salo |

salo (Jamus Stilisierung, Salon Faransanci, daga stylus na Latin, stulos na Girkanci - sanda don rubutu akan allunan da aka yi da kakin zuma, rubutu, syllable) - nishaɗi da gangan na takamaiman. fasali na kiɗa k.-l. mutane, zamanin kirkira, fasaha. kwatance, ƙasa da sau da yawa wani mutum mawaƙi ta style a cikin ayyuka, na wani daban-daban na ƙasa ko na wucin gadi Layer, na na m. halaye tare da sauran fasaha. saituna. S. baya kama da roko ga al'ada, lokacin da aka kafa fasaha. ka'idoji suna canjawa wuri zuwa alaka da yanayi na halitta a gare su (alal misali, ci gaba da al'adun Beethoven a cikin aikin I. Brahms), da kuma kwaikwayo, wanda shine kwafi wanda ba shi da wani sabon inganci (misali, abubuwan da aka tsara a cikin gargajiya na gargajiya). nau'in F. Lachner) da sauƙin juyawa zuwa kwaikwayo. Sabanin su, S. yana ɗaukar cirewa daga samfurin da aka zaɓa da kuma canza wannan samfurin zuwa wani abu na hoto, wani abu na kwaikwayo (misali, suite a cikin tsohon salon "Daga Times of Holberg" op. 40. Grieg). Marubucin S. yana kula da shi a matsayin wani abu da ke kwance a waje, yana jawo hankalinsa tare da sabon abu, amma har yanzu ya rage a nesa - wucin gadi, na kasa, mutum mai salo; S. ya bambanta da bin al'ada ba ta amfani da shi ba, amma ta hanyar sake haifar da abin da aka samo a baya, ba a zahiri ba. alaka da shi, amma sake halittarsa ​​a wajen dabi'ar da ta haife ta. yanayi; ainihin S. yana cikin yanayinsa na biyu (tunda S. ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da daidaitawa ga alamu da aka rigaya ba). A cikin aiwatar da S. stylized al'amura zama har abada. zuwa ƙanƙanin yanayin sharadi, wato, ƙima ba sosai a cikin kansu ba, amma a matsayin masu ɗaukar ma'anar ma'ana. Domin bayyanar da wannan m sakamako, wajibi ne a lokacin da wani lokaci na "bambamci" (lokacin VB Shklovsky, nuna yanayin da ya karya "atomatik na hasashe" da kuma sa mutum ya ga wani abu daga wani sabon abu ra'ayi), wanda ya bayyana a fili. sake ginawa, yanayin sakandare na C.

Irin wannan lokacin mai rauni na iya zama ƙari ga sifofin asali (misali, a cikin No 4 da No 7 daga Ravel's Noble and Sentimental Waltzes, akwai ƙarin fara'a na Viennese fiye da na asali na Viennese, kuma Maraice na Debussy a Grenada ya zarce ainihin Mutanen Espanya. a cikin taro na launi na Mutanen Espanya. kiɗa), gabatarwar stylists sabon abu a gare su. abubuwa (misali, zamani dissonant jituwa a cikin tashin tsohon Aria na 2nd part of the sonata for piano by Stravinsky) har ma da mahallin kanta (a cikin abin da, misali, kawai ban mamaki rawa na stylized rawa a Taneyev ta Minuet aka bayyana). , kuma a cikin lokuta na ingantaccen haifuwa - taken (fp. na wasan "A cikin yanayin ... Borodin, Chabrier" na Ravel, "Tribute to Ravel" na Honegger). A waje da ɓata suna, S. ya rasa ƙayyadaddun sa. inganci da kuma - batun ƙwararren ƙwararren aiki - yana fuskantar asali (samar da duk dabarar waƙar waƙar "Chorus of the Villages" daga aiki na 4th na opera "Prince Igor" na Borodin; Waƙar Lyubasha daga wasan opera na farko. "The Tsar Bride" by Rimsky-Korsakov).

S. yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin kiɗan gabaɗaya. kudade. Ta wadatar da fasahar zamaninta da kasarta da muses. binciken wasu zamani da al'ummomi. Halin juzu'i na karatun tarukan da rashin sabo na asali ana biya su ta hanyar ingantaccen ilimin tarukan da ke da wadatuwa. Bugu da ƙari, S. yana buƙatar al'ada mai girma duka daga mahaliccinsa (in ba haka ba S. ba ya tashi sama da matakin eclecticism) kuma daga mai sauraro, wanda dole ne ya kasance a shirye don godiya "kiɗa game da kiɗa." Dogaro da tarin al'adu shine duka ƙarfi da rauni na S.: magana da hankali da ɗanɗano mai haɓaka, S. koyaushe yana zuwa ne daga ilimi, amma kamar haka babu makawa yana sadaukar da kai tsaye ga tunanin da kuma haɗarin zama mai hankali.

Abun S. na iya zama kusan kowane fanni na kiɗa. Mafi sau da yawa mafi ban mamaki kaddarorin na dukan music-tarihi an stylized. zamani ko al'adun kiɗa na ƙasa (daidaitaccen sauti a cikin halayen mawaƙa na tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin Wagner's Parsifal; Lalo's Russian Concerto na violin da Orchestra). Musan da suka shige a baya suma ana yin su da salo. Gwargwadon goko (Gavotte da Rigaudon daga guda goma don Piano, OP. Hinddith na Madrid, da kuma siffofin sonata) a cikin Symphony na Symphony) da kuma abubuwan da aka yi. fasahohi (halayen jigogi da yawa na zamanin Baroque, jigon jigo, bi da bi da haɓaka sassa a cikin jigon 12st na fugue daga Stravinsky's Symphony na Zabura). Siffofin salon mawaƙin ɗaya ba a sake yin su ba sau da yawa (Ingantacciyar Mozart a cikin opera Mozart da Salieri na Rimsky-Korsakov; Paganini's “pizzicato shaidan” a cikin 1th bambance-bambancen daga Rachmaninov's Rhapsody a kan Jigo na Paganini; fantasies a cikin Bahar Rum. sun zama tartsatsi a cikin kiɗan lantarki). A yawancin lokuta, k.-l. an yi salo. kashi na kiɗa. harshe: fret harmonic. ka'idoji (tunanin waƙar diatonic modal "Ronsard - ga ransa" na Ravel), rhythmic. da cikakkun bayanai na ƙira (wani tsattsauran ra'ayi mai digo a cikin ruhin JB Lully's overtures don "19 Violins of the King" a cikin gabatarwar Stravinsky's Apollo Musagete; arpeggiated "soyayya" rakiya a cikin duet na Natasha da Sonya daga wuri na 24st na wasan kwaikwayo. opera "Yaki da Duniya" na Prokofiev), ma'aikatan wasan kwaikwayo (tsohuwar kayan aiki a cikin maki na ballet "Agon" na Stravinsky) da kuma salon wasan kwaikwayo ("Song of the ashug" a cikin salon mugham mai haɓakawa daga opera "Almast" "Na Spendiarov), katako na kayan aiki (sautin zabura da aka sake haifar da haɗin garaya da piano a cikin gabatarwar wasan opera "Ruslan da Lyudmila", guitars - ta hanyar hada garaya da violin na farko a cikin babban mahimmanci. wani ɓangare na Glinka's "Jota na Aragon"). A ƙarshe, S. ya yarda da wani abu da ya fi gabaɗaya - launi ko yanayin tunani wanda ya wanzu a cikin wakilcin romanticized fiye da samun samfurori na gaske (salon yanayin gabas a cikin raye-rayen Sinanci da Larabci daga ballet The Nutcracker na Tchaikovsky; Old Castle "daga "Hotuna a Nunin Nuni" don Mussorgsky; Tunani mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa a cikin yanayin tsakiyar zamanai a cikin "Epic Song" daga "Wakoki uku na Don Quixote zuwa Dulcinea" don murya tare da piano Ravel). Saboda haka, kalmar "S". yana da inuwa da yawa, kuma kewayon ma’anarsa yana da faɗi sosai ta yadda ainihin iyakoki na ra’ayin S. ya shafe: a cikin matsanancin bayyanarsa, S. ko dai ya zama ba a bambanta da mai salo, ko kuma ayyukansa sun zama ba a bambanta da ayyukan kowace waƙa.

S. yana da sharadi na tarihi. Ba kuma ba zai iya kasancewa a cikin preclassic ba. lokaci na tarihin kiɗa: mawaƙa na tsakiyar zamanai, da kuma wani ɓangare na Renaissance, ba su sani ba ko kuma godiya ga mutuntakar marubucin, suna danganta babban mahimmanci ga fasaha na yin da kuma wasiƙar kiɗa zuwa liturgical. alƙawari. Bugu da kari, da general music. tushen wadannan al'adu, hawan Ch. arr. zuwa waƙar Gregorian, ya kore yiwuwar sanannen “stylistic. sauke." Ko da a cikin aikin JS Bach, alamar mutum mai ƙarfi, fugues kusa da kiɗan salon salo, alal misali. daidaitawar mawaƙa na "Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt", ba S. ba, amma haraji ga al'adar archaic, amma ba matacciyar al'ada ba (Protestant song). Viennese litattafan, muhimmanci ƙarfafa rawar da mutum mai salo. farkon, a lokaci guda shagaltar da aiki kerawa. matsayin da za a kulle C: ba mai salo ba, amma da ƙirƙira ya sake tunani Nar. nau'ikan motifs na J. Haydn, dabarun Italiyanci. bel canto ta WA Mozart, abubuwan kidan Babban Faransanci. juyin juya hali na L. Beethoven. A kan rabon S. dole ne su sake ƙirƙirar waje. Halayen Gabas. kiɗa (wataƙila saboda sha'awar Gabas a ƙarƙashin rinjayar al'amuran siyasar waje na wancan lokacin), sau da yawa masu wasa ("Drum na Turkiyya" a cikin rondo alla turca daga sonata don piano A-dur, K.-V. 331, Mozart ; "Chorus Janissaries" daga wasan opera na Mozart "The Sace daga Seraglio"; Hotunan ban dariya na "baƙi daga Constantinople" a cikin opera "Pharmacist" na Haydn, da dai sauransu). Ba kasafai ake gani a Turai ba. kiɗa kafin ("Gllant India" na Rameau), gabas. m dogon zama gargajiya. abu na yanayin S. a cikin kiɗan opera (CM Weber, J. Wiese, G. Verdi, L. Delibes, G. Puccini). Romanticism, tare da ƙara da hankali ga salon mutum, launi na gida, da yanayin zamanin, ya ba da hanya don yaduwar S., duk da haka, masu rubutun soyayya, waɗanda suka juya zuwa matsalolin sirri, sun bar kadan, duk da cewa kyawawan misalai na S. (misali, Chopin) , "Paganini", "Jamus Waltz" daga "Carnival" na pianoforte Schumann). Ana samun Sirin S. a cikin Rashanci. mawallafa (alal misali, Duet na Lisa da Polina, da interlude "Thihiyar Shepherdess" daga opera "The Queen of Spades" by Tchaikovsky, songs na kasashen waje baƙi daga opera "Sadko" Rimsky-Korsakov: a cikin songs. na baƙon Vedenets, a cewar VA Tsukkerman, S. polyphony na salon tsauri yana nuna lokaci, da kuma nau'in barcarolle - wurin aiki). Rasha Ga mafi yawancin, kiɗa game da Gabas ba zai iya kiran shi S. ba, don haka zurfin fahimta a cikin Rasha shine ainihin ruhun gabas na geographically da tarihi (duk da cewa an fahimta da ɗan fahimta, ba tare da ilimin ƙabilanci ba, daidaito). Duk da haka, a ban mamaki jaddada, "mafi yawa gabas" shafukan a cikin opera The Golden Cockerel na Rimsky-Korsakov za a iya kidaya a matsayin S..

S. ya sami ci gaba mai faɗi musamman a cikin karni na 20 wanda ke haifar da dabi'un nek-ry na zamani. kiɗa. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman halayensa (kuma a gaba ɗaya halayen fasahar zamani) shine duniya, watau sha'awar al'adun kiɗa na kusan dukkanin zamani da al'ummomi. Sha'awa a cikin binciken ruhaniya na tsakiyar zamanai yana nunawa ba kawai a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na G. de Machaux Play na Robin da Marion ba, har ma a cikin ƙirƙirar Respighi's Gregorian Violin Concerto; tsarkakewa daga cin mutuncin kasuwanci. Jazz Wakilin C. Negro. music in fp. Preludes Debussy, Op. M. Ravel. Hakazalika, waƙar haziƙanci na zamani, wani wuri ne da ke haifar da haɓakar salon salo, musamman mahimmanci a cikin kiɗan neoclassicism. Neoclassicism yana neman tallafi tsakanin rashin zaman lafiya na zamani. rayuwa a cikin haifuwa na labarai, siffofi, dabarun da suka tsaya a kan gwajin lokaci, wanda ya sa S. (a cikin dukan digirinsa) ya zama sifa na wannan fasaha mai sanyi. A ƙarshe, haɓaka mai kaifi a cikin ƙimar wasan ban dariya a cikin zamani. fasaha yana haifar da matsananciyar buƙata don S., ta halitta an ba shi mafi mahimmancin ingancin wasan ban dariya - ikon wakiltar fasalulluka na sabon abu mai salo a cikin nau'i mai ƙari. Saboda haka, a cikin hanyar ban dariya, kewayon zai bayyana. damar kida. S. yana da faɗi sosai: ɗanɗanon ban dariya a cikin ɗan ƙwanƙwasa "A kwaikwayi Albeniz" na FP. Shchedrin, FP mai fasaha. Preludes ta Cuban A. Taño ("Don Mawaƙan Ƙwararru", "Mawakan Ƙasa", "Mawaƙa na Ƙasa", "Mawakan Mawaƙa", "Pointillist Composers"), wani farin ciki mai ban sha'awa na samfuran opera a cikin Prokofiev's The Love for Three Lemu, ƙasa mai kyau, amma "Mavra" na Stravinsky mai salo, wanda Slonimsky ya zayyana "Alheri uku" na piano. ("Botticelli" jigon "Renaissance rawa music", "Rodin" shi ne na 2nd bambancin salon Ravel, "Picasso" shi ne na 2nd bambancin "karkashin Stravinsky"). A cikin kiɗan S. na zamani yana ci gaba da zama muhimmin aikin ƙirƙira. liyafar. Don haka, S. (sau da yawa a cikin yanayin tsohuwar kide kide kide kide kide kide da wake-wake grossi) an haɗa shi a cikin haɗin gwiwa (alal misali, taken da aka salo “bayan Vivaldi” a cikin motsi na 1st na wasan kwaikwayo na A. Schnittke yana ɗaukar nauyin ma’ana ɗaya kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin kiɗan). . A cikin 70s. wani salon salo na "retro" ya ɗauki siffar, wanda, ya bambanta da abin da ya faru na baya-bayan nan, yayi kama da komawa zuwa mafi sauƙi; S. Anan ya rushe cikin roko zuwa mahimman ka'idodin muses. harshe - zuwa "tsaftataccen tonality", triad.

References: Troitsky V. Yu., Stylization, a cikin littafin: Kalma da Hoto, M., 1964; Savenko S., A kan tambayar haɗin kai na salon Stravinsky, a cikin tarin: IF Stravinsky, M., 1973; Kon Yu., Game da fugue biyu na I. Stravinsky, a cikin tarin: Polyphony, M., 1975.

TS Kyuregyan