Lyra: bayanin kayan aiki, abun da ke ciki, tarihi, sauti, amfani, fasaha na wasa

Akwai sanannun kalmomi da ake amfani da su ba tare da tunanin asalinsu ba. Wakoki, barkwanci, waƙoƙi, tattaunawa na iya zama waƙa - amma menene ainihin ma'anar wannan jigon? Kuma daga ina aka samo kalmar “waƙa” da ake iya fahimta a cikin harsuna daban-daban?

Menene lira

Siffar ma'anar ruhi da kalmar 'yan adam suna bin tsohuwar Helenawa. Kaɗe-kaɗe kayan kida ne, wasa wanda wani ɓangare ne na ainihin manhaja ga ƴan ƙasar Girka ta dā. Adadin kirtani a kan leda na gargajiya guda bakwai ne, daidai da adadin taurari, kuma yana wakiltar jituwa ta duniya.

Don rakiyar kaɗe-kaɗe, an karanta waƙoƙin almara na solo a cikin mawaƙa a cikin jama'a da kuma ayyukan ƙananan nau'ikan waƙoƙi a cikin zaɓaɓɓen da'irar, saboda haka sunan nau'in waƙar - waƙoƙi. A karo na farko, ana samun kalmar lyra a cikin mawaƙin Archilochus - binciken ya koma tsakiyar karni na XNUMX BC. Helenawa sun yi amfani da wannan kalma don zayyana duk kayan kida na dangin lyre, mafi shahararrun su - kafa, wanda aka ambata a cikin Iliad, Barbit, cithara da helis (wanda ke nufin kunkuru a Girkanci).

Tsohuwar kayan kirtani da aka zare, mai kwatankwacin garaya a shahararriyar adabi, a zamanin yau ana kiranta da alamar fasahar kiɗa, alamar mawaƙa ta duniya da makada.

Na'urar kayan aiki

Layar zaren ta gaji siffar zagayenta daga abubuwan farko da aka yi da harsashi na kunkuru. An lulluɓe jikin lebur ɗin da fararen saniya, sanye da ƙahonin tururuwa guda biyu ko lanƙwasa na katako a gefe. An makala igiyar giciye a saman ɓangaren ƙahonin.

A kan ginin da aka gama, wanda ya yi kama da abin wuya, sun zare igiyoyi masu tsayi iri ɗaya daga hanjin tumaki ko hemp, flax, mai lamba 3 zuwa 11. An haɗa su da sandar da jiki. Don wasan kwaikwayo, Helenawa sun fi son kayan kirtani 7. Hakanan an sami kirtani 11-12 da samfuran gwaji na kirtani 18 daban.

Ba kamar Helenawa da Romawa ba, sauran tsoffin al'adun Bahar Rum da na Gabas ta Tsakiya sukan yi amfani da resonator quadangular.

Daga baya takwarorinsu na arewacin Turai ma sun sami bambance-bambance. An sami tsohuwar ledar Jamusanci tun daga karni na 1300, kuma rotta na Scandinavian ya koma XNUMX. An yi rotta na Jamus na tsakiya bisa ga ka'idoji iri ɗaya kamar misalin Hellenic, amma an zana jiki, posts da crossbar daga itace mai ƙarfi.

Tarihi

A cikin zane-zane da zane-zane na d ¯ a, Apollo, Muses, Paris, Eros, Orpheus, da kuma, ba shakka, ana nuna allahn Hamisa tare da garaya. Girkawa sun danganta ƙirƙirar kayan aikin farko ga wannan mazaunin Olympus. A cewar almara, allahn jariri na dā ya cire diapers kuma ya tashi don satar shanu masu tsarki daga wani allah, Apollo. A kan hanyar, ɗan bajinta ya yi leda daga kunkuru da sanduna. Lokacin da aka gano satar, Hamisu ya burge Apollo sosai da sana’ar da ya yi har ya bar masa shanun kuma ya ɗauki abin wasan kiɗan da kansa. Saboda haka, Helenawa suna kiran kayan aikin ibada Apollonian, sabanin Dionysian iska aulos.

Ana nuna kayan kida a cikin nau'i na kwala a kan kayan tarihi na mutanen Gabas ta Tsakiya, Sumer, Roma, Girka, Masar, ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin sunan "kinnor" a cikin Attaura. A cikin ƙasar Sumerian ta Ur, an adana tsoffin garayu a cikin kaburbura, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana da alamun turaku 11. An gano wani nau'i na kayan aiki irin wannan mai shekaru 2300 a Scotland, wanda yayi kama da wutsiya. Ana ɗaukar garaya a matsayin kakan gama gari na yawan kayan kirtani na zamani.

Amfani

Godiya ga wakokin Homer, an adana cikakkun bayanai na yadda kayan kida suka shiga cikin rayuwar al'ummar Mycenaean a ƙarshen karni na biyu BC. An yi amfani da kiɗan igiya a cikin aikin haɗin gwiwa, wajen girmama alloli, bukukuwan gama gari na Girka, taron tattaunawa da jerin gwanon addini.

Mawaka da mawaƙa sun gudanar da ayyuka tare da rakiyar kaɗe-kaɗe a fareti don girmama nasarorin soja, gasannin wasanni, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Pythia. Ba tare da rakiyar mawaka ba, bukukuwan aure, liyafa, girbin inabi, bukukuwan jana'izar, al'adun gida da wasan kwaikwayo ba za su iya yi ba. Masu kida sun shiga cikin muhimmin bangare na rayuwar ruhaniya na tsoffin al'ummomin - bukukuwa don girmama alloli. Dithyrambs da sauran waƙoƙin yabo an karanta su zuwa tsince igiyoyin.

An yi amfani da koyon yin garaya wajen renon sabbin tsararru masu jituwa. Aristotle da Plato sun nace a kan buƙatar kiɗa a cikin samuwar hali. Yin kida wani abu ne da ba dole ba ne a cikin ilimin Helenawa.

Yadda ake kunna garaya

Ya kasance al'ada don riƙe kayan aikin a tsaye, ko karkata daga gare ku, kusan a kusurwar 45 °. Masu karatu sun yi a tsaye ko a zaune. Sun yi wasa da babban ƙashin ƙashi, suna murƙushe wasu igiyoyin da ba dole ba da hannunsu na kyauta. An haɗe igiya a cikin ƙugiya.

An yi gyaran kayan aikin tsoho ne bisa ma'aunin mataki 5. Dabarar buga ire-iren ire-iren ire-iren ire-iren su na duniya ne - kasancewar ya ƙware kayan kirtani guda ɗaya, mawaƙin zai iya kunna su duka. Bugu da ƙari, an kiyaye ma'auni na kirtani 7 a ko'ina cikin dangin leda.

An yi Allah wadai da kirtani da yawa a matsayin wuce gona da iri, wanda ke haifar da polyphony. Daga mawaƙa a zamanin da sun buƙaci hani a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma girman kai. Wasa garaya ya kasance ga maza da mata. Haramcin jinsi kawai ya shafi cithara tare da babban katako - yara maza ne kawai aka yarda su yi karatu. Mawaƙa tare da kitharas (kifarods) sun rera waƙoƙin Homer da sauran baitukan hexametric zuwa tsararrun waƙoƙin waƙa na musamman - sunaye.