Harmony a cikin kiɗa: babba da ƙarami

Maudu’inmu na gaba an sadaukar da shi ne ga irin wannan al’amari kamar saurayi. Za mu yi ƙoƙari mu amsa tambayoyin da ke gaba: menene yanayi a cikin kiɗa, ta yaya za a iya bayyana wannan ra'ayi, kuma menene nau'in nau'in kiɗan.

To menene damuwa? Ka tuna abin da wannan kalmar ke nufi a wajen kiɗa? A rayuwa, wani lokaci sukan ce game da mutane cewa suna jin daɗi da juna, wato su abokai ne, fahimtar juna kuma suna ba da taimakon juna. A cikin kiɗa, sauti kuma dole ne su kasance tare da juna, su kasance cikin jituwa, in ba haka ba ba zai zama waƙa ba, amma cacophony mai ci gaba. Ya bayyana cewa jituwa a cikin kiɗa shine sautunan da ke abokantaka da juna.

Tushen Fret

Akwai sauti da yawa a cikin waƙar kuma sun bambanta. Akwai sautunan da suka tsaya tsayin daka - tallafi, kuma akwai rashin kwanciyar hankali - motsi. Don yin kiɗa, ana buƙatar duka biyun, kuma dole ne su canza juna kuma su taimaki juna.

Ana iya kwatanta ginin kiɗa da ginin bangon tubali. Kamar yadda aka yi bango da tubali da siminti a tsakanin su, haka nan ana haihuwar waƙa ne kawai a lokacin da aka sami karɓuwa da sauti marasa ƙarfi.

Sautunan tsayayyen sauti suna kawo kwanciyar hankali ga kiɗa, suna rage motsi mai aiki, yawanci suna ƙare wani yanki na kiɗa. Ana buƙatar sautuna marasa ƙarfi don haɓakawa; Kullum suna jagorantar ci gaban waƙar nesa da tsayayyen sautuna kuma suna komawa zuwa gare su kuma. Duk sautunan da ba su da ƙarfi suna jujjuya su zuwa natsuwa, kuma masu tsayuwa, bi da bi, kamar maganadisu suna jan hankalin marasa ƙarfi.

Me yasa sautunan da ba su da ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali ke aiki ba tare da gajiyawa cikin jituwa ba? Domin samun wani irin waƙa - ban dariya ko bakin ciki. Wato, sautunan tashin hankali kuma na iya shafar yanayin kiɗan, suna da alama suna yanka waƙar cikin inuwar motsin rai daban-daban.

Nau'in tashin hankali: babba da ƙanana

Don haka, yanayin koyaushe shine ƙungiyar sauti waɗanda ke aiki tuƙuru don ƙirƙirar waƙoƙin kowane irin yanayi. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa a cikin kiɗa, amma akwai biyu mafi mahimmanci. Ana kiran su manya da kanana.

Babban ma'auni, ko babba kawai, shine sautin haske da nishaɗi. Ya dace da ƙirƙirar kiɗa mai daɗi, farin ciki da jin daɗi. Ƙananan ma'auni, ko kuma ƙarami, shine gwanin kiɗa na bakin ciki da tunani.

Babban yanayin shine rana mai haske da sararin sama mai shuɗi mai haske, kuma ƙaramin yanayin shine faɗuwar rana mai ja da kololuwar dajin spruce yana yin duhu a ƙarƙashinsa. Babban ma'auni shine ciyawar bazara mai haske a kan lawn, wanda akuya mai launin toka ke ci da jin daɗi. Karamin yanayin shine duba daga taga da yamma yadda ganyen kaka ke faɗuwa kuma ruwan sama na kaka ke digowa. Kyakkyawan na iya zama daban-daban, kuma babba da ƙananan - masu fasaha guda biyu waɗanda ke shirye su zana kowane hoto tare da sautunan su.

TAMBAYA. Idan kuna aiki tare da yara, to zai zama da amfani don aiki tare da hotuna. Nuna wa yaron jerin hotuna, bari ya yi tunanin yadda za su yi sauti - babba ko ƙananan? Kuna iya sauke tarin da aka gama daga gare mu. A matsayin aikin kirkira, ana iya ba da yaro don ƙirƙirar hoton kansa na manyan hotuna da ƙananan hotuna. Wannan zai farkar da tunaninsa na kirkire-kirkire.

ZABEN HOTUNAN "MANYA DA KANANA" - SAUKARWA

Irin waɗannan sanannun waƙoƙin kamar "An haifi itacen Kirsimeti a cikin gandun daji", Anthem na Tarayyar Rasha, da "Murmushi" na rana a cikin babban ma'auni. Waƙoƙin "Ciyawa ta zauna a cikin ciyawa" da "Birch ya tsaya a cikin filin" an haɗa su a cikin ƙananan ma'auni.

TAMBAYA. Saurari kiɗan guda biyu. Waɗannan raye-raye biyu ne daga “Albam ɗin Yara” na Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Ana kiran rawa ɗaya "waltz", ɗayan - "mazurka". Wanne kuke tunanin shine babba kuma wanne ne babba?

Juzu'i Na 1 "Waltz"

Juzu'i Na 2 "Mazurka"

Amsoshi daidai: "Waltz" babban kiɗa ne, kuma "Mazurka" ƙarami ne.

Key dan gamma

Za a iya gina manya da ƙananan hanyoyi daga kowane sautin kiɗa - daga yi, daga re, daga mi, da dai sauransu. Wannan na farko, mafi mahimmancin sauti za a kira shi tonic cikin jituwa. Kuma matsayi mai tsayi na damuwa, haɗa shi zuwa wani nau'i na tonic, ana nuna shi ta kalmar "tonality".

Kowane tonality ya kamata a kira ko ta yaya. Mutum yana da suna na farko da na ƙarshe, kuma maɓalli yana da sunan tonic da yanayin, wanda kuma ana iya haɗa su zuwa suna ɗaya. Alal misali, C major (bayanin kula DO shine tonic, wato, babban sauti, kyaftin na tawagar, an gina damuwa daga gare ta, kuma damuwa shine babba). Ko wani misali: D ƙarami ƙaramin ma'auni ne daga bayanin kula PE. Sauran misalan: E babba, F babba, G ƙarami, ƙarami, da sauransu.

AIKIN. Yi ƙoƙarin yin suna don maɓallin da kanka. Ɗauki kowane tonic da kowane damuwa, haɗa shi tare. Me kuka samu?

Idan kun sanya duk sautunan maɓalli cikin tsari, farawa da tonic, kuna samun ma'auni. Ma'auni yana farawa da tonic kuma ya ƙare da shi. Af, ana kiran ma'auni daidai da maɓallan. Misali, ƙananan sikelin E yana farawa da bayanin kula MI kuma ya ƙare da bayanin kula MI, babban ma'aunin G yana farawa da bayanin kula S kuma ya ƙare da bayanin kula iri ɗaya. Kun gane? Ga misali na kiɗa:

Amma ina masu kaifi da filaye suke fitowa a cikin waɗannan ma'auni? Bari mu kara magana game da wannan. Sai ya zama cewa manya da ƙananan ma'auni suna da nasu tsari na musamman.

Babban tsarin sikelin

Don samun babban ma'auni, kuna buƙatar ɗaukar sauti takwas kawai kuma ku jera su. Amma ba duka sauti ya dace da mu ba. Yadda za a zabi wadanda suka dace? Ka san cewa nisa tsakanin matakan zai iya zama rabin sautin ko duka sautin. Don haka, don babban ma'auni, ya zama dole cewa nisa tsakanin sautinsa ya dace da ma'anar: sautin-sautin, sautin sautin, sautin-sautin, sautin.

Misali, babban sikelin C yana farawa da bayanin kula DO kuma ya ƙare da bayanin kula DO. Tsakanin sautin DO da RE akwai tazarar sauti guda ɗaya, tsakanin RE da MI kuma akwai sautin, kuma tsakanin MI da FA rabin sautin. Bugu da ari: tsakanin FA da SOL, SOL da LA, LA da SI ga duka sautin, tsakanin SI da babba DO - kawai semitone.

Bari mu yi ma'amala da sautunan da semitones

Idan kun manta menene sautunan da sautin, to bari mu maimaita shi. Semitone shine mafi guntu tazara daga rubutu ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Allon madannai na piano yana nuna mana ƙananan sautunan da ke tsakanin sautuna a sarari. Idan kun kunna duk maɓallan a jere, ba tare da tsallake ko dai fari ko baki ba, sannan lokacin motsi daga maɓalli ɗaya zuwa na gaba, kawai za mu wuce tazarar semitone ɗaya.

Kamar yadda kuke gani, ana iya kunna semitone ta hanyar hawa daga farin maɓalli zuwa baƙar fata mafi kusa, ko saukowa daga baƙar fata zuwa fari, wanda ke kusa da shi. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda aka samo su kawai tsakanin "fari" sautuka: waɗannan su ne MI-FA da SI-DO.

Semitone shine rabi, kuma idan kun sake haɗa rabi biyu tare, kun sami wani abu gabaɗaya, kun sami sautin gaba ɗaya. A madannai na piano, ana iya samun sautuna gaba ɗaya cikin sauƙi tsakanin farar maɓallan biyu kusa da su idan baƙar fata ya raba su. Wato DO-RE sautin ne, RE-MI kuma sautin ne, amma MI-FA ba sautin ba ne, semitone ne: babu abin da ya raba waɗannan fararen maɓallan.

Don samun cikakkiyar sautin daga bayanin kula MI a cikin biyu, kuna buƙatar ɗaukar ba mai sauƙi FA ba, amma FA-SHARP, wato ƙara wani rabin sautin. Ko kuna iya barin FA, amma sai ku rage MI, ɗauki MI-FLAT.

Amma ga maɓallan baki, a kan piano an shirya su a rukuni - biyu ko uku. Don haka, a cikin rukunin, ana kuma cire maɓallan baƙar fata guda biyu daga juna ta hanyar sauti ɗaya. Misali, C-SHARP da D-SHARP, da G-FLAT da A-FLAT, duk hade ne na bayanin kula da ke ba mu duka sautin.

Amma a cikin manyan rata tsakanin ƙungiyoyin "maɓallai" na baki, wato, inda aka sanya maɓallan farare guda biyu a tsakanin maɓallan baƙar fata guda biyu, nisa zai zama sautuna ɗaya da rabi (sautuna uku). Misali: daga MI-flat zuwa F-sharp ko daga SI-flat zuwa C-sharp.

Ana iya samun ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da sautuna da sautin sauti a cikin labarin Hatsari.

Gina manyan ma'auni

Don haka, a cikin babban ma'auni, ya kamata a tsara sautunan ta yadda a tsakanin su akwai sautuna biyu na farko, sannan sautin sauti, sa'an nan sau uku kuma a sake zama semitone. A matsayin misali, bari mu gina babban sikelin D. Da farko, muna yin "blank" - muna rubuta bayanin kula a jere daga ƙananan sautin PE zuwa PE na sama. Lalle ne, a cikin D manyan, sautin PE shine tonic, ma'auni dole ne ya fara da shi kuma dole ne ya ƙare da shi.

Kuma yanzu kuna buƙatar "gano dangantakar" tsakanin sautunan kuma ku kawo su cikin layi tare da babban ma'auni.

• Akwai sauti gabaɗaya tsakanin RE da MI, komai yayi kyau anan, mu ci gaba.
• Tsakanin MI da FA shine semitone, amma a wannan wuri, bisa ga dabara, ya kamata a sami sautin. Mun daidaita shi - ta hanyar ƙara sautin FA, muna ƙara wani rabin sautin zuwa nesa. Muna samun: MI da F-SHARP - sautin guda ɗaya. Yanzu oda!
• F-SHARP da GISHIRI suna ba mu ƙaramin sauti wanda yakamata ya kasance a wuri na uku. Sai ya zama ba a banza muka ɗaga takardar FA ba, har yanzu wannan kaifi yana da amfani a gare mu. Ci gaba.
• SOL-LA, LA-SI duka sautuna ne, kamar yadda ya kamata bisa ga dabara, mun bar su ba canzawa.
• Sautuna guda biyu na gaba SI da DO sune semitone. Kun riga kun san yadda ake daidaita shi: kuna buƙatar ƙara nisa - sanya kaifi a gaban DO. Idan ya zama dole don rage nisa, za mu sanya shi a kwance. Shin kun fahimci ƙa'idar?
• Sautunan ƙarshe - C-SHARP da RE - sune sautin sauti: abin da kuke buƙata!

Me muka ƙare? Ya bayyana cewa akwai kaifi biyu a cikin babban sikelin D: F-SHARP da C-SHARP. Kun gane yanzu daga ina suka fito?

Hakazalika, zaku iya gina manyan ma'auni daga kowane sauti. Kuma a can ma, ko dai kaifi ko filaye za su bayyana. Misali, a cikin F major akwai lebur guda daya (SI-FLAT), kuma a cikin manyan C akwai kaifi biyar (DO, RE, FA, SOL da A-SHARP).

Kuna iya gina ma'auni ba kawai daga "farin maɓallai", amma kuma daga sautunan da aka saukar da su ko ɗagawa. Kar ka manta da yin la'akari da alamun da ka sani. Misali, E-flat babban ma'auni shine ma'auni mai fa'ida uku (MI-flat kanta, A-flat da B-flat), kuma babban sikelin F-kaifi shine ma'auni mai kaifi shida (duk masu kaifi banda C-kaifi). ).

Tsarin ƙananan sikelin

A nan ka'idar kusan kusan iri ɗaya ce tare da manyan ma'auni, kawai tsarin tsarin tsarin ƙananan ƙananan ya ɗan bambanta: sautin, sautin murya, sautin sautin, sautin, sautin sautin. Ta hanyar amfani da wannan jerin sautunan da sautin sauti, zaku iya samun ƙaramin sikeli cikin sauƙi.

Bari mu koma ga misalai. Bari mu gina ƙaramin ma'auni daga bayanin kula SALT. Na farko, kawai rubuta duk bayanin kula daga G zuwa G (daga ƙananan tonic zuwa maimaitawarsa a saman).

Na gaba, za mu kalli nisa tsakanin sautunan:

• Tsakanin SALT da LA - duka sautin, kamar yadda ya kamata ya kasance bisa ga dabara.
• Ƙari: LA da SI suma sauti ne, amma ana buƙatar semitone a wannan wuri. Me za a yi? Wajibi ne a rage nisa, saboda wannan muna rage sautin SI tare da taimakon lebur. Anan muna da alamar farko - B-flat.
• Bugu da ari, bisa ga dabara, muna buƙatar duka sautuna biyu. Tsakanin sautin B-flat da DO, da DO da RE, akwai nisa kamar yadda ya kamata.
• Na gaba: RE da MI. Akwai duka sautin tsakanin waɗannan bayanan kula, amma kawai ana buƙatar semitone. Bugu da ƙari, kun riga kun san maganin: mun rage bayanin kula MI, kuma muna samun semitone tsakanin RE da MI-FLAT. Ga alama ta biyu a gare ku!
• Muna duba na ƙarshe: muna buƙatar ƙarin sautuna duka biyu. MI FLAT tare da FA sauti ne, kuma FA tare da SA kuma sautin ne. Komai lafiya!

Me kuka samu a karshe? Akwai filaye guda biyu a cikin ƙananan sikelin G: SI-FLAT da MI-FLAT.

Don aikace-aikacen, zaku iya gina kanku ko "ɗauka" ƙananan ma'auni masu yawa: alal misali, ƙarami mai kaifi da ƙarami.

Ta yaya kuma za ku iya samun ƙaramin sikelin?

Manya da ƙananan ma'auni, waɗanda aka gina daga tonic iri ɗaya, sun bambanta da juna ta hanyar sauti guda uku kawai. Bari mu gano menene waɗannan bambance-bambance. Bari mu kwatanta ma'aunin C babba (babu alamun) da ƙananan C (filaye uku).

Kowane sautin ma'auni digiri ne. Don haka, a cikin ƙananan ƙananan, idan aka kwatanta da babban ma'auni, akwai ƙananan matakai guda uku - na uku, na shida da na bakwai (alama tare da lambobin Roman - III, VI, VII). Don haka, idan mun san babban ma'auni, to za mu iya samun ƙaramin ma'auni cikin sauƙi ta canza sautuna uku kawai.

Don motsa jiki, bari mu yi aiki tare da maɓallin G manyan. A cikin babban sikelin G, kaifi ɗaya shine F-SHARP, wanda shine mataki na bakwai na ma'auni.

• Mun rage mataki na uku - bayanin kula SI, muna samun SI-FLAT.
• Mun runtse mataki na shida - bayanin kula MI, muna samun MI-FLAT.
• Mun rage mataki na bakwai - bayanin kula F-SHARP. An riga an ɗaukaka wannan sautin, kuma don rage shi, kawai kuna buƙatar soke karuwa, wato, cire kaifi.

Don haka, a cikin ƙaramar G za a sami alamun guda biyu kawai - SI-FLAT da MI-FLAT, kuma F-SHARP kawai bace daga gare ta ba tare da wata alama ba. Kamar yadda kake gani, babu wani abu mai rikitarwa.

Sauti masu tsayuwa da rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin manya

Akwai matakai guda bakwai a cikin manya da ƙananan ma'auni, uku daga cikinsu sun tabbata, huɗu kuma ba su da ƙarfi. Matakan tsayayyun su ne na farko, na uku da na biyar (I, III, V). M - wannan shi ne duk sauran - na biyu, hudu, shida, bakwai (II, IV, VI, VII).

Matakan tsayayye, idan an haɗa su tare, samar da triad tonic, wato, triad da aka gina daga tonic, daga mataki na farko. Kalmar triad na nufin gunkin sautuka uku. An taƙaita triad tonic a matsayin T53 (a cikin manyan) ko tare da ƙaramin harafi t53 (a ƙarami).

A cikin babban sikelin, triad tonic shine babba, kuma a cikin ƙananan sikelin, bi da bi, ƙarami. Don haka, triad na matakan tsayayye yana ba mu cikakken hoto na tonality - tonic da yanayinsa. Sauti na tonic triad wani nau'i ne na jagora ga mawaƙa, bisa ga abin da aka kunna su zuwa farkon aikin.

A matsayin misali, bari mu kalli tsayayyun sautunan da ba su da ƙarfi a cikin D manya da ƙananan C.

D babba shine tonality mai haske tare da kaifi biyu (FA-SHARP da C-SHARP). Sautunan barga a ciki sune RE, F-SHARP da LA (na farko, na uku da na biyar daga sikelin), tare suna ba mu triad tonic. Wadanda ba su da kwanciyar hankali su ne MI, SALT, SI da C-SHARP. Dubi misalin: Matakan da ba su da tabbas suna inuwa don ingantacciyar fahimta:

C ƙananan ma'auni ne mai fa'ida uku (B-Flat, E-Flat da A-Flat), ƙarami ne don haka yana sauti tare da ɗan alamar bakin ciki. Matakan tabbata anan sune DO (na farko), MI-FLAT (na uku) da G (na biyar). Suna ba mu ƙaramin tonic triad. Matakan marasa ƙarfi sune RE, FA, A-FLAT, da B-FLAT.

Don haka, a cikin wannan fitowar, mun saba da irin wannan ra'ayi na kiɗa kamar yanayin, tonality da sikelin, bincika tsarin manyan da ƙananan, koyi yadda za a sami matakan da ba su da tabbas. Daga batutuwa masu zuwa, zaku koyi game da menene nau'ikan manya da ƙanana da menene sauran hanyoyin kiɗan, da kuma yadda ake saurin gano kaifi da filaye a kowane maɓalli.