Wakar wasan kwaikwayo |

kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo - kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a hade tare da sauran nau'ikan art-va da ke shiga cikin mataki. siffar wasan kwaikwayo. Mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo na iya ba da kiɗan kiɗa, sa'an nan kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya motsa shi ta hanyar makirci kuma baya wuce nau'o'in yau da kullum (sigina, fanfares, songs, maci, raye-raye). Musanya. sassan da aka gabatar a cikin wasan kwaikwayon bisa buƙatar darektan da mawaƙa yawanci suna da halaye na gaba ɗaya kuma maiyuwa ba su da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙira kai tsaye. T. m. marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne. wani al'amari mai girma na ma'anar ma'ana da kuma tsari; tana iya haifar da yanayi mai ban sha'awa, jaddada DOS. ra'ayin wasan (misali, Symphony na Nasara na Beethoven a cikin kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo Egmont ta Goethe, kiɗan Mozart's Requiem a cikin Pushkin's Mozart da Salieri), ƙayyade lokaci da wurin aikin, kwatanta hali, tasiri. na ɗan lokaci da rhythm na wasan kwaikwayon, haskaka babban . Ƙarshe, don ba da haɗin kai ga aikin tare da taimakon ta hanyar innation. ci gaba da mahimman bayanai. Bisa ga aikin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa na iya dacewa da abin da ke faruwa a kan mataki (babban kiɗan kiɗa) ko kuma ya bambanta da shi. Rarrabe kiɗan, wanda aka fitar da shi daga fage na mataki. ayyuka (overture, intermissions, headpieces), da intrastage. Ana iya rubuta waƙa ta musamman don wasan kwaikwayo ko ta ƙunshi guntun abubuwan da aka riga aka sani. Ma'auni na lambobi ya bambanta - daga guntu zuwa da yawa. hawan keke ko otd. hadaddun sauti (wanda ake kira lafazin) zuwa manyan kade-kade. aukuwa. T. m. ya shiga dangantaka mai sarkakiya tare da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da jagoranci: dole ne mawallafin ya dace da manufarsa tare da nau'in wasan kwaikwayo, salon wasan kwaikwayo, zamanin da abin ya faru, da niyyar darakta.

Tarihin t. m. ya koma mafi dadadden nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka gada daga addinai. ayyukan al'ada na roba. hali. A zamanin da da gabas. wasan kwaikwayo hadaddiyar kalma, music, rawa a kan daidai kafa. A cikin wani Girkanci. bala'in da ya girma daga dithyramb, muses. tushen shi ne ƙungiyar mawaƙa. unison waka tare da kayan kida: zai shiga. waƙar mawaƙa (parod), tsakiya. waƙoƙi (stasima), ya ƙare. mawaƙa (eksod), ƙungiyar mawaƙa masu raka raye-raye (emmeley), waƙoƙi. tattaunawa-koken dan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaka (kommos). Classic a Indiya. wasan kwaikwayo ya riga ya kasance da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na gado. wasan kwaikwayo: lila (wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa-raye-raye), katakali (pantomime), yakshagana (haɗin raye-raye, tattaunawa, karatu, waƙa), da sauransu. Daga baya ind. gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya kiyaye kiɗa da rawa. yanayi. A cikin tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Whale babban rawar kuma yana cikin gauraye-muses na wasan kwaikwayo. wakilci; ana gudanar da kide-kide na kade-kade da wasan kwaikwayo ta hanya ta musamman a daya daga cikin manyan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo. nau'o'in Tsakiyar Zamani - zaju. A cikin zaju, aikin ya ta'allaka ne a kusa da hali ɗaya, wanda ya yi haruffa da yawa a kowane aiki. arias zuwa waƙoƙi na musamman canonized ga wani halin da ake ciki. Arias na wannan nau'in lokuta ne na gaba ɗaya, ƙaddamar da motsin rai. ƙarfin lantarki. A Japan, daga tsoffin nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo. wakilci sun yi fice musamman bugaku (karni na 8) - predv. wasan kwaikwayo tare da kiɗan gagaku (duba kiɗan Jafananci). Har ila yau, kiɗa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo noh (daga ƙarni na 14 zuwa 15), joruri (daga karni na 16), da kabuki (daga karni na 17). Babu wasan kwaikwayo da aka gina bisa tsarin bayyanawa-mai farin ciki tare da fitar da lafuzzan rubutu a wata takamaiman murya. tambari. Ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta yi sharhi game da aikin, gudanar da tattaunawa, ba da labari, tare da rawa. Gabatarwa ita ce waƙoƙin yawo (miyuki), a ƙarshen taron ana yin raye-raye na tunani (yugen). A cikin joruri - tsohuwar Jafananci. gidan wasan kwaikwayo - mawaƙa-mai ba da labari yana raka pantomime tare da rera waƙa, a cikin ruhun nar. almara ta ruwaya ga rakiya shamisen. A cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kabuki, an kuma rera rubutu, kuma ana yin wasan kwaikwayon tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa na nar. kayan aiki. Waƙar da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da wasan kwaikwayo ana kiranta da “degatari” a cikin kabuki kuma ana yin ta a kan mataki; Tasirin sauti (genza ongaku) ​​a alamance yana nuna sautuna da abubuwan al'ajabi na yanayi (bugun ganguna suna isar da sautin ruwan sama ko fantsama da ruwa, wani ƙwanƙwasa yana nuna cewa dusar ƙanƙara ce, bugun kan alluna na musamman yana nufin bayyanar wata, da sauransu), da mawaƙa - ana sanya masu wasan kwaikwayo a bayan allon sandunan bamboo. A farkon da kuma a karshen wasan kwaikwayo, babban ganga (waƙar bikin) yana sauti, lokacin da aka ɗaga labulen kuma an saukar da shi, ana kunna allon "ki", ana kunna kiɗa na musamman a lokacin "seriage" - shimfidar wuri. an daga shi a kan mataki. Kida tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kabuki. rakiyar pantomime (dammari) da rawa.

A tsakiyar zamanai. Zap. Turai, ina gidan wasan kwaikwayo. abin da aka gada na zamanin da an mayar da shi ga mantuwa, prof. wasan kwaikwayo ya ci gaba. arr. daidai da shari'ar coci. A cikin karni na 9-13. a cikin cocin Katolika, limaman coci suna wasa a gaban bagadin lat. wasan kwaikwayo na liturgical; a cikin karni na 14-15. liturgical wasan kwaikwayo ya zama wani asiri tare da magana tattaunawa, wanda aka yi a wajen haikalin a kasa. harsuna. A cikin yanayi na duniya, kiɗa ya yi sauti lokacin zuwan. bukukuwan Sallah, jerin gwano, nar. wakilci. Daga Prof. kiɗa don zamanai na zamani. Wasannin sun adana "Wasan Robin da Marion" na Adam de la Halle, wanda ƙananan lambobi (virele, ballads, rondo) ke canzawa, wok. tattaunawa, raye-raye tare da instr. rakiya.

A cikin Renaissance, Western-Turai. fasahar ta koma ga al'adun zamanin da. wasan kwaikwayo; Abin ban tausayi, wasan ban dariya, kiwo ya bunƙasa a sabuwar ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci an shirya su da kayan tarihi masu ban sha'awa. alamomin interludes. da tatsuniyoyi. abun ciki, wanda ya ƙunshi wok. lambobi a cikin salon madrigal da raye-raye (wasan Chintio "Orbecchi" tare da kiɗa na A. della Viola, 1541; "Trojanki" na Dolce tare da kiɗa na C. Merulo, 1566; "Oedipus" na Giustiniani tare da kiɗa na A. Gabrieli, 1585 ; "Aminta" ta Tasso tare da kiɗa na C. Monteverdi, 1628). A wannan lokacin, kida (masu karantawa, arias, raye-raye) sau da yawa suna yin sauti yayin zuwan. Masquerades, jerin gwano (misali, a cikin Canti Italiyanci, Trionfi). A cikin karni na 16 bisa ga polygons. salon madrigal ya taso na roba na musamman. nau'in - madrigal comedy.

Turanci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman matakai a cikin tarihin T. m. gidan wasan kwaikwayo karni na 16 Godiya ga W. Shakespeare da mutanen zamaninsa - marubutan wasan kwaikwayo F. Beaumont da J. Fletcher - a Turanci. gidan wasan kwaikwayo na zamanin Elizabethan ya haɓaka al'adun gargajiya na abin da ake kira. kiɗan na bazata – ƙananan kayan aikin toshe-kunne. lambobi, a zahiri an haɗa su cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare sun cika da kalaman marubucin da suka tsara yadda ake yin waƙoƙi, raye-raye, raye-raye, jerin gwano, faɗuwar gaisuwa, alamun yaƙi, da sauransu. Yawancin kide-kide da abubuwan da suka faru na bala'insa suna yin wasan kwaikwayo mafi mahimmanci. aiki (waƙoƙin Ophelia da Desdemona, tattakin jana'izar a Hamlet, Coriolanus, Henry VI, raye-raye a ƙwallon Capulet a Romeo da Juliet). Abubuwan da aka yi na wannan lokacin suna da alaƙa da yawan wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na kida. tasiri, gami da zaɓi na musamman na kayan aiki dangane da mataki. yanayi: a cikin sharuɗɗan gabatarwa da fasikanci, an yi ta jin daɗi lokacin da manyan mutane suka fito, lokacin da mala'iku, fatalwa, da sauran halittu masu ban mamaki suka bayyana. runduna - ƙaho, a fage na faɗa - ganguna, a wuraren makiyaya - oboe, cikin wuraren soyayya - sarewa, cikin wuraren farauta - ƙaho, cikin jerin jana'izar - trombone, waƙa. wakokin sun kasance tare da lumshe ido. A cikin "Globe" t-re, ban da kiɗan da marubucin ya bayar, akwai gabatarwa, tsaka-tsakin, sau da yawa ana furta rubutun a kan bango na kiɗa (melodrama). Kiɗan da aka kunna a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Shakespeare a lokacin rayuwar marubucin ba a kiyaye su ba; da aka sani kawai ga rubutun Ingilishi. marubutan zamanin Maidowa (rabi na biyu na karni na 2). A wannan lokacin, jarumin ya mamaye gidan wasan kwaikwayo. wasan kwaikwayo da abin rufe fuska. Ayyuka a cikin nau'in jarumtaka. wasannin kwaikwayo sun cika da kade-kade; Rubutun baki a zahiri kawai ya riƙe muses tare. abu. Maskin da ya samo asali a Ingila a cikin con. A cikin karni na 17, a lokacin gyarawa, ya koma cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a, yana riƙe da halayen ban mamaki. A cikin karni na 16 a cikin ruhun abin rufe fuska, da yawa an sake yin su. Wasannin Shakespeare ("The Tempest" tare da kiɗan J. Banister and M. Locke, "The Fairy Sarauniya" bisa "Mafarkin Dare na Tsakar Summer" da "The Tempest" tare da kiɗa ta G. Purcell). Wani fitaccen al'amari a cikin Ingilishi. T. m. wannan lokacin shine aikin G. Purcell Yawancin ayyukansa suna cikin fagen T. m., duk da haka, da yawa daga cikinsu, saboda 'yancin kai na muses. wasan kwaikwayo da mafi kyawun kiɗan kiɗa suna gabatowa wasan opera (The Prophetess, The Fairy Queen, The Tempest, da sauran ayyukan da ake kira Semi-operas). Daga baya a cikin ƙasa na Ingilishi ya kafa sabon roba. nau'in - ballad opera. Wadanda suka kirkiro shi J. Gay da J. Pepusch ya gina wasan kwaikwayo na "Opera of the Beggars" (17) akan sauya yanayin tattaunawa tare da waƙoƙi a cikin Nar. ruhu. Zuwa Turanci. wasan kwaikwayo kuma G. F.

A Spain, matakin farko na ci gaban nat. wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya yana da alaƙa da nau'ikan rappresentationes (wasan kwaikwayo masu tsarki), da kuma abubuwan ban mamaki ( idyll makiyayi) da farce - gauraye na wasan kwaikwayo da muses. samfur. tare da yin wakoki, karatun wakoki, raye-raye, al'adun da aka ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin zarzuela. Ayyukan babban mawallafin Mutanen Espanya suna da alaƙa da aiki a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan. mawaki kuma comp. X. del Encina (1468-1529). A cikin bene na 2. Ƙarni na 16-17 a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Lope de Vega da P. Calderon, an yi wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa da ballet.

A Faransa, masu karantawa, mawaƙa, instr. M. Charpentier, JB Moreau da sauransu ne suka rubuta abubuwan da suka faru game da bala'o'in gargajiya na J. Racine da P. Corneille. Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na JB Molière da JB Lully, waɗanda suka kirkiro nau'in nau'i-nau'i - wasan kwaikwayo-ballet ("Aure ba tare da son rai ba", "Princess of Elis", "Mr. de Pursonyak", "Georges Dandin", da dai sauransu). Tattaunawar taɗi suna musanya a nan tare da masu karantawa, arias, raye-raye. fita (shigarwa) a cikin al'adar Faransanci. adv. ballet (ballet de cour) bene na farko. Karni na 1

A cikin karni na 18 a Faransa, samfurin farko ya bayyana. a cikin nau'in melodrama - lyric. matakin "Pygmalion" na Rousseau, wanda aka yi a 1770 tare da kiɗa na O. Coignet; ya biyo bayan melodramas Ariadne auf Naxos (1774) da Pygmalion (1779) na Venda, Sofonisba ta Nefe (1782), Semiramide ta Mozart (1778; ba a kiyaye shi ba), Orpheus ta Fomin (1791), Kurame da bara (1802). ) da kuma The Mystery (1807) na Holcroft.

Har zuwa hawa na 2. Ƙarni na 18 na kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo. wasan kwaikwayo sau da yawa yana da haɗin kai gabaɗaya tare da abun ciki na wasan kwaikwayo kuma ana iya canjawa wuri kyauta daga wannan wasan zuwa wani. Mawaƙin Jamus kuma masanin ra’ayi I. Scheibe a cikin “Critischer Musicus” (1737-40), sannan G. Lessing a cikin “Hamburg Dramaturgy” (1767-69) ya gabatar da sababbin buƙatu don matakin. kiɗa. “Ya kamata a haɗa waƙar ta farko tare da wasan gabaɗaya, tsaka-tsaki tare da ƙarshen abin da ya gabata da farkon aiki na gaba…, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarshe tare da ƙarshen wasan… Wajibi ne a tuna da halin da ake ciki. jarumi kuma babban ra'ayin wasan kwaikwayon kuma a yi musu jagora yayin tsara kiɗa" (I. Sheibe). "Tun da ƙungiyar mawaƙa a cikin wasanninmu ta wata hanya ta maye gurbin tsohuwar ƙungiyar mawaƙa, masana masana sun daɗe suna nuna sha'awar cewa yanayin kiɗan… ya kasance mai dacewa da abubuwan da ke cikin wasan kwaikwayon, kowane wasan kwaikwayo yana buƙatar kayan kiɗa na musamman don kansa" (G) . Ragewa). T. m. Ba da daɗewa ba ya bayyana a cikin ruhun sababbin buƙatun, ciki har da abin da ke cikin litattafan Viennese - WA ​​Mozart (don wasan kwaikwayo "Tamos, Sarkin Masar" na Gebler, 1779) da J. Haydn (don wasan kwaikwayo "Alfred, ko kuma" Sarki - kishin kasa "Bicknell, 1796); Koyaya, kiɗan L. Beethoven zuwa Goethe's Egmont (1810) yana da babban tasiri akan ƙarin makomar gidan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda shine nau'in wasan kwaikwayo wanda gabaɗaya ke isar da abubuwan da ke cikin mahimman lokutan wasan kwaikwayo. Muhimmancin manyan-sikelin, cikakke a cikin nau'i na symphonies ya karu. aukuwa (overture, intermissions, final), wanda za'a iya raba shi da wasan kwaikwayon kuma a yi a ƙarshe. mataki (kaɗa don "Egmont" kuma ya haɗa da "Waƙoƙin Clerchen" na Goethe, melodramas "Mutuwar Clerchen", "Mafarkin Egmont").

T. m. Karni na 19. ci gaba a cikin shugabanci kayyade ta Beethoven, amma a cikin yanayi na aesthetics na romanticism. Daga cikin samfuran bene na 1st. Waƙar karni na 19 ta F. Schubert zuwa "Rosamund" na G. von Chezy (1823), na C. Weber zuwa "Turandot" ta Gozzi wanda F. Schiller ya fassara (1809) da "Preziosa" na Wolff (1821), na F. Mendelssohn zuwa "Ruy Blas" na Hugo, "Mafarkin Dare na Tsakiyar Tsakiya" na Shakespeare (1843), "Oedipus in Colon" da "Atalia" na Racine (1845), R. Schumann zuwa "Manfred" Byron (1848-51) . An ba da matsayi na musamman ga kiɗa a cikin Goethe's Faust. Marubucin ya rubuta adadi mai yawa na woks. da instr. dakuna - mawaƙa, waƙoƙi, raye-raye, raye-raye, kiɗa don wurin da ke cikin babban coci da Walpurgis Night, soja. kiɗa don wurin yaƙi. Mafi yawan ma'ana. music ayyuka, da ra'ayin wanda aka hade da Goethe's Faust, na G. Berlioz ("Takwas scenes daga? Faust ", 1829, daga baya tuba a cikin oratorio "The La'anar Faust"). Misalai masu haske na nau'in-gida nat. T. m. Karni na 19. - "Peer Gynt" na Grieg (zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na G. Ibsen, 1874-75) da "Arlesian" ta Bizet (zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na A. Daudet, 1872).

A farkon karni na 19-20th. a cikin kusanci zuwa T. m. An bayyana sabbin halaye. Fitattun daraktoci na wannan lokacin (KS Stanislavsky, VE Meyerhold, G. Craig, O. Falkenberg, da sauransu) sun yi watsi da kiɗan conc. nau'in, buƙatar launuka na sauti na musamman, kayan aikin da ba a saba da su ba, haɗakar da kwayoyin halitta na muses. shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na darekta na wannan lokacin ya kawo sabon nau'in wasan kwaikwayo. mawaki, la'akari ba kawai takamaiman wasan kwaikwayo ba, har ma da fasalin wannan samarwa. A cikin karni na 20, dabi'un 2 suna hulɗa, suna kawo kiɗa kusa da wasan kwaikwayo; na farkon su yana da alaƙa da ƙarfafa rawar kiɗa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. wasan kwaikwayon (gwaji na K. Orff, B. Brecht, mawallafa masu yawa na kiɗa), na biyu yana da alaƙa da wasan kwaikwayo na muses. nau'ikan nau'ikan (cantatas na Orff, Bikin aure ta Stravinsky, oratorios na wasan kwaikwayo na A. Honegger, da sauransu). Neman sababbin nau'o'in hada kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo sau da yawa yana haifar da ƙirƙirar ƙira na musamman. nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo da na kade-kade ("Labarin Soja" na Stravinsky "tatsuniya ce da za a karanta, wasa da rawa", "Oedipus Rex" opera-oratorio ne tare da mai karatu, "Yarinya mai hankali" ta Orff opera tare da manyan wuraren tattaunawa), da kuma farfaɗo da tsoffin nau'ikan roba. gidan wasan kwaikwayo: tsoho. bala'i ("Antigone" da "Oedipus" na Orff tare da ƙoƙari na mayar da hanyar kimiyya ta hanyar furta rubutun a tsohuwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Girka), wasan kwaikwayo na madrigal ("Tale" na Stravinsky, wani bangare "Catulli Carmina" na Orff), tsakiya- karni. asiri ("Tashin Kiristi" na Orff, "Joan na Arc a gungumen azaba" na Honegger), liturgical. wasan kwaikwayo (misali "The Cave Action", "The Prodigal Son", wani bangare "Kogin Carlew" na Britten). Salon melodrama ya ci gaba da haɓakawa, yana haɗa ballet, pantomime, choral da solo singing, melodeclamation (Emmanuel's Salamena, Roussel's The Birth of the World, Onegger's Amphion da Semiramide, Stravinsky's Persephone).

Yawancin fitattun mawaƙa na ƙarni na 20 suna aiki tuƙuru a cikin nau'in T.m.: a Faransa, waɗannan ayyukan haɗin gwiwa ne. mambobi ne na "Shida" (zanen "Sabbin Ma'aurata na Hasumiyar Eiffel", 1921, bisa ga marubucin rubutun J. Cocteau - "haɗin daɗaɗɗen bala'i da tarihin kide kide na zamani, mawaƙa da lambobin ɗakin kiɗa"). sauran wasanni na gama kai (misali, "Sarauniya Margot" Bourdet tare da kiɗan J. Ibert, D. Millau, D. Lazarus, J. Auric, A. Roussel) da wasan kwaikwayo. samfur. Honegger (waƙar don "Dance of Death" na C. Laronde, wasan kwaikwayo na Littafi Mai Tsarki "Judith" da "Sarki Dauda", "Antigone" na Sophocles, da dai sauransu); gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Jamus. Waƙar Orff (ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama, wasan kwaikwayo na satirical The Sly Ones, rubutun yana da rhythmic, tare da tarin kayan kida; wasan kwaikwayo na roba A Midsummer Night's Dream by Shakespeare), da kuma kiɗa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. da B. Brecht. Musanya. zane na wasan kwaikwayo na Brecht yana daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samar da tasirin "raguwa", wanda aka tsara don halakar da tunanin gaskiyar abin da ke faruwa a kan mataki. Bisa ga shirin Brecht, kida ya kamata ya ƙunshi banal na ban mamaki, lambobin waƙoƙin haske - zongs, ballads, choirs, waɗanda ke da halin da aka saka, rubutun kalmomi wanda ke bayyana tunanin marubucin a cikin tsari mai mahimmanci. Fitattun masu haɗin gwiwar Jamus sun haɗa kai da Brecht. mawaƙa - P. Hindemith (Wasan kwaikwayo na koyarwa), C. Weil (The Threepenny Opera, Mahagonny Opera sketch), X. Eisler (Uwar, Roundheads da Sharpheads, Galileo Galilei, Dreams Simone Machar" da sauransu), P. Dessau (" Uwar Ƙarfafawa da 'ya'yanta", "The Good Man from Sezuan", da dai sauransu).

Daga cikin sauran marubutan T. m. 19 – 1st bene. karni na 20 - J. Sibelius ("Sarkin Kiristoci" na Paul, "Pelléas da Mélisande" na Maeterlinck, "The Tempest" na Shakespeare), K. Debussy (asiri G. D'Annunzio "Shahadar St. Sebastian") da R. Strauss (Kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo ta Molière "Mai ciniki a cikin daraja" a cikin daidaitawar matakin kyauta ta G. von Hofmannsthal). A cikin 50s - 70s. Karni na 20 O. Messiaen ya juya zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo (kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo "Oedipus" don raƙuman ruwa na Martenot, 1942), E. Carter (kiɗa don bala'i na Sophocles "Philoctetes", "The Merchant of Venice" na Shakespeare), V. Lutoslavsky ("Macbeth" da "The Merry Wives of Windsor" Shakespeare, "Sid" Corneille - S. Wyspiansky, "Bloody Wedding" da "The Wonderful Shoemaker" F. Garcia Lorca, da dai sauransu), marubuta na lantarki da kankare. kiɗa, ciki har da A. Coge ("Winter da murya ba tare da mutum ba" J. Tardieu), A. Thirier ("Scheherazade"), F. Arthuis ("Amo a kusa da hali da yaƙar J. Vautier"), da dai sauransu.

Rasha T. m. yana da dogon tarihi. A zamanin d ¯ a, wuraren tattaunawa da buffons ke kunna suna tare da “waƙoƙin aljanu”, ana buga garaya, domra, da ƙaho. In Nar. wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya girma daga wasan kwaikwayo na buffoon ("Ataman", "Mavrukh", "Comedy game da Tsar Maximilian", da dai sauransu), sauti na Rashanci. waka da instr. kiɗa. Salon kiɗan Orthodox ya haɓaka a cikin cocin. ayyukan liturgical - "Wanke ƙafafu", "Ayyukan tanda", da dai sauransu (ƙarni na 15). A cikin 17-18 ƙarni. arziƙin ƙirar kiɗan ya bambanta abin da ake kira. wasan kwaikwayo na makaranta (masu wasan kwaikwayo - S. Polotsky, F. Prokopovich, D. Rostovsky) tare da arias, mawaƙa a cikin coci. salon, bututun duniya, makoki, instr. lambobi. Comedy Choromina (wanda aka kafa a 1672) yana da babban ƙungiyar makaɗa tare da violins, violas, sarewa, clarinets, ƙaho, da gabo. Tun daga zamanin Bitrus Mai Girma, bikin ya yadu. wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo (prologues, cantatas) bisa ga sabawar wasan kwaikwayo. al'amuran, tattaunawa, monologues tare da aria, mawaƙa, ballets. Manyan Rashawa (OA Kozlovsky, VA Pashkevich) da mawaƙa na Italiya sun shiga cikin ƙirar su. Har zuwa karni na 19 a Rasha ba a raba zuwa wasan opera da wasan kwaikwayo. ƙungiyoyi; wani bangare saboda wannan dalili lokacin zai ci gaba. lokaci, gauraye nau'o'i sun yi rinjaye a nan (opera-ballet, vaudeville, wasan kwaikwayo tare da mawaƙa, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo "kan kiɗa", melodrama, da dai sauransu). Yana nufin rawar a cikin tarihin Rasha. T. m. buga bala'o'i da wasan kwaikwayo "a kan kiɗa", wanda ya shirya Rasha sosai. wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya a cikin karni na 19 A cikin kiɗan OA Kozlovsky, EI Fomin, SI Davydov zuwa bala'i a zamanin da. da tatsuniyoyi. labaru da Rashanci. wasan kwaikwayo na kishin ƙasa na VA Ozerov, Ya. operas na babban wasan kwaikwayo na jarumtaka na karni na 19. matsaloli, samuwar manyan mawaka ya faru. da instr. siffofin (mawaƙa, overtures, intermissions, ballets); A wasu wasan kwaikwayo an yi amfani da nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo kamar recitative, aria, song. Siffofin Rasha. nat. salo suna da haske musamman a cikin mawaƙa (misali, a cikin Natalya 'yar Boyar ta SN Glinka tare da kiɗan AN Titov); alama. shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da hadisai na gargajiya na Viennese. makaranta da farkon romanticism.

A cikin bene na 1. Karni na 19 AN Verstovsky, wanda ya tsara kusan. 15 AMD samfur. (misali, kiɗa don Gypsies na Pushkin wanda VA Karatygin ya shirya, 1832, don Beaumarchais's The Marriage of Figaro, 1829) kuma ya ƙirƙiri ɗimbin matakan cantatas a cikin al'adun ƙarni na 18. (alal misali, "Mawaƙi a cikin sansanin Warriors na Rasha" zuwa waƙoƙin VA Zhukovsky, 1827), AA Alyabyev (kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na sihiri na AA Shakhovsky dangane da Shakespeare's The Tempest, 1827; "Rusalka" na Pushkin, 1838 ; da melodrama " Fursunonin Caucasus " bisa ga rubutun waƙar Pushkin na wannan sunan, 1828), AE Varlamov (misali, kiɗa na Shakespeare's Hamlet, 1837). Amma galibi a bene na 1. An zaɓi kiɗan ƙarni na 19 daga samfuran da aka riga aka sani. mawallafa daban-daban kuma an yi amfani da su a cikin wasan kwaikwayo zuwa iyakacin iyaka. Sabon lokaci a cikin Rashanci. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin karni na 19 ya buɗe MI Glinka tare da kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na NV Kukolnik "Prince Kholmsky", wanda aka rubuta jim kadan bayan "Ivan Susanin" (1840). A cikin juzu'i da tsaka-tsaki, abun ciki na alama na manyan lokutan wasan kwaikwayo, suna haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo. Ka'idodin bayan Beethoven tm Hakanan akwai ƙananan ayyuka guda 3 na Glinka don wasan kwaikwayo. gidan wasan kwaikwayo - Aria na bawa tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa don wasan kwaikwayo "Moldavian Gypsy" na Bakhturin (1836), orc. Gabatarwa da mawaƙa don "Tarantella" na Myatlev (1841), ma'auratan Ingilishi don wasan "Sayi Shot" na Voikov (1854).

Rasha T. m. hawa na 2. Karni na 19 zuwa babban abin da ke da alaƙa da wasan kwaikwayo na AN Ostrovsky. Connoisseur kuma mai tarawa na Rasha. nar. waƙoƙi, Ostrovsky sau da yawa yana amfani da fasaha na halayyar ta hanyar waƙa. Wasansa sun yi kama da tsohon Rashanci. waƙoƙi, almara, misalai, ƙanana-bourgeois soyayya, masana'anta da wakokin kurkuku, da sauransu. – Kiɗa na PI Tchaikovsky na The Snow Maiden (19), wanda aka ƙirƙira don wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi Theatre, wanda za a haɗa opera, ballet da wasan kwaikwayo. ƙungiyoyi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan kiɗan. shirye-shirye da wadatar nau'ikan su, suna kawo wasan kwaikwayon kusa da opera (gabatarwa, tazara, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a cikin gandun daji, mawaƙa, melodramas, waƙoƙi). Makircin "tatsuniya na bazara" ya buƙaci shigar da kayan waƙar jama'a (launi, rawa mai zagaye, waƙoƙin rawa).

MA Balakirev ya ci gaba da al'adun MI Glinka a cikin kiɗa don Shakespeare's King Lear (1859-1861, overture, intermissions, processions, songs, melodramas), Tchaikovsky - na Shakespeare's Hamlet (1891) da sauransu. (Kidan na "Hamlet" ya ƙunshi tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin al'adar wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki da lambobi 16 - melodramas, waƙoƙin Ophelia, mai kaburbura, tattakin jana'izar, fanfare).

Daga ayyukan sauran Rasha. mawaƙa na karni na 19 ballad na AS Dargomyzhsky daga kiɗa zuwa "Catherine Howard" na Dumas père (1848) da waƙoƙinsa guda biyu daga kiɗa zuwa "The Schism in England" na Calderon (1866), ed. lambobi daga kiɗan AN Serov zuwa "Mutuwar Ivan the Terrible" da AK Tolstoy (1867) da "Nero" na Gendre (1869), ƙungiyar mawaƙa na mutane (scece a cikin Haikali) ta MP Mussorgsky daga bala'i na Sophocles "Oedipus Rex" (1858-61), kiɗa na EF Napravnik don wasan kwaikwayo. Waka ta AK Tolstoy "Tsar Boris" (1898), waƙar Vas. S. Kalinnikov zuwa wannan samarwa. Tolstoy (1898).

A farkon karni na 19-20th. in T.m. an yi gagarumin gyara. KS Stanislavsky ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko da ya ba da shawara, da sunan amincin wasan kwaikwayon, cewa za mu iyakance kanmu kawai ga muses da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ya nuna. lambobi, sun motsa ƙungiyar makaɗa a bayan mataki, sun bukaci mawaƙin "ya saba da" ra'ayin darektan. Waƙar don wasan kwaikwayo na farko na wannan nau'in na AS Arensky ne (intermissions, melodramas, choirs to Shakespeare's The Tempest at the Maly T-re, wanda AP Lensky ya shirya, 1905), AK Glazunov (Masquerade Lermontov) a post ta VE Meyerhold. 1917, ban da rawa, pantomimes, Nina's romance, Glazunov's symphonic episodes, Glinka's Waltz-Fantasy da kuma soyayya The Venetian Night da ake amfani. A farkon. Karni na 20 Mutuwar Ivan the Terrible by Tolstoy da The Snow Maiden ta Ostrovsky tare da kiɗa na AT Grechaninov, Shakespeare's Night Twelfth Night tare da kiɗa ta AN Koreshchenko, Macbeth ta Shakespeare da Tale of the Fisherman da Kifi tare da kiɗa na NN Cherepnin. Haɗin kai na shawarar darakta da kiɗa. wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow Art Theater tare da kiɗa ta IA Sats (Kiɗa don "Drama of Life" na Hamsun da "Anatem" na Andreev, Maeterlinck's "The Blue Bird", Shakespeare's "Hamlet" a post. Turanci ya jagoranci G. Craig, da dai sauransu) ya bambanta a zane.

Idan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow Art Theater ya iyakance rawar kiɗa don kare mutuncin wasan kwaikwayon, to, masu gudanarwa irin su A. Ya. Tairov, KA Mardzhanishvili, PP Komissarzhevsky, VE Meyerhold, EB Vakhtangov kare ra'ayin roba gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Meyerhold yayi la'akari da makin daraktan wasan kwaikwayon azaman abun da aka gina bisa ga dokokin kiɗa. Ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a haifi kiɗa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma a lokaci guda ya tsara shi, yana neman contrapuntal. Fusion na kiɗa da shirye-shiryen mataki (wanda ya haɗa da DD Shostakovich, V. Ya. Shebalin da sauransu a cikin aikin). A cikin samar da Mutuwar Tentagil ta Maeterlinck a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Studio a kan Povarskaya (1905, wanda IA ​​Sats ya tsara), Meyerhold yayi ƙoƙari ya kafa dukan aikin akan kiɗa; "Kaito ga hankali" (1928) dangane da wasan kwaikwayon "Bone daga Wit" na Griboedov, ya shirya tare da kiɗa na JS Bach, WA Mozart, L. Beethoven, J. Field, F. Schubert; a post. Wasan AM Fayko na “Teacher Bubus” (kimanin 40 fp. na wasan kwaikwayo na F. Chopin da F. Liszt) suna ci gaba da yin sauti, kamar a silima shiru.

Mahimmancin ƙirar kiɗa na yawan wasan kwaikwayo 20 - farkon. Shekaru 30 da ke da alaƙa da yanayin gwaji na yanke shawarar jagorancin su. Don haka, alal misali, a cikin 1921, Tairov ya gabatar da "Romeo da Juliet" na Shakespeare a cikin Kamerny T-re a cikin nau'i na "ƙauna-mai ban tausayi zane" tare da babban buffoonery, accentuated theatricality, korar da m. kwarewa; bisa ga wannan, a cikin kiɗa na AN Aleksandrov don wasan kwaikwayon kusan babu lyric. layi, yanayin wasan ban dariya na masks ya mamaye. Dr. misalin irin wannan shine kiɗan Shostakovich na Shakespeare's Hamlet a cikin T-re im. Evg. Vakhtangov a cikin post. NP Akimova (1932): darektan ya canza wasan kwaikwayon "tare da suna don duhu da kuma sufi" zuwa cikin farin ciki, farin ciki, kyakkyawan fata. wasan kwaikwayon, wanda parody da grotesque rinjaye, babu wani fatalwa (Akimov cire wannan hali), kuma a maimakon mahaukaci Ophelia akwai wani maye Ophelia. Shostakovich ya ƙirƙiri maki fiye da lambobi 60 - daga gajerun gutsuttsura da aka haɗa cikin rubutu zuwa manyan kade-kade. aukuwa. Yawancin su wasan kwaikwayo ne na parody (cancan, gallop na Ophelia da Polonius, Argentine tango, philistine waltz), amma akwai kuma wasu masu ban tsoro. aukuwa ("Musical Pantomime", "Requiem", "Jana'izar Maris"). A 1929-31 Shostakovich rubuta music ga yawan wasanni na Leningrad. t-ra na matasa masu aiki - "Shot" Bezymensky, "Rule, Britannia!" Piotrovsky, iri-iri da wasan kwaikwayo na circus "An kashe shi na ɗan lokaci" ta Voevodin da Ryss a Leningrad. zauren kiɗa, bisa shawarar Meyerhold, zuwa ga Bedbug na Mayakovsky, daga baya zuwa The Human Comedy na Balzac don T-ra im. Evg. Vakhtangov (1934), don wasan kwaikwayon Salute, Spain! Afinogenov ga Leningrad. t-ra im. Pushkin (1936). A cikin kiɗa don "King Lear" na Shakespeare (wanda GM Kozintsev ya buga, Leningrad. Bolshoy drama. tr., 1941), Shostakovich ya tashi daga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullum nau'i-nau'i a cikin ayyukansa na farko, kuma ya bayyana a cikin kiɗa ma'anar falsafar bala'i a cikin ruhun matsala alamarsa. kerawa na waɗannan shekarun, yana haifar da layi na wasan kwaikwayo na giciye. ci gaba a cikin kowane nau'i na uku. sassa na alama na bala'i (Lear - Jester - Cordelia). Sabanin al'adar, Shostakovich ya ƙare wasan kwaikwayon ba tare da jana'izar tafiya ba, amma tare da jigon Cordelia.

A cikin 30s. gidan wasan kwaikwayo hudu. da scores aka halitta SS Prokofiev - "Masar Nights" domin wasan kwaikwayo na Tairov a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo Chamber (1935), "Hamlet" ga Theater-Studio na SE Radlov a Leningrad (1938), "Eugene Onegin" da "Boris Godunov". » Pushkin don ɗakin ɗakin (ba a yi abubuwa biyu na ƙarshe ba). Kiɗa don "Dare na Masar" (wani abun da ke ciki na mataki dangane da bala'o'i "Kaisar da Cleopatra" na B. Shaw, "Antony da Cleopatra" na Shakespeare da waƙar "Dare na Masar" na Pushkin) ya haɗa da gabatarwa, tsaka-tsakin, pantomimes, karatun. tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa, raye-raye da waƙoƙi tare da mawaƙa. Lokacin zayyana wannan aikin, mawaƙin yayi amfani da dec. hanyoyin symphonic. da operatic dramaturgy - tsarin leitmotifs, ka'idar keɓancewa da adawa da decomp. Innation spheres (Rome - Misira, Anthony - Cleopatra). Shekaru da yawa ya yi aiki tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo Yu. A. Shaporin. A cikin 20-30s. An shirya babban adadin wasan kwaikwayo tare da kiɗansa a Leningrad. t-rah (Babban Drama, Ilimi t-re na wasan kwaikwayo); Mafi ban sha'awa daga cikinsu shine "Aure na Figaro" na Beaumarchais (darektan kuma mai zane AN Benois, 1926), "Flea" na Zamyatin (bayan NS Leskov; dir. HP Monakhov, artist BM Kustodiev, 1926), "Sir John Falstaff ” bisa “Matan Windsor Merry” na Shakespeare (dir. NP Akimov, 1927), da kuma wasu wasannin kwaikwayo da Shakespeare suka yi, na Moliere, AS Pushkin, G. Ibsen, B. Shaw, owls. Mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo KA Trenev, VN Bill-Belo-Tserkovsky. A cikin 40s. Shaporin ya rubuta kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow. Ƙananan ciniki "Ivan the Terrible" na AK Tolstoy (1944) da "Dare sha biyu" na Shakespeare (1945). Daga cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. aiki na 30s. babbar al'umma. Kiɗa na TN Khrennikov don shakespeare's comedy Much Ado About Nothing (1936) yana da ƙarfi.

A cikin filin T. m. akwai samfurori da yawa. wanda AI Khachaturian ya halitta; suna raya al'adun conc. alama. T. m. (kimanin wasan kwaikwayo 20; daga cikinsu - kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na G. Sundukyan da A. Paronyan, Shakespeare's Macbeth da King Lear, Lermontov's Masquerade).

A cikin wasan kwaikwayo dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na owls. marubutan wasan kwaikwayo kan jigogi daga zamani. rayuwa, da kuma a cikin productions na classic. wasan kwaikwayo sun kafa nau'in kiɗa na musamman. zane, dangane da amfani da owls. taro, estr. lyric da comic songs, ditties ("The Cook" na Sofronov tare da kiɗa na VA Mokrousov, "The Long Road" na Arbuzov tare da kiɗa ta VP Solovyov-Sedogo, "The Naked King" na Schwartz da "Dare na Sha biyu" by Shakespeare tare da kiɗa. ta ES Kolmanovsky da sauransu); a wasu wasannin kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin Mosk. t-ra wasan kwaikwayo da wasan ban dariya a Taganka (wanda Yu. P. Lyubimov ya jagoranci), sun haɗa da waƙoƙin juyin juya hali. da shekarun soja, waƙoƙin matasa ("kwanaki 10 da suka girgiza duniya", "The Fallen and the Living", da dai sauransu). A cikin sauye-sauye na zamani da yawa suna nuna sha'awar yin kida, alal misali. a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Leningrad. t-ra im. Leningrad City Council (darektan IP Vladimirov) "The Taming na Shrew" tare da music by GI Gladkov, inda haruffa yi estr. waƙoƙi (mai kama da aikin waƙa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na B. Brecht), ko Zaɓaɓɓen Ɗayan Ƙaddara wanda S. Yu ya jagoranta. Yursky (wanda S. Rosenzweig ya hada). A kan rawar aiki na kiɗa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo suna gabatowa irin nau'in roba. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Meyerhold ("Pugachev" tare da kiɗa na YM Butsko kuma musamman "The Master and Margarita" na MA Bulgakov tare da kiɗa na EV Denisov a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow na Drama da Comedy on Taganka, darektan Yu. P. Lyubimov). Daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci. yana aiki - kiɗa ta GV Sviridov don wasan kwaikwayo na AK Tolstoy "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" (1973, Moscow. Maly Tr).

B. 70s. 20 c. a yankin T. m. много работали Yu. M. Butsko, VA Gavrilin, GI Gladkov, SA Gubaidulina, EV Denisov, KA Karaev, AP Petrov, NI Peiko, NN Sidelnikov, SM Slonimsky, ML Tariverdiev, AG Schnittke, RK Shchedrin, A. Ya. Eshpai et al.

References: Tairov A., Zaptsky ya jagoranci, M., 1921; Dasmanov V., Wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa da sauti, M., 1929; Satz NI, Kiɗa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yara, a cikin littafinta: Hanyarmu. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yara na Moscow…, Moscow, 1932; Lacis A., Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na juyin juya hali na Jamus, Moscow, 1935; Ignatov S., gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mutanen Espanya na ƙarni na XVI-XVII, M.-L., 1939; Begak E., Ƙaƙwalwar kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo, M., 1952; Glumov A., Kiɗa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha, Moscow, 1955; Druskin M., Kiɗa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a cikin tarin: Maƙasudai akan tarihin kiɗan Rasha, L., 1956; Bersenev I., Kiɗa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki, a cikin littafinsa: Abubuwan da aka tattara, M., 1961; Brecht B., Gidan wasan kwaikwayo, vol. 5, M., 1965; B. Izrailevsky, Music a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow Art Theater, (Moscow, 1965); Rappoport, L., Arthur Onegger, L., 1967; Meyerhold W., Labari. Harafi.., ch. 2, M., 1968; Sats I., Daga littattafan rubutu, M., 1968; Weisbord M., FG Lorca - mawaki, M., 1970; Milyutin P., Kundin kiɗa na wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki, L., 1975; Kiɗa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki, Sat. St., L., 1976; Konen W., Purcell da Opera, M., 1978; Tarshis N., Kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo, L., 1978; Barclay Squire W., Kiɗan ban mamaki na Purcell, 'SIMG', Jahrg. 5, 1903-04; Pedrell F., La musique indigine dans le thûvtre espagnol du XVII siîcle, tam je; Waldthausen E. von, Die Funktion der Musik im klassischen deutschen Schauspiel, Hdlb., 1921 (Diss.); Kre11 M., Das deutsche Theatre der Gegenwart, Münch. - Lpz., 1923; Wdtz R., Schauspielmusik zu Goethes «Faust», Lpz., 1924 (Diss.); Aber A., ​​Die Musik im Schauspiel, Lpz., 1926; Riemer O., Musik da Schauspiel, Z., 1946; Gassner J., Samar da wasan kwaikwayo, NY, 1953; Manifold JS, Kiɗa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Turanci daga Shakespeare zuwa Purcell, L., 1956; Settle R., Kiɗa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, L., 1957; Sternfeld FW, Musio a cikin bala'in Shakespearean, L., 1963; Cowling JH, Kiɗa akan matakin Shakespearean, NY, 1964.

TB Baranova