Masu ba da labari |
Labarin labarai - masu yin almara, almara ballads da farkon tarihi. waƙoƙi. Kalmar "S." yana nar. asali, an samo shi daga kalmar fi'ili "don faɗi"; yana nuna nau'in aikin samfur na musamman. jera nau'o'in labarun gargajiya. A arewacin Rasha, masu yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ana kiran su "masu labaru", "tsofaffin zamani". S. yawanci manoma ne (maza da mata). A cikin almara, kalmar "S." ya shiga Ser. Karni na 19 godiya ga aikin PN Rybnikov da AF Gilferding. S. a lokacin farin ciki na Rasha. epic (ƙarni na 10-16) akwai duka waɗanda ba ƙwararru da ƙwararru ba - mawaƙa a cikin ƙungiyoyi, a kotunan sarki, buffoons, da sauransu. Daga 60s. A cikin karni na 19, lokacin da aka fara yin rikodin almara ta tsari, ƙwararrun S. ba su sake saduwa da su ba.
S. yayi amfani da ɗaya, matsakaicin 2-3 na gargajiya. waƙoƙin karantawa da amfani da su ba tare da la'akari da abubuwan da ke cikin rubutun aikin ba. Halin S. ya bayyana a cikin zaɓin mutum ɗaya na hanyoyin waƙa. bayyana rubutu na magana, a cikin sãɓãwar launukansa waƙa, jigogi, a cikin kafa jerin shirye-shirye, kuma, a karshe, a cikin S. repertoire kanta. Dangane da mataki na bayyanuwar mutum ka'ida a cikin S. ta aiki, folklorists (bin Soviet folklorist AM Astakhova) bambanta: masu watsa kokawa ga musamman m haifuwa na abin da suka assimilated (IT Ryabinin, B. Surikov, na biyu rabin na karni na 2); S., waɗanda suka ƙirƙira nasu bugu da sigogi (TG Ryabinin - tsakiyar karni na 19, NS Bogdanova, AM Pashkova - marigayi 19th - farkon karni na 19); S. improvisers, wanda kowane lokaci gabatar da mãkirci a cikin wani sabon hanya (VP Shchegolyonok - marigayi 20th karni, MS Kryukova - 19th karni). A ƙarƙashin rinjayar mafi yawan ƙwararrun S., makarantun gida sun tashi (Onega, White Sea, Pechora, Mezen, da sauransu), kuma bayan su, al'adun gida sun fi yawa. Daga cikin fitattun S. Rus. Arewa - TG Ryabinin, AM Kryukova, GL Kryukov, MD Krivopolenova, AP Sorokin, HS Bogdanova, GA Yakushov, FA Konashkov. Don tallata aikin S. daga 20s. Karni na 80th sun shirya wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a a manyan biranen Rasha da Zap. Turai.
Masu tarawa na farko da masu bincike na Nar. Almara ya kama mataki na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa (tsakiyar ƙarni na 19) - galibi a arewa. Ƙarshen Rasha da kuma, a ɗan ƙaramin, a Siberiya. A wannan lokacin, a kudancin Rasha, a cikin yanayin Cossack, an rikitar da almara zuwa waƙoƙin almara, wanda ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta yi zuwa waƙoƙin waƙa.
S. wani lokaci ana kiransa. Masu wasan kwaikwayo na almara na sauran mutanen Tarayyar Soviet - Kazakh, Zhirshi, Turkmen. Bakhshi, Yakuts, Olonkhosutov, da dai sauransu.
References: Rybnikov. 3, M., 1864; Hilferding A., lardin Olonets da rhapsody na jama'a, a cikin tarin: Onega epics, wanda AF Hilferding ya rubuta a lokacin rani na 1, St. Petersburg, 1909; Lyatsky E., Mai ba da labari IT Ryabinin da almaransa, "Binciken Ethnographic", 1871, littafi. 1873, Na 1894, p. 23-4; Miller Sun. F., Rubuce-rubuce kan adabin jama'a na Rasha, juzu'i. 105, M., 35; Arkhangelsk almara da waƙoƙin tarihi wanda AD Grigoriev ya tattara a 1-1897, vol. 1899, M., 1901, shafi. 1-1904 (tare da waƙar takarda); Onchukov N., Pechora epics, St. Petersburg, 333, p. I-XXXIII; Speransky M., adabin baka na Rasha, vol. 91- Almara. Wakokin Tarihi, ed. kuma tare da bayanin kula. M. Speransky, M., 1904, p. VII-XX; Sokolov B., Masu ba da labari, M., 2; Sokolov Yu. M., Labarin tarihin Rasha, M., 1919, p. 1924-1938; Astakhova A., Epic kerawa na manoman arewa, a cikin tarin: Epics of the North, vol. 232, M.-L., 46, shafi. 1-1938; nata, almara na Rasha a Arewa, Petrozavodsk, 7; Ukhov PD, Byliny, a cikin tarin: Ƙirƙirar wakoki na mutanen Rasha, M., 105, p. 1948-1956.
I. Ya. Lesenchuk
