Ayyukan Piano: taƙaitaccen tarihin batun

Tarihin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mawaƙa ya fara ne a lokacin lokacin da waƙar ta farko da aka rubuta cikin bayanin kula ta bayyana. Wasan kwaikwayo shine sakamakon ayyuka biyu na mawaƙa, wanda ke bayyana tunaninsa ta hanyar kiɗa, da kuma mai yin, wanda ya kawo halittar marubucin a rayuwa.

Tsarin yin kiɗa yana cike da asirai da asirai. A cikin kowane fassarar kiɗa, halaye guda biyu abokai ne kuma suna gasa: sha'awar bayyana ra'ayin mawaƙiri mai tsafta da sha'awar cikakkiyar bayyanar da kai na ɗan wasan nagarta. Nasarar ɗabi'a ɗaya ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba yana haifar da shan kashi na duka biyu - irin wannan paradox!

Bari mu ɗauki tafiya mai ban sha'awa cikin tarihin wasan piano da piano kuma mu yi ƙoƙarin gano yadda marubuci da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo suka yi mu'amala a cikin zamani da ƙarni.

XVII-XVIII ƙarni: Baroque da farkon classicism

A zamanin Bach, Scarlatti, Couperin, da Handel, dangantakar da ke tsakanin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa ta kasance kusan haɗin gwiwa. Mai yin wasan yana da 'yanci mara iyaka. Ana iya ƙara rubutun kiɗan tare da kowane nau'i na melismas, fermatas, da bambancin. An yi amfani da garaya mai littattafai biyu ba tare da jin ƙai ba. An canza filin layin bass da waƙar kamar yadda ake so. Ƙirar ko rage wannan ko wancan ɓangaren ta hanyar octave wani al'amari ne na al'ada.

Mawaƙa, sun dogara da nagarta na mai fassara, ba su ma damu da yin rubutun ba. Bayan sun sanya hannu tare da bass na dijital, sun ba da amanar abun da ke ciki ga nufin mai yin. Al'adar prelude kyauta har yanzu tana rayuwa cikin echoes a cikin virtuoso cadenzas na kade-kade na gargajiya don kayan kidan solo. Irin wannan dangantaka ta kyauta tsakanin mawaki da mai yin wasan kwaikwayo har wa yau ya bar sirrin kiɗan Baroque ba a warware ba.

Atearshen karni na 18

Wani ci gaba a wasan piano shine bayyanar babban piano. Da zuwan “sarkin dukan kayan kida,” zamanin salon virtuoso ya fara.

L. Beethoven ya kawo dukkan ƙarfi da ƙarfin gwaninsa akan kayan aikin. Sonatas 32 na mawakin shine ainihin juyin halitta na piano. Idan har yanzu Mozart da Haydn sun ji kayan kida da operatic coloraturas a cikin piano, to, Beethoven ya ji piano. Beethoven ne ya so Piano ya yi sauti kamar yadda Beethoven ke so. Nuances da inuwa masu ƙarfi sun bayyana a cikin bayanin kula, alama ta hannun marubucin.

A cikin 1820s, galaxy na masu yin wasan kwaikwayo ya fito, irin su F. Kalkbrenner, D. Steibelt, wanda, lokacin da yake kunna piano, ya daraja halin kirki, da ban tsoro, da kuma abin sha'awa fiye da kowa. Ragewar kowane irin tasirin kayan aiki, a ra'ayinsu, shine babban abu. Don nuna kai, an shirya gasa na virtuosos. F. Liszt da kyau ya laƙaba wa irin waɗannan ’yan wasan “’yan’uwancin ’yan wasan piano.”

Romantic karni na 19

A cikin karni na 19, halin kirki ya ba da hanya zuwa nuna son kai. Mawaƙa da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a lokaci guda: Schumann, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Liszt, Berlioz, Grieg, Saint-Saens, Brahms - sun kawo kiɗa zuwa sabon matakin. Piano ya zama hanyar furta rai. An yi rikodin abubuwan da aka bayyana ta hanyar kiɗa daki-daki, cikin hankali da rashin son kai. Irin waɗannan ji sun fara buƙatar kulawa da hankali. Rubutun kiɗa ya zama kusan wurin ibada.

Sannu a hankali, fasahar sarrafa rubutun waƙar marubucin da fasahar gyara bayanin kula ta bayyana. Mawaƙa da yawa sun ɗauki aikin gyara ayyukan hazaka na zamanin da ya zama wajibi kuma abin girmamawa. Godiya ga F. Mendelssohn ne duniya ta koyi sunan JS Bach.

Karni na 20 karni ne na manyan nasarori

A cikin ƙarni na 20, mawaƙa sun juya tsarin wasan kwaikwayon zuwa ga bautar rubutun kiɗan da kuma niyyar mawaƙin. Ravel. Su kuma masu wasan kwaikwayon a fusace suka tabbatar da cewa tafsiri ba zai iya zama camfi ba, wannan fasaha ce!

Tarihin wasan kwaikwayo na piano ya sha wahala sosai, amma irin waɗannan sunaye kamar S. Richter, K. Igumnov, G. Ginzburg, G. Neuhaus, M. Yudina, L. Oborin, M. Pletnev, D. Matsuev da sauransu sun tabbatar da su. Ƙirƙirar su wanda a tsakanin Ba za a iya samun kishiya tsakanin mawaki da mai yin waƙa. Dukansu suna aiki iri ɗaya - Kiɗan Mai Girma.