Wakar fim |
Kidan fim wani bangare ne na aikin fim, daya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin bayyana ra'ayi. A cikin ci gaban art-va muses. Zane na fim ɗin ya bambanta tsakanin lokacin shiru da lokacin cinema mai sauti.
A cikin silima shiru, waƙa ba ta kasance cikin fim ɗin ba tukuna. Ta bayyana ba a cikin aiwatar da fim din ba, amma a lokacin zanga-zangar - an nuna hotunan fina-finai tare da masu zane-zane na pianist, trios, da kuma wani lokacin mawaƙa. Duk da haka, cikakken buƙatar kiɗa. rakiyar riga a wannan mataki na farko a cikin ci gaban cinematography ya bayyana yanayin sauti da gani. Kiɗa ya zama abokiyar fim ɗin shiru ba makawa. An fitar da faifan kiɗan da aka ba da shawarar yin fim. aiki. Gudanar da aikin mawaƙa-masu zane-zane, a lokaci guda sun haifar da haɗari na daidaitawa, ƙaddamar da fasaha daban-daban. ra'ayoyi zuwa ƙa'ida ɗaya na kwatanci kai tsaye. Don haka, alal misali, melodrama yana tare da kiɗan soyayya na hysterical, ban dariya. fina-finai - humoresques, scherzos, fina-finai masu ban sha'awa - a gallop, da dai sauransu. Ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar kiɗa na asali don fina-finai ya samo asali ne tun shekarun farko na wanzuwar silima. A cikin 1908 C. Saint-Saens ya haɗa kiɗa (ɗakin kirtani, kida, piano da harmonium a cikin sassa 5) don farkon fim ɗin The Assassination of the Duke of Guise. An yi irin wannan gwajin a Jamus, Amurka.
A cikin Sov. Ƙungiyar tare da zuwan sabon, fasahar fina-finai na juyin juya hali, wata hanya ta daban don cinematography ta taso - an fara ƙirƙirar claviers na asali da ƙididdiga na kiɗa. rakiyar wasu fina-finai. Daga cikin shahararrun shine kiɗan DD Shostakovich don fim ɗin "New Babila" (1929). A 1928 da. mawaki E. Meisel ya rubuta kiɗa don nuna owls. fim din "Battleship Potemkin" a Berlin. Mawaƙa sun nemi samun mafita na musamman, mai zaman kanta da kankare na kiɗa, wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na cinematography. samarwa, kungiyarsa ta ciki.
Tare da ƙirƙira kayan aikin rikodin sauti, kowane fim ya sami nasa sautin sauti na musamman. Kewayon sautinsa ya haɗa da kalma mai sauti da surutu.
Tun da haihuwar fina-finan sauti, riga a cikin 1930s. akwai rarrabuwa na fina-finai a cikin intraframe - kankare, ƙwaƙƙwaran, barata ta hanyar sautin kayan aikin da aka nuna a cikin firam, lasifikar rediyo, waƙar hali, da sauransu, da kuma a waje - "marubuci", "sharadi". Kiɗa a waje, kamar yadda yake, an cire shi daga aikin kuma a lokaci guda yana nuna abubuwan da suka faru na fim ɗin, yana bayyana ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen makirci.
A cikin fina-finai na 30s, waɗanda suka yi fice saboda rawar da suka taka na shirin, rubutun sauti ya sami mahimmanci; kalma da aiki sun zama mafi mahimmancin hanyoyin siffanta hali. Irin wannan cinematic tsarin yana buƙatar babban adadin kiɗan intra-frame, kai tsaye yana daidaita lokaci da wurin aikin. Mawaƙa sun nemi su ba da nasu fassarar muses. hotuna; kiɗan in-frame ya zama kashe-allon. Farkon 30s. alamar bincike don haɗakar da kiɗa a cikin fim ɗin azaman ma'ana da mahimmancin silima. bangaren. Daya daga cikin shahararrun nau'ikan sifofi na kida na jarumai da abubuwan da suka faru na fim din shine wakar. Ana yaɗa kiɗa a cikin wannan lokacin. fim din barkwanci bisa wata shahararriyar waka.
Classic samfurori na K. na wannan nau'in an halicce su ta IO Dunaevsky. Waƙarsa, waƙoƙin fina-finai ("Merry Fellows", 1934, "Circus", 1936, "Volga-Volga", 1938, dir. GA Alexandrov; "Rich Bride", 1938, "Kuban Cossacks", 1950, directed by IA Pyriev), cike da farin ciki hali, bambanta da leitmotif na halaye, thematic. sauki, ikhlasi, ya sami babbar shahara.
Tare da Dunayevsky, waƙar al'adar zanen fim ta haɓaka ta hanyar mawaƙa br. Pokrass, TN Khrennikov da sauransu, daga baya, a cikin 50s-farkon. NV Bogoslovsky, A. Ya. Eshpay, A. Ya. Lepin, AN Pakhmutova, AP Petrov, VE Basner, MG Fradkin da sauransu Fim ɗin "Chapaev" (70, daraktoci ɗan'uwan Vasiliev, comp. GN Popov) an bambanta ta hanyar daidaito da daidaito na zaɓin kiɗan intra-frame. Tsarin waƙa-intonation na fim (tushen ci gaba mai ban mamaki shine waƙar jama'a), wanda ke da leitingtonation guda ɗaya, yana nuna hoton Chapaev kai tsaye.
A cikin fina-finan 30s. dangantakar da ke tsakanin hoto da kiɗa ta dogara ne akan Ch. arr. bisa ga ka'idodin daidaitawa: kiɗa ya ƙarfafa wannan ko wannan motsin rai, yanayin da marubucin fim ɗin ya haifar, halinsa ga hali, yanayi, da dai sauransu ya zurfafa shi. Mafi girman sha'awa a wannan batun shine DD Shostakovich's m music for movies Alone (1931, dir. GM Kozintsev), The Golden Mountains (1931, dir. SI Yutkevich), The Counter (1932, directed by FM Ermler, SI Yutkevich). Tare da Shostakovich, manyan owls suna zuwa cinema. Symphonic composers - SS Prokofiev, Yu. A. Shaporin, AI Khachaturian, DB Kablevsky da sauransu. Yawancinsu suna aiki tare a cikin fina-finai a duk tsawon rayuwarsu ta kere-kere. Sau da yawa Hotunan da suka taso a cikin K. sun zama ginshiƙi na karimci masu zaman kansu. ko sautin simphony. samfur. (cantata "Alexander Nevsky" na Prokofiev da sauransu). Tare da daraktocin mataki, mawaƙa suna neman muses na asali. yanke shawara na fim, ƙoƙari don fahimtar matsalar wurin da manufar kiɗa a cikin sinima. Ƙirƙirar al'umma ta gaske ta haɗa kwamfutar. SS Prokofiev da kuma dir. SM Eisenstein, wanda ya yi aiki a kan matsalar tsarin sauti na gani na fim. Eisenstein da Prokofiev sun sami ainihin nau'ikan hulɗar tsakanin kiɗa da fasahar gani. Kiɗa na Prokofiev don fina-finan Eisenstein "Alexander Nevsky" (1938) da "Ivan the Terrible" (jerin 1st - 1945; saki akan allon 2nd - 1958) an bambanta ta hanyar taƙaitacciyar taƙaitacciyar taƙaitacciyar hoto. Hotuna, ainihin madaidaicin su tare da kari da kuzari za su nuna. mafita (maganganun abubuwan da aka haɓaka da sauti-na gani na ƙima sun kai ga kamala ta musamman a wurin yaƙin kankara daga fim ɗin "Alexander Nevsky"). Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa a cikin fina-finai, bincike na Eisenstein da Prokofiev sun ba da gudummawa ga samuwar silima a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar fasaha. bayyanawa. Mawallafin 50s sun karɓi wannan al'ada daga baya - farkon. 70s sha'awar gwaji, gano sababbin hanyoyin da za a iya haɗawa da kiɗa da hotuna sun bambanta aikin EV Denisov, RK Shchedrin, ML Tariverdiev, NN Karetnikov, AG Schnittke, BA Tchaikovsky da sauransu.
Babban ma'aunin fasaha. gabaɗaya, halayyar kiɗa a matsayin fasaha gabaɗaya, ya ƙaddara rawar da yake takawa a cikin aikin fim: K. yana yin “… aikin cikakken hoto dangane da abin da aka nuna…” (SM Eisenstein), yana ba ku damar bayyana mafi mahimmanci. tunani ko ra'ayin fim din. Cinema na gani na sauti na zamani yana samar da kasancewar muses a cikin fim ɗin. ra'ayoyi. Ya dogara ne akan amfani da duka kashe allo da intra-frame, kiɗa mai motsa rai, wanda sau da yawa yakan zama hanyar da ba ta dace ba, amma zurfin fahimta da dabara game da ainihin halayen ɗan adam. Tare da tartsatsi amfani da hanyar kai tsaye daidaici na kiɗa da hotuna, da "counterpuntal" yin amfani da music fara taka muhimmiyar rawa (ma'anar wanda SM Eisenstein yayi nazari tun kafin zuwan silima mai sauti). An gina shi a kan juxtaposition na kiɗa da hotuna, wannan dabara tana haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo na abubuwan da aka nuna (harbin masu garkuwa da mutane a cikin fim ɗin Italiyanci The Long Night na 1943, 1960, yana tare da kiɗan farin ciki na tafiyar fasisti; farin ciki na ƙarshe sassan fina-finan Italiyanci na saki a cikin Italiyanci, 1961, sun wuce zuwa sautin jana'izar tafiya). Yana nufin kiɗa ya sami juyin halitta. leitmotif wanda sau da yawa ya bayyana gaba ɗaya, mafi mahimmancin ra'ayin fim ɗin (misali, jigon Gelsomina a cikin fim ɗin Italiyanci The Road, 1954, wanda F. Fellini ya jagoranta, ɗan wasan barkwanci N. Rota). Wani lokaci a zamani A cikin fim ɗin, ana amfani da kiɗa ba don haɓakawa ba, amma don ɗaukar motsin rai. Alal misali, a cikin fim din "400 Blows" (1959), darektan F. Truffaut da mawaki A. Constantin sunyi ƙoƙari don tsananin kiɗa. jigogi don ƙarfafa mai kallo zuwa kimanta madaidaicin abin da ke faruwa akan allon.
Musanya. manufar fim ɗin tana ƙarƙashin ra'ayin marubucin gabaɗaya ne kai tsaye. Don haka, alal misali, a Japan. Fim ɗin "The Tsibirin Tsibiri" (1960, dir. K. Shindo, comp. X. Hayashi), wanda ya ba da labari game da rayuwa mai tsauri, mai wuya, amma mai ma'ana mai ma'ana na mutanen da ke yin yaƙi tare da yanayi a cikin gwagwarmayar wanzuwa, kiɗa ba ya bayyana. a cikin harbe-harbe da ke nuna ayyukan yau da kullun na waɗannan mutane, kuma nan da nan ya ɓace lokacin da manyan al'amura suka shiga rayuwarsu. A cikin fim din "The Ballad of a Soldier" (1959, dir. G. Chukhrai, comp. M. Ziv), wanda aka yi a matsayin mawaki. labari, Hotunan kiɗa suna da adv. tushe; Mawaƙin kiɗan da aka samo shi yana tabbatar da kyakkyawa madawwami da mara canzawa na ɗan adam mai sauƙi da kirki.
Kiɗa na fim ɗin na iya zama ko dai na asali, an rubuta shi musamman don wannan fim, ko kuma ya ƙunshi sanannun waƙoƙi, waƙoƙi, kiɗan gargajiya. kiɗa yana aiki. A cikin cinema na zamani sau da yawa yana amfani da kiɗa na gargajiya - J. Haydn, JS Bach, WA Mozart, da sauransu, suna taimaka wa masu shirya fina-finai su haɗa labarin zamani. duniya da high humanistic. hadisai.
Kiɗa ya mamaye wuri mafi mahimmanci a cikin kiɗa. fina-finai, sadaukar da labari game da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, mawaƙa. Ko dai ta yi wasu wasan kwaikwayo. ayyuka (idan wannan labari ne game da ƙirƙirar wani yanki na kiɗa), ko kuma an haɗa shi cikin fim ɗin azaman lambar sakawa. Matsayi na farko na kiɗa a cikin daidaitawar fina-finai na wasan opera ko wasan ballet, da kuma masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bisa tushen operas da ballets. shirya fina-finai. Ƙimar irin wannan nau'in cinematography shine da farko a cikin faɗaɗa mafi kyawun ayyukan gargajiya. da kiɗan zamani. A cikin 60s. a Faransa, an yi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar nau'in wasan opera na asali na fim (The Umbrellas of Cherbourg, 1964, dir. J. Demy, comp. M. Legrand).
An haɗa kiɗa a cikin raye-raye, shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye da shahararrun fina-finan kimiyya. A cikin fina-finai masu rai, hanyoyin kiɗan nasu sun haɓaka. zane. Mafi na kowa daga cikinsu shi ne dabara na daidai daidaici na kiɗa da hoto: waƙar a zahiri tana maimaitawa ko kwaikwayon motsi akan allon (haka ma, sakamakon sakamakon zai iya zama duka biyun parodic da lyrical). Yana nufin Abin sha'awa game da wannan shine fina-finan Amer. dir. W. Disney, kuma musamman ma zane-zanensa daga jerin "Funny Symphonies", yana kunshe da shahararrun muses a cikin hotuna na gani. samfur. (misali, "Dance of the Skeletons" zuwa kiɗan waƙar waƙa ta C. Saint-Saens "Dance of Death", da dai sauransu).
Matakin ci gaban kiɗan zamani. zane na fim yana nuna daidai da mahimmancin kiɗa a tsakanin sauran sassan aikin fim. Waƙar fim tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman muryoyin fina-finai. polyphony, wanda sau da yawa ya zama mabuɗin don bayyana abubuwan da ke cikin fim din.
References: Bugoslavsky S., Messman V., Kiɗa da cinema. A kan fim da kida, M., 1926; Blok DS, Vugoslavsky SA, Waƙar kiɗa a cikin cinema, M.-L., 1929; London K., Music Music, trans. daga Jamus, M.-L., 1937; Ioffe II, Music of the Soviet cinema, L., 1938; Cheremukhin MM, Kiɗan fim ɗin sauti, M., 1939; Korganov T., Frolov I., Cinema da kiɗa. Kiɗa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na fim, M., 1964; Petrova IF, Music of the Soviet cinema, M., 1964; Eisenstein S., Daga wasika tare da Prokofiev, "SM", 1961, No 4; shi, Darakta da mawaki, ibid., 1964, No 8; Fried E., Music in Soviet cinema, (L., 1967); Lissa Z., Kyawun waƙar fim, M., 1970.
IM Shilova
