Romanesque |

ital. Romanesca

Sunan na kowa a cikin Zap. Turai 17-18 ƙarni. ciki wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye, raye-raye daban-daban, da kuma aria da waƙoƙi tare da instr. rakiyar, wanda ya dogara ne akan wani nau'i na melodic-harmonic. samfurin da ke da alaƙa da folia da tsohuwar passamezzo (passamezzo antico).

Tushen asalin sunan da asalin R. ba a bayyana gaba ɗaya ba. A bayyane yake, ya samo asali ne daga Italiya ko Spain; saboda haka, ana fassara sunan a matsayin ma'anar ma'anar "a cikin salon Romawa" (alla maniera Romana) ko kuma kamar yadda aka samo daga Mutanen Espanya. soyayya.

Litattafan F. Salinas “De Musica” (1577) ta ƙunshi yawa. samfurori na waƙoƙin jama'a R. - a cikin salon Portuguese. folia, mai alaƙa da Italiyanci. galliarde, spanish villancico, pavane, da dai sauransu, wadanda yawanci prof. mawaƙa. A cikin decomp. Ƙwaƙwalwar R. suna samun fasali ɗaya dangane da kari. ta hanyar musanya ci gaban mataki-mataki wanda ke ƙarƙashinsu a cikin ƙarar kwata, ta hanyar gabatar da sautunan da ba su dace ba, kayan ado, da sauransu. Daya daga cikin sabani na farko daga wannan shine duet na Monteverdi "Ohimi dov'i il mio ben" a cikin kide-kide daga littafi na 7 na madrigals (1619).

Mafi kwanciyar hankali shine sifar bass (tsalle zuwa na huɗu), yana aiki azaman babba. bambanta. alamar R.; duk da haka, daga farkon karni na 17 da bass quart motsi sau da yawa ana cika su da matsakaicin sautuna. Musanya. An kafa fom ɗin R. tun da sunansa; Asali, wasan kwaikwayo kusa da R. an ƙirƙira su a ƙarƙashin wasu sunaye. Abubuwan farko da ake kira "R." raye-raye ne don lute (A. de Becchi, 1568). A farkon. Karni na 17 R. sun fi yawa don waƙa tare da bass na gaba ɗaya, don cithara (J. Frescobaldi, tarin 1615, 1630 da 1634), a cikin bene na biyu. Karni na 2 – don kayan aikin madannai (B. Storace, 17). A cikin 1664th da 19th ƙarni da adaptations na tsoho rhymes da JD Alar (na violin da pianoforte) da AK Glazunov (r. daga ballet Raymonda).

References: Riеmann H., The "Basso ostinato" da farkon cantata, "SIMG", 1911/12, shekara 13; Nettl R., Jigogi ostinato na Mutanen Espanya guda biyu, «ZfMw», 1918/19, juzu'i. 1, shafi na 694-98; Gombosi О., Italia: patria del basso ostinato, «Rass. mus.», 1934, aya 7; Hоrsley J., Bambancin ƙarni na 16, «JAMS», 1959, aya 12, shafi. 118-32.