Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin |

Ivan Khandoshkin

Rasha na karni na XNUMX kasa ce mai ban sha'awa. Kayan alatu na Asiya sun kasance tare da talauci, ilimi - tare da matsanancin jahilci, ingantaccen ɗan adam na farkon masu haskakawa na Rasha - tare da zalunci da lalata. A lokaci guda kuma, al'adun Rasha na asali ya ci gaba da sauri. A farkon karni, Peter I yana ci gaba da yanke gemu na boyars, yana cin nasara da tsayin daka; a tsakiyar karni, mashawartan Rasha sun yi magana da Faransanci masu kyau, wasan operas da ballets an yi su a kotu; kungiyar makada ta kotun, wadda ta hada da fitattun mawaka, an dauke su daya daga cikin mafi kyau a Turai. Shahararrun mawaƙa da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo sun zo Rasha, waɗanda aka jawo hankalinsu ta wurin kyaututtuka masu karimci. Kuma a cikin kasa da karni, tsohuwar Rasha ta fita daga cikin duhun feudalism zuwa kololuwar ilimin Turai. Tsarin wannan al'ada har yanzu yana da bakin ciki sosai, amma ya riga ya rufe dukkan bangarori na zamantakewa, siyasa, adabi da kuma rayuwar kiɗa.

Na uku na ƙarshe na ƙarni na XNUMX yana da alaƙa da bayyanar fitattun masana kimiyyar gida, marubuta, mawaƙa, da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. Daga cikinsu akwai Lomonosov, Derzhavin, sanannen mai tattara waƙoƙin jama'a NA Lvov, mawaƙa Fomin da Bortnyansky. A cikin wannan m galaxy, wani shahararren wuri nasa ne na violinist Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin.

A Rasha, a mafi yawancin, sun bi da basirarsu da rashin kunya da rashin amincewa. Kuma duk yadda Khandoshkin ya shahara da ƙaunarsa a lokacin rayuwarsa, babu wani daga cikin mutanen zamaninsa da ya zama marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa. Tunaninsa ya kusa shuɗewa jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarsa. Na farko wanda ya fara tattara bayanai game da wannan m violin singer ne m Rasha bincike VF Odoevsky. Kuma daga bincikensa, zanen gado ne kawai suka rage, duk da haka sun zama abu mai mahimmanci ga masu tarihin rayuwa na gaba. Odoevsky har yanzu sami na zamani na babban violinist da rai, musamman matarsa ​​Elizaveta. Sanin kwazonsa a matsayinsa na masanin kimiyya, kayan da ya tattara za a iya amincewa da su ba tare da wani sharadi ba.

Haƙuri, kaɗan kaɗan, masu binciken Soviet G. Fesechko, I. Yampolsky, da B. Volman sun maido da tarihin rayuwar Khandoshkin. Akwai bayanai da yawa da suka ruɗe da ruɗe game da ɗan wasan violin. Ba a san ainihin ranakun rayuwa da mutuwa ba; an yi imani da cewa Khandoshkin ya zo daga serfs; A cewar wasu majiyoyin, ya yi karatu tare da Tartini, a cewar wasu, bai taba barin Rasha ba kuma bai taba zama dalibi na Tartini ba, da dai sauransu. Kuma har yanzu, an yi nisa da komai.

Tare da wahala mai girma, G. Fesechko ya gudanar da kafa kwanakin rayuwa da mutuwar Khandoshkin daga littattafan coci na binnen kabari na Volkov hurumi a St. Petersburg. An yi imani da cewa an haifi Khandoshkin a shekara ta 1765. Fesechko ya gano wannan shigarwar: "1804, a ranar 19 ga Maris, kotu ta yi ritaya Mumshenok (watau Mundshenk. - LR) Ivan Evstafiev Khandoshkin ya mutu yana da shekaru 57 da haihuwa saboda inna." Rikodin ya shaida cewa Khandoshkin aka haife shi ba a 1765, amma a 1747 da kuma aka binne a Volkovo hurumi.

Daga bayanin Odoevsky, mun koyi cewa mahaifin Khandoshkin ya kasance tela, kuma banda, dan wasan timpani a cikin makada na Peter III. Yawancin ayyuka da aka buga sun ba da rahoton cewa Evstafiy Khandoshkin shine Serf na Potemkin, amma babu wata shaida da ta tabbatar da hakan.

An san cewa malamin violin na Khandoshkin shine mawaƙin kotu, fitaccen ɗan wasan violin Tito Porto. Mai yiwuwa Porto shine malaminsa na farko kuma na ƙarshe; sigar game da tafiya zuwa Italiya zuwa Tartini yana da matukar shakku. Daga bisani, Khandoshkin ya yi takara da wasu mashahuran Turai da suka zo St. Petersburg - tare da Lolly, Schzipem, Sirman-Lombardini, F. Tietz, Viotti, da sauransu. Zai iya zama cewa lokacin da Sirman-Lombardini ya sadu da Khandoshkin, ba a lura da shi a ko'ina cewa su 'yan uwan ​​Tartini ne? Babu shakka, irin wannan ƙwararren ɗalibi, wanda, haka kuma, ya fito daga irin wannan ƙasa mai ban mamaki a idanun Italiyanci kamar Rasha, Tartini ba zai lura da shi ba. Hanyoyin tasirin Tartini a cikin abubuwan da ya yi ba su ce komai ba, tun da sonatas na wannan mawaki ya kasance sananne a Rasha.

A matsayinsa na jama'a, Khandoshkin ya sami nasarori masu yawa don lokacinsa. A cikin 1762, wato, yana da shekaru 15, an shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa ta kotu, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1785, ya kai matsayin mawaƙin farko na mawaƙa da mawaƙa. A 1765, ya aka jera a matsayin malami a cikin ilimi azuzuwan na Academy of Arts. A cikin azuzuwan, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1764, tare da zanen, an koya wa ɗalibai darussa daga kowane fanni na fasaha. Sun kuma koyi yin kida. Tun da aka bude azuzuwan a 1764, Khandoshkin za a iya la'akari da Academy ta farko malamin violin. Wani matashi malami (yana 17 a lokacin) yana da ɗalibai 12, amma waɗanda ba a san su ba.

A cikin 1779, ɗan kasuwa mai wayo kuma tsohon mai kiwon Karl Knipper ya sami izini don buɗe abin da ake kira "Theatre Free" a St. A cewar kwangilar, sun yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 50 ba tare da albashi ba, kuma a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa za su karbi 3-300 rubles a shekara, amma "a kan nasu alawus." Wani bincike da aka gudanar bayan shekaru 400 ya nuna wani mummunan hoto na yanayin rayuwar matasa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. A sakamakon haka, an kafa kwamitin amintattu akan gidan wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya dakatar da kwangilar da Knipper. A talented Rasha actor I. Dmitrevsky ya zama shugaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya jagoranci watanni 3 - daga Janairu zuwa Yuli 7 - bayan haka gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya zama mallakin gwamnati. Da yake barin mukamin darekta, Dmitrevsky ya rubuta wa kwamitin amintattu: “… a cikin tunanin ɗaliban da aka ba ni, bari in ce ba tare da yabo ba cewa na yi ƙoƙari sosai game da iliminsu da halayensu na ɗabi'a, wanda na yi magana da kansu da kansu. . Malamansu sune Mista Khandoshkin, Rosetti, Manstein, Serkov, Anjolinni, da ni kaina. Ina bar wa Majalisar da ake girmamawa da jama’a su yi hukunci a kan ‘ya’yan da suka fi wayewa: shin a tare da ni a wata bakwai ne ko kuma da wanda ya gabace ni a cikin shekaru uku. Yana da mahimmanci cewa sunan Khandoshkin yana gaba da sauran, kuma da wuya a yi la'akari da shi na haɗari.

Akwai wani shafi na tarihin Khandoshkin wanda ya zo mana - nadinsa zuwa Yekaterinoslav Academy, wanda Prince Potemkin ya shirya a 1785. A cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa ga Catherine II, ya yi tambaya: “Kamar yadda a Jami’ar Yekaterinoslav, inda ba ilimin kimiyya kaɗai ba, amma kuma ana koyar da fasaha, ya kamata a sami ƙungiyar Conservatory na kiɗa, sannan na karɓi ƙarfin hali don mafi tawali’u don neman korar kotu. mawaki Khandoshkin a can tare da lambar yabo na aikin fansho na dogon lokaci da kuma bayar da lambar yabo ta bakin mai magana. An ba da buƙatar Potemkin kuma an aika Khandoshkin zuwa Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Yekaterinoslav.

A kan hanyar zuwa Yekaterinoslav, ya zauna na wani lokaci a Moscow, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da sanarwar a Moskovskie Vedomosti game da buga ayyukan Poland guda biyu na Khandoshkin, "yana zaune a kashi na 12 na farkon kwata a No. Nekrasov.

A cewar Fesechko, Khandoshkin ya bar Moscow a kusa da Maris 1787 da kuma shirya a Kremenchug wani abu kamar Conservatory, inda akwai wani namiji mawaka na 46 mawaka da kuma kungiyar kade na 27 mutane.

Game da makarantar kiɗa, wanda aka shirya a Jami'ar Yekaterinoslav, Sarti an amince da shi a ƙarshe maimakon Khandoshkin a matsayin darekta.

Halin kudi na ma'aikata na Academy of Music ya kasance mai wuyar gaske, shekaru da yawa ba a biya su albashi ba, kuma bayan mutuwar Potemkin a 1791, an daina kashe kuɗi gaba ɗaya, an rufe makarantar. Amma ko da a baya, Khandoshkin ya tafi St. Petersburg, inda ya isa a 1789. Har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa, ya daina barin babban birnin kasar Rasha.

Rayuwar fitaccen dan wasan violin ta wuce cikin yanayi mai wahala, duk da sanin kwarewarsa da manyan mukamai. A cikin karni na 10, an ba wa baƙi goyon baya, kuma an wulakanta mawaƙa na gida. A cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sarki, 'yan kasashen waje sun sami damar samun fensho bayan shekaru 20 na hidima, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha da mawaƙa - bayan 1803; Kasashen waje sun sami albashi mai ban mamaki (alal misali, Pierre Rode, wanda ya isa St. Petersburg a 5000, an gayyace shi don yin hidima a kotun daular tare da albashi na 450 na azurfa rubles a shekara). Rikicin da 'yan kasar Rasha suka samu wadanda suka rike mukamai iri daya sun kasance daga 600 zuwa 4000 rubles a shekara a cikin takardun banki. Wani zamani da abokin hamayyar Khandoshkin, dan wasan violin na Italiya Lolly, ya karɓi 1100 rubles a shekara, yayin da Khandoshkin ya karɓi XNUMX. Kuma wannan shi ne mafi girman albashin da mawaƙin Rasha ya cancanci. Yawancin mawaƙa na Rasha ba a yarda su shiga cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa na kotu ta "farko", amma an ba su damar yin wasa a cikin na biyu - "ɗakin wasan ball", suna hidimar nishaɗin fada. Khandoshkin ya yi aiki shekaru da yawa a matsayin mai rakiya da kuma shugaba na biyu makada.

Bukatar, matsalolin abin duniya suna tare da violin a duk rayuwarsa. A cikin ma'ajiyar tarihin gudanarwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sarki, an adana koke-kokensa na ba da kudi "itace", wato, 'yan kuɗi kaɗan don siyan man fetur, wanda aka jinkirta biya shekaru da yawa.

VF Odoevsky ya kwatanta yanayin da ya ba da shaida ga yanayin rayuwar ɗan wasan violin: “Khandoshkin ya zo kasuwa mai cike da cunkoson jama’a, ya sayar da violin akan 70 rubles. Dan kasuwan ya ce masa ba zai bashi bashi ba domin bai san ko wanene shi ba. Khandoshkin mai suna kansa. Dan kasuwan ya ce masa: “Ka yi wasa, zan ba ka violin kyauta.” Shuvalov ya kasance a cikin taron mutane; Da ya ji Khandoshkin, sai ya gayyace shi wurinsa, amma da Khandoshkin ya lura cewa ana kai shi gidan Shuvalov, sai ya ce: “Na san ka, kai Shuvalov ne, ba zan je wurinka ba.” Kuma ya amince bayan lallashi da yawa.

A cikin 80s, Khandoshkin sau da yawa ya ba da kide-kide; shi ne dan wasan violin na farko na Rasha da ya ba da kide-kide na jama'a a bayyane. A ranar 10 ga Maris, 1780, aka ba da sanarwar kade-kaden nasa a St. violinist."

Hazakar Khandoshkin tana da girma kuma tana da yawa; ya taka leda sosai ba kawai a kan violin ba, har ma a kan guitar da balalaika, wanda aka gudanar shekaru da yawa kuma ya kamata a ambaci shi a cikin masu jagoranci na farko na Rasha. A cewar masu zamani, yana da babbar murya, da ba a saba gani ba da kuma dumi, da kuma fasaha mai ban mamaki. Ya kasance mai yin wani babban shirin kide-kide - ya yi a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, cibiyoyin ilimi, murabba'ai.

Hankalinsa da ikhlasi ya ba da mamaki da kuma kama masu sauraro, musamman lokacin da yake yin waƙoƙin Rasha: "Sauraron Khandoshkin's Adagio, babu wanda zai iya tsayayya da hawaye, kuma tare da tsalle-tsalle masu tsalle-tsalle da natsuwa da ba za a iya kwatantawa ba, wanda ya yi a kan violin nasa tare da hakikanin Rashanci, masu sauraro'. Kafafu da masu saurare da kansu suka fara birgima.

Khandoshkin ya burge da fasahar haɓakawa. Bayanan Odoevsky sun nuna cewa a daya daga cikin maraice a SS Yakovlev, ya inganta bambance-bambancen 16 tare da mafi wuyar violin. gishiri, si, re, gishiri.

Ya kasance fitaccen mawaki - ya rubuta sonatas, concertos, bambancin kan waƙoƙin Rasha. Sama da waƙoƙi 100 an “saka kan violin”, amma kaɗan ya zo mana. Kakanninmu sun bi da al'adunsa tare da rashin sha'awar "kabilanci", kuma lokacin da suka rasa shi, sai ya zama cewa an adana ɓangarorin kawai. An yi hasarar wasannin kade-kade, daga cikin dukkan sonata akwai 4 kawai, da rabi ko dozin biyu bambance-bambancen wakokin Rasha, ke nan. Amma ko da daga cikinsu za a iya yin hukunci a kan karimci na ruhaniya Khandoshkin da basirar kida.

Da yake sarrafa waƙar Rasha, Khandoshkin cikin ƙauna ya gama kowane bambance-bambancen, yana ƙawata waƙar da ƙayatattun kayan ado, kamar maigidan Palekh a cikin akwatinsa. Kalmomin bambance-bambancen, haske, fadi, kama da waƙa, sun kasance tushen tarihin ƙauye. Kuma a cikin sanannen hanya, aikinsa ya kasance mai haɓakawa.

Amma ga sonatas, tsarinsu na salo yana da rikitarwa sosai. Khandoshkin ya yi aiki a lokacin saurin samuwar kiɗan ƙwararrun Rasha, haɓaka nau'ikan nau'ikansa na ƙasa. Wannan lokacin kuma ya kasance mai rikitarwa ga fasahar Rasha dangane da gwagwarmayar salo da yanayin. Halayen fasaha na ƙarni na XNUMX mai fita tare da salon sa na gargajiya har yanzu suna rayuwa. A lokaci guda kuma, abubuwan da ke zuwa na jin daɗi da soyayya sun riga sun taru. Duk wannan shi ne bizarrely intertwined a cikin ayyukan Khandoshkin. A cikin sanannen sanannen Violin Sonata wanda ba a tare da shi ba a cikin ƙaramin G, motsi na I, wanda ke da alaƙa da kyawawan halaye, da alama an halicce shi a zamanin Corelli - Tartini, yayin da ƙarfin kuzari na allegro, wanda aka rubuta a cikin nau'in sonata, misali ne na tausayi. classicism. A wasu bambance-bambancen wasan karshe, Khandoshkin za a iya kiransa da farko na Paganini. Ƙungiyoyi masu yawa tare da shi a Khandoshkin kuma sun lura da I. Yampolsky a cikin littafin "Rasha Violin Art".

A cikin 1950 an buga wasan kwaikwayo na Viola na Khandoshkin. Duk da haka, babu wani rubutaccen tarihin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma dangane da salon, da yawa a cikinsa yana sa mutum yayi shakka ko Khandoshkin shine marubucin. Amma idan, duk da haka, Concerto nasa ne, wanda kawai zai iya mamakin kusancin tsakiyar wannan aikin zuwa salon salon Alyabyev-Glinka. Khandoshkin a cikinta ya yi kama da ya wuce shekaru ashirin, yana buɗe fagen zane-zane, wanda ya kasance mafi halayyar kiɗan Rasha a farkon rabin karni na XNUMX.

Wata hanya ko wata, amma aikin Khandoshkin yana da ban sha'awa na musamman. Shi, kamar yadda yake, yana jefa gada daga karni na XNUMX zuwa karni na XNUMX, yana nuna yanayin fasahar zamaninsa tare da bayyananniyar haske.

L. Rabin