani abin tarihi na musamman.

Daukaka ta zo ga mai zane. Yana daya daga cikin manyan soloists na Bolshoi Theater. Ana yin ta akai-akai a cikin Kremlin. Stalin da kansa ya fifita shi, ya tambaye shi ya yi wannan ko wancan aikin. Duk da wannan, Zhadan ya kasance mai sauƙin rikewa, ƙauna da tunawa da 'yan ƙasa, yana gayyatar su zuwa wasan kwaikwayonsa. Kololuwar aikin mawaƙa ya zo ne a cikin 1937. A lokacin Pushkin Days, an gayyace shi don yawon shakatawa zuwa Riga. Bayan da singer ya yi rawar Lensky, zauren ya ba shi yabo mara iyaka. Yawon shakatawa ya kasance mai ban sha'awa don haka an nemi Zhadan ya tsawaita su kuma ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a Faust da Rigoletto. Tun da babu kayayyaki ga wadannan ayyuka, da Tarayyar Soviet jakadan a Latvia aika da wani musamman jirgin sama zuwa Moscow (a ban mamaki hali ga wadanda shekaru), kuma an kai su zuwa Riga.

Yana da kyau a tuna, duk da haka, wannan ba kawai wata shekara ce ta nasara da nasarori ba. Ya kasance 1937! Da farko, jakadan a Latvia ya bace a wani wuri (da alama yana da haɗari don mamaki a cikin waɗannan shekarun), sannan aka kama abokin Zhadan, darektan Bolshoi Theatre VI Mutnykh. Lamarin ya fara kauri. An soke rangadin da mawaƙin ya shirya zuwa Lithuania da Estonia. Ba a kuma gayyace shi zuwa Kremlin ba. Dole ne in ce Ivan Danilovich bai kasance cikin adadin mutanen da ke neman yin abokantaka da waɗanda ke cikin iko ba, amma ya ɗauki korar daga Kremlin da zafi. Alama ce mara kyau. Wasu sun bi shi: ya sami ƙananan kide-kide, a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya bar shi kawai tare da sassan Lensky da Sinodal. Wani abu ya karye a cikin wannan "na'ura" maras kyau. Faduwa tana zuwa. A kan haka, dole ne a yi mini aiki tare da cire tonsils. Bayan shiru na shekara guda (lokacin da mutane da yawa sun riga sun kawo ƙarshen mawaƙin), Zhadan ya sake yin rawar gani a matsayin Lensky. Kowa ya lura da sababbin launuka masu zurfi, masu zurfi da ban mamaki a cikin muryarsa.

Yana da wuya a faɗi abin da makoma ta shirya wa mai zane na gaba, amma sai yaƙin ya shiga tsakani. Rayuwa a Bryusovsky Lane a saman bene, inda ɗakin mawaƙa ya kasance, ya zama haɗari. Fitilar wuta marasa iyaka sun fada kan rufin da aka saka bindigar jirage. Ivan Danilovich da 'ya'yansa maza ba su gaji da jefa su a cikin yadi. Ba da da ewa aka kai babban ɗan cikin soja, da dukan iyali suka koma wani dacha a Manikhino, inda singer gina gida da hannunsa. Ya yi tunanin zai fi aminci a nan. Yawancin masu fasaha sun zauna a wannan wuri. A wurin Zhadan ya haƙa rami. Ya kasance da sauƙi don tserewa harsashi a cikinsa. A lokacin daya daga cikin saurin ci gaba na Jamusawa, an yanke hanyar zuwa Moscow. Kuma nan da nan mahara da kansu suka bayyana a ƙauyen. Ivan Danilovich tuna yadda ya faru:

• Jamusawa ne suka kama Manihino. Akwai da yawa daga cikin mu, soloists na Bolshoi Theatre, a lokacin. Don haka, wani jami’i ya shiga gidana, inda wani ɗan rakiya wanda ya san Jamus da kyau, baritone Volkov da wasu masu fasaha da yawa suna tare da ni a lokacin. "Su wa ne?" Ya tambaya a tsanake. “Masu fasaha,” ɗan wasan piano a firgice ya yi gunaguni har ya mutu. Hafsa ya dan yi tunani, sannan fuskarsa ta yi annuri. "Za ku iya wasa Wagner?" Volkov ya gyada kai cikin tabbatarwa…

Lamarin ya yi rashin fata. Zhadan ya san yadda ake zargin abokinsa A. Pirogov ba a fitar da shi daga Moscow zuwa Kuibyshev ba. Wanene ya damu da matarsa ​​marar lafiya? Sai kawai lokacin da zarge-zargen ya zama barazana (sun fara cewa Pirogov yana jiran Jamus), an tilasta wa mawaƙa don ƙaura tare da matarsa ​​mai tsanani. Kuma a nan - kasancewa a cikin yankin da aka mamaye! Ivan Danilovich ba wani butulci mutum. Ya san cewa yana nufin abu ɗaya - sansanin (mafi kyau). Kuma shi, matarsa ​​da ƙaramin ɗansa, tare da ƙungiyar masu fasaha (mutane 13) sun yanke shawarar barin Jamus. Yaya daidai yake! (ko da yake na koyi game da shi da yawa daga baya). Surukarsa ’yar shekara 68, wadda ba ta kuskura ta tafi tare da su ba, an kai su gudun hijira zuwa yankin Krasnoyarsk. Haka rabo ya jira babban ɗan, wanda aka gyara kawai a 1953.

Rayuwar "na biyu" mai zane ta fara. Yawo da Jamusawa, yunwa da sanyi, zato na leƙen asiri, wanda ya kusan kai ga kisa. An adana kawai ta ikon raira waƙa - Jamusawa suna son kiɗan gargajiya. Kuma, a ƙarshe, sashin ma'aikata na Amurka, inda mawaƙa da danginsa suka ƙare a lokacin mika wuya na Jamus. Amma munanan kwanaki ba su ƙare a nan ba. Kowa ya san cewa saboda wasu muradun siyasa, kawancen sun amince da Stalin kan a mika dukkan mutanen da suka rasa matsugunansu. Abin takaici ne. Wakilan dimokuradiyyar Yammacin Turai sun tura mutane da karfi da karfi zuwa wani mutuwa ko kuma sansanin. An tilasta wa Zhadan da matarsa ​​su ɓuya, su zauna dabam, su canza sunayensu na ƙarshe, kamar yadda ma’aikatan Soviet na musamman ke farautar waɗanda suka sauya sheƙa.

Kuma a sa'an nan wani kaifi bi da bi ya zo a cikin rabo na Ivan Danilovich. Ya sadu da wata matashiyar Doris Ba'amurke (ta kasance 23 shekaru). Soyayya sukayi da juna. A halin yanzu, matar Zhadan Olga ta yi rashin lafiya sosai, kuma wani likitan Jamus ya yi mata tiyata mai rikitarwa. Doris, godiya ga dangantakar abokantaka da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, yana gudanar da safarar Ivan Danilovich, sannan matarsa, zuwa Amurka. Bayan ta warke, matar ta ba wa Zhadan saki. Duk abin yana faruwa cikin lumana, har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinta Olga ya kasance abokin Ivan. Ta iya ganin ta a Poland (inda 'yar'uwarta ta rayu tun 1919) tare da ɗanta na fari, kuma a 1976 ko da ziyarci shi a Moscow. Olga Nikiforovna mutu a Amurka a 1983.

Ivan Danilovich bai yi nasara a cikin aikinsa na raira waƙa a Amurka ba. Akwai dalilai da yawa. Jarabawar da ta fado masa, har ma da ya kai shekaru 50, ba su taimaka a wannan ba. Ban da haka, shi baƙo ne a duniyar nan. Ya gudanar, duk da haka, sau biyu (taimaka daga matashiyar matarsa ​​Doris) don ba da kide kide a Carnegie Hall. Wasannin sun yi nasara sosai, an rubuta su a rubuce, amma ba su ci gaba ba. Ba'amerike impresario ba ya rage gareshi.

Mafarkin Ivan Danilovich shine ya zauna a cikin wani yanki mai dumi a kan teku. Kuma ya cika burinsa ta hanyar samun mafaka a ƙaramin tsibirin St. Anan basirar aiki na kuruciyarsa ta zo da amfani. Ya yi aiki a matsayin tubali a ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin Rockefeller, inda ya tanadi kuɗi don filinsa. Bayan da ya mallaki fili kuma ya mallaki ta da hannunsa, Zhadan ya gina gidaje da dama a kai, wanda ya yi hayar masu yawon bude ido daga Amurka da Turai. Ba za a iya cewa ko kadan ba a san shi a kasashen Yamma ba. Yana da abokai har da fitattu. Shugaban kasar Finland M. Koivsto ne ya ziyarce shi. tare da wanda suka rera wani duet a Rasha "Black Eyes" da sauran waƙoƙi.

Bai yi fatan zai taba ziyartar kasarsa ba. Amma kaddara ta sake yanke hukunci akasin haka. Sabbin lokuta sun fara a Rasha. A cikin ƙarshen 80s, tuntuɓar ɗansa ya zama mai yiwuwa. A shekarar 1990, Ivan Danilovich kuma tuna. An watsa shirye-shirye game da shi a talabijin (Svyatoslav Belza ne ya shirya shi). Kuma, a ƙarshe, bayan rabin karni, Ivan Danilovich Zhadan ya iya sake kafa ƙafa a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, don rungume dansa. Wannan ya faru a watan Agusta 1992, a jajibirin bikin cika shekaru 90 na artist. Ya koyi cewa abokai da yawa ba su manta da shi ba, sun taimaka wa ɗansu a cikin shekaru masu wuya (kamar, misali, mawaƙa Vera Davydova, wanda ke aiki a cikin Stalin shekaru game da izinin zama na Moscow). Kuma ɗan, da aka tambaye shi ko ya zagi mahaifinsa na shekarun da ya yi hasarar bauta, ya amsa: “Don me zan zage shi? An tilasta masa barin ƙasarsa saboda yanayin da babu wanda zai iya bayyana shi… Shin ya kashe wani, ya ci amanar wani? A'a, babu abin da zan zagi mahaifina. Ina alfahari da shi” (tambayoyin 1994 a jaridar Trud).

Fabrairu 15, 1995, yana da shekaru 93, Ivan Danilovich Zhadan ya rasu.

E. Tsodokov