Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (Nikolai Myaskovsky).

Nikolai Myaskovski

N. Myaskovsky shine mafi dadewa wakilin al'adun kiɗa na Soviet, wanda ya kasance a asalinsa. "Wataƙila, babu wani daga cikin mawakan Soviet, har ma mafi ƙarfi, mafi haske, da ke tunani tare da ma'anar irin wannan ma'ana mai jituwa ta hanyar kirkire-kirkire daga rayuwar da ta gabata na kiɗan Rasha ta hanyar saurin bugun gaba zuwa hangen nesa na gaba, kamar yadda akan Myaskovsky. ,” B. Asafiev ya rubuta. Da farko, wannan yana nufin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya bi ta hanya mai tsawo da wuya a cikin aikin Myaskovskogo, ya zama "littattafai na ruhaniya". Taron baje kolin ya nuna ra'ayin mawallafin game da halin da ake ciki a yanzu, inda aka samu guguwar juyin juya hali, yakin basasa, yunwa da barnar da aka yi a shekarun bayan yakin, mugayen al'amura na 30s. Rayuwa ta jagoranci Myaskovsky ta cikin wahalhalu na Babban Yaƙin Patriotic, kuma a ƙarshen kwanakinsa ya sami damar fuskantar babban ɗacin zarge-zargen da ba daidai ba a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙuduri na 1948. Myaskovsky 27 symphonies na rayuwa ne mai wahala, wani lokacin bincike mai raɗaɗi. manufa ta ruhaniya, wanda aka gani a cikin ƙimar dawwama da kyawun rai da tunanin ɗan adam. Bugu da kari ga symphonies, Myaskovsky halitta 15 symphonic ayyuka na sauran nau'o'in; wasan kwaikwayo na violin, cello da makada; 13 kirtani quartets; 2 sonatas don cello da piano, violin sonata; fiye da guda 100 piano; abun da ke ciki don band na tagulla. Myaskovsky yana da ban sha'awa na soyayya dangane da ayoyi na mawaƙa na Rasha (kimanin 100), cantatas, da kuma waƙar murya-symphonic Alastor.

Myaskovsky aka haife shi a cikin iyali na soja injiniya a cikin Novogeorgievsk sansanin soja a lardin Warsaw. A can, sa'an nan kuma a Orenburg da Kazan, ya ciyar da farkon yara shekaru. Myaskovsky yana da shekaru 9 lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ta mutu, kuma 'yar'uwar mahaifin ta kula da yara biyar, wanda "ya kasance mace mai hankali da kirki ... Ba za a iya yin la'akari da halayenmu ba, "'yan'uwan Myaskovsky daga baya sun rubuta, wanda, a cewar su, yana cikin yara" yaro ne mai shiru da kunya ... mai da hankali, ɗan duhu da ɓoyewa."

Duk da yawan sha'awar kiɗa, Myaskovsky, bisa ga al'adar iyali, an zaba don aikin soja. Daga 1893 ya yi karatu a Nizhny Novgorod, kuma daga 1895 a na biyu St. Petersburg Cadet Corps. Ya kuma karanci waka, ko da yake ba bisa ka'ida ba. Gwajin gwaji na farko - piano preludes - na shekaru goma sha biyar ne. A cikin 1889, Myaskovsky, bisa ga burin mahaifinsa, ya shiga Makarantar Injiniyan Soja ta St. Petersburg. Daga baya ya rubuta "A cikin duka makarantun soji da aka rufe, wannan ita ce kadai abin da na tuna da rashin kyama." Wataƙila sabbin abokan mawaƙin sun taka rawa a wannan tantancewar. Ya sadu da… "tare da masu sha'awar kiɗa da yawa, haka kuma, sabon salo a gare ni - Mabuwayi Hannu." Shawarar sadaukar da kansa ga kiɗa ya zama mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, kodayake ba tare da saɓani na ruhaniya mai raɗaɗi ba. Sabili da haka, bayan kammala karatunsa daga koleji a 1902, Myaskovsky, wanda aka aika don yin hidima a cikin rukunin soja na Zaraysk, sannan Moscow, ya juya zuwa S. Taneyev tare da wasiƙar shawarwarin daga N. Rimsky-Korsakov kuma akan shawararsa na watanni 5 daga Janairu. zuwa Mayu 1903 G. ya tafi tare da R. Gliere dukan tsarin jituwa. Bayan ya koma St. Petersburg, ya ci gaba da karatunsa tare da wani tsohon dalibi na Rimsky-Korsakov, I. Kryzhanovsky.

A cikin 1906, a asirce daga hukumomin soja, Myaskovsky ya shiga St. Music da aka hada a wannan lokacin, a cewarsa, "furiously", da kuma lokacin da ya sauke karatu daga Conservatory (1911), Myaskovsky ya riga ya zama marubuci na biyu symphonies, Sinfonietta, da symphonic waka "Silence" (da E. Poe), sonatas na piano guda huɗu, quartet, romances. Ayyukan zamanin Conservatory da wasu na gaba suna da ban tsoro da damuwa. "Gray, m, kaka haze tare da overhanging murfin kauri na girgije," Asafiev ya kwatanta su ta wannan hanya. Myaskovsky kansa ya ga dalilin wannan a cikin "al'amuran sirri" wanda ya tilasta masa yin yaki don kawar da aikin da ba a so. A cikin shekarun Conservatory, abota ta kud da kud ta tashi kuma ta ci gaba a duk rayuwarsa tare da S. Prokofiev da B. Asafiev. Myaskovsky ne wanda ya jagoranci Asafiev bayan kammala karatunsa daga ɗakin karatu zuwa ayyukan kiɗa-m. "Ta yaya ba za ku yi amfani da kyawawan halayenku masu mahimmanci ba"? – ya rubuta masa a shekara ta 1914. Myaskovsky ya yaba da Prokofiev a matsayin mawaƙi mai hazaka: “Ina da ƙarfin hali na ɗauke shi fiye da Stravinsky a fannin hazaka da asali.”

Tare da abokai, Myaskovsky yana wasa kiɗa, yana jin daɗin ayyukan C. Debussy, M. Reger, R. Strauss, A. Schoenberg, yana halartar "Maraice na kiɗa na zamani", wanda tun 1908 shi da kansa ke shiga a matsayin mawaki. . Ganawa tare da mawaƙa S. Gorodetsky da Vyach. Ivanov ta da sha'awar sha'awar shayari na Symbolists - 27 romances bayyana a kan ayoyin Z. Gippius.

A shekara ta 1911, Kryzhanovsky ya gabatar da Myaskovsky ga jagoran K. Saradzhev, wanda daga baya ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na yawancin ayyukan mawaƙa. A cikin wannan shekarar, Myaskovsky na kida-m aiki ya fara a cikin mako-mako "Music", buga a Moscow ta V. Derzhanovsky. Domin shekaru 3 na haɗin gwiwa a cikin jarida (1911-14), Myaskovsky ya buga 114 articles da bayanin kula, bambanta ta hanyar fahimta da zurfin hukunci. Ikonsa na mawaƙa ya ƙara ƙarfafawa, amma barkewar yaƙin daular mulkin mallaka ya canza rayuwarsa ta gaba. A cikin watanni na farko na yakin, Myaskovsky ya tattara, ya isa gaban Austrian, ya sami babban rikici a kusa da Przemysl. "Ina jin ... jin wani nau'i na keɓancewa ga duk abin da ke faruwa, kamar dai duk wannan wawa, dabba, tashin hankali yana faruwa a kan wani jirgin sama daban-daban," in ji Myaskovsky, yana lura da "ruɗani mara kyau" a gaba. , kuma ya zo ga ƙarshe: "Zuwa jahannama tare da kowane yaki!"

Bayan Oktoba juyin juya halin, a watan Disamba 1917, Myaskovsky aka canjawa wuri zuwa hidima a Main Naval Hedkwatar a Petrograd da kuma ci gaba da composing aiki, ya halitta 3 symphonies a cikin watanni 2 da rabi: ban mamaki na hudu ("amsa ga kwarewa sosai, amma). tare da haske mai haske") da kuma na biyar, wanda a karo na farko na waƙar Myaskovsky, nau'i da raye-rayen raye-raye sun yi sauti, suna tunawa da al'adun mawallafin Kuchkist. Game da irin waɗannan ayyukan ne Asafiev ya rubuta: … “Ban san wani abu mafi kyau a cikin kiɗan Myaskovsky ba fiye da lokacin da ba a taɓa samun haske na ruhaniya da wayewar ruhaniya ba, kwatsam sai kiɗan ya fara haskakawa da haɓakawa, kamar dajin bazara bayan ruwan sama. ” Ba da da ewa ba wannan wasan kwaikwayo ya kawo sunan Myaskovsky a duniya.

Tun 1918, Myaskovsky yana zaune a Moscow kuma nan da nan ya shiga cikin ayyukan kiɗa da zamantakewa, yana haɗa shi da ayyukan hukuma a cikin Babban Ma'aikata (wanda aka canjawa wuri zuwa Moscow dangane da ƙaura na gwamnati). Yana aiki a cikin sashen kiɗa na Gidan Bugawa na Jiha, a cikin sashen kiɗa na Commissariat na Rasha, yana shiga cikin ƙirƙirar al'umma ta "Collective of Composers", tun 1924 ya kasance tare da haɗin gwiwa a cikin mujallar "Modern Music". .

Bayan demobilization a 1921, Myaskovsky fara koyarwa a Moscow Conservatory, wanda dade kusan 30 shekaru. Ya kawo dukan galaxy na Soviet composers (D. Kabalevsky, A. Khachaturian, V. Shebalin, V. Muradeli, K. Khachaturian, B. Tchaikovsky, N. Peiko, E. Golubev da sauransu). Akwai masaniyar kida da yawa. Myaskovsky da yarda ya shiga cikin maraice na kiɗa tare da P. Lamm, mawaƙa mai son M. Gube, V. Derzhanovsky, tun 1924 ya zama memba na ASM. A cikin wadannan shekaru, romances sun bayyana a cikin ayoyin A. Blok, A. Delvig, F. Tyutchev, 2 piano sonatas, a cikin 30s. mawaƙin ya juya zuwa nau'in quartet, da gaske yana ƙoƙari don amsa buƙatun dimokuradiyya na rayuwar proletarian, ƙirƙirar waƙoƙin jama'a. Koyaya, wasan kwaikwayo koyaushe yana kan gaba. A cikin 20s. An kirkiro 5 daga cikinsu, a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ƙarin 11. Tabbas, ba dukkanin su ba ne daidai da fasaha, amma a cikin mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo Myaskovski ya cimma wannan gaggawa, ƙarfin da kuma girman kai, ba tare da wanda, a cewarsa, kiɗa ba ya wanzu a gare shi.

Daga wasan kwaikwayo zuwa kade-kade, mutum na iya kara gano halin da ake ciki na "haɗin kai biyu", wanda Asafiev ya bayyana a matsayin "gudu biyu - sanin kansa… kuma, kusa da shi, bincika wannan ƙwarewar tare da kallon waje." Myaskovsky da kansa ya rubuta game da wasan kwaikwayo "wanda sau da yawa yakan hada tare: mafi yawan hankali… da ƙarancin yawa." Misalin na farko shine na Goma, wanda “shi ne amsar… zuwa ga dogon azaba… ra'ayi - don ba da hoto na rudani na ruhaniya na Eugene daga Pushkin's The Bronze Horseman.” Sha'awar ƙarin haƙiƙan bayanin almara shine halayen Symphony na takwas (yunƙurin ɗaukar hoton Stepan Razin); na goma sha biyu, yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na tattarawa; na goma sha shida, sadaukarwa ga ƙarfin hali na matukin jirgin Soviet; Na sha tara, an rubuta don band ɗin tagulla. Daga cikin abubuwan ban dariya na 20-30s. Musamman mahimmanci sune na shida (1923) da Ashirin da ɗaya (1940). Symphony na Shida yana da matukar ban tausayi da sarkakiya cikin abun ciki. Hotunan nau'in juyin juya hali suna da alaƙa da ra'ayin sadaukarwa. Kiɗa na wasan kwaikwayo yana cike da bambance-bambance, ruɗewa, mai ban sha'awa, yanayinsa yana da zafi zuwa iyaka. Myaskovsky na shida yana daya daga cikin takardun fasaha mafi ban sha'awa na zamanin. Tare da wannan aikin, "babban ma'anar damuwa ga rayuwa, don amincinsa ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha" (Asafiev).

Irin wannan jin yana cike da Symphony na Ashirin da Daya. Amma an bambanta ta da babban kamun kai, taƙaitacciya, da natsuwa. Tunanin marubucin ya shafi bangarori daban-daban na rayuwa, yana ba da labari game da su cikin dumi, da gaske, tare da taɓa bakin ciki. Jigogi na wasan kwaikwayo sun cika tare da waƙoƙin rubutun waƙa na Rasha. Daga ashirin da daya, hanyar da aka kayyade zuwa karshe, ashirin da bakwai Symphony, wanda ya yi sauti bayan mutuwar Myaskovsky. Wannan hanya ta shiga cikin aikin shekaru na yaki, wanda Myaskovsky, kamar dukan Soviet composers, yana nufin jigon yakin, yana yin tunani a kai ba tare da kullun ba. Wannan shi ne yadda Myaskovsky ya shiga cikin tarihin al'adun kiɗa na Soviet, mai gaskiya, rashin daidaituwa, mai hankali na Rasha na gaskiya, wanda dukan bayyanarsa da ayyukansa ya kasance tambarin ruhaniya mafi girma.

O. Averyanova

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