Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin |

Rodion Shchedrin

Oh, zama mai kiyaye mu, mai ceto, kiɗa! Kar ku bar mu! tada rayukan mu masu fataucin mu sau da yawa! buga kaifafa tare da sautunan ku akan hankalinmu na barci! Tada hankalinsu, ka wargaza su ka kore su, ko da na ɗan lokaci ne, wannan mugun son zuciya mai sanyi da ke ƙoƙarin mamaye duniyarmu! N. Gogol. Daga labarin "Sculpture, zanen da kiɗa"

A cikin bazara na 1984, a daya daga cikin kide kide da wake-wake na II International Music Festival a Moscow, da farko na "Hoton Kai" - bambance-bambancen da wani babban symphony Orchestra na R. Shchedrin. Sabon mawakin na mawakin, wanda ya tsallake matakin cika shekaru hamsin da haihuwa, ya kona wasu da kalamai masu ratsa zuciya, wasu kuma na murna da rashin jin dadin wannan jigon na aikin jarida, wanda ya maida hankali kan makomarsa. Gaskiya ne da gaske aka ce: “Mai fasaha shi ne babban alkali nasa.” A cikin wannan rukuni ɗaya, daidai yake da mahimmanci da abun ciki zuwa wasan kwaikwayo, duniyar zamaninmu tana bayyana ta hanyar priism na halayen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka gabatar a kusa da shi, kuma ta hanyarsa an san shi a cikin dukkanin versatility da sabani - a cikin aiki. da jahohin tunani, cikin tunani, zurfafa kai na waƙa, a cikin lokutan murna ko fashe fashe masu cike da shakku. Don "Hoton Kai", kuma yana da dabi'a, an haɗa zaren tare daga ayyuka da yawa da Shchedrin ya rubuta a baya. Kamar dai daga kallon idon tsuntsu, tafarkinsa na kirkire-kirkire da dan Adam ya bayyana – daga baya zuwa gaba. Hanyar "Danling of Fate"? Ko kuma "shahidi"? A wurinmu, ba daidai ba ne a ce ko ɗaya ko ɗaya. Ya fi kusa da gaskiya a faɗi: hanyar masu ƙarfin hali "daga mutum na farko"…

An haifi Shchedrin a cikin dangin mawaƙa. Uba, Konstantin Mihaylovich, ya kasance sanannen malamin kida. Ana yin kida akai-akai a gidan Shchedrins. Kiɗa kai tsaye ce ta zama filin kiwo wanda a hankali ya haifar da sha'awa da ɗanɗano na mawaƙin nan gaba. Iyali girman kai ne piano uku, a cikin abin da Konstantin Mihaylovich da 'yan'uwansa halarci. Shekarun samartaka sun zo daidai da wata babbar gwaji da ta faɗo a wuyan dukan jama'ar Soviet. Sau biyu yaron ya gudu zuwa gaba sau biyu aka mayar da shi gidan iyayensa. Daga baya Shchedrin zai tuna da yakin fiye da sau ɗaya, fiye da sau ɗaya zafin abin da ya fuskanta zai sake maimaitawa a cikin kiɗansa - a cikin Symphony na biyu (1965), mawaƙa zuwa waƙa ta A. Tvardovsky - don tunawa da ɗan'uwa wanda bai dawo ba. daga yakin (1968), a cikin "Poetoria" (a St. A. Voznesensky, 1968) - wani asali concerto ga mawãƙi, tare da wata mace murya, wani gauraye mawaka da kuma symphony makada ...

A cikin 1945, an tura wani matashi ɗan shekara goma sha biyu zuwa Makarantar Choir da aka buɗe kwanan nan - yanzu su. AV Sveshnikova. Bugu da ƙari, nazarin ilimin ka'idar, ƙila yin waƙa shine babban aikin ɗaliban makarantar. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Shchedrin ya ce: “Na fuskanci lokacin farin ciki na farko a rayuwata sa’ad da nake rera waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Kuma ba shakka, abubuwan da na yi na farko su ma na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ne…” Mataki na gaba shi ne Makarantar Conservatory ta Moscow, inda Shchedrin ya yi karatu lokaci guda a faculty biyu - a cikin abun da ke ciki tare da Y. Shaporin kuma a cikin aji na piano tare da Y. Flier. Shekara guda kafin kammala karatunsa, ya rubuta Concerto na farko na Piano (1954). Wannan farkon opus ya ja hankali tare da asalinsa da halin yanzu mai raɗaɗi. Mawallafin mai shekaru ashirin da biyu ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa da 2 ditty motifs a cikin nau'in wasan kwaikwayo-pop - Siberian "Balalaika yana buzzing" da kuma sanannen "Semyonovna", yadda ya kamata ya haɓaka su a cikin jerin bambance-bambance. Al'amarin ya kusan zama na musamman: Shchedrin na farko concert ba kawai aka yi a cikin shirin na gaba composers' plenum, amma kuma ya zama tushen shigar da wani dalibi na 4th shekara… zuwa ga Union of Mawaƙa. Bayan da ya kare difloma a cikin fannoni biyu, matashin mawaƙin ya inganta kansa a makarantar digiri.

A farkon tafiyarsa, Shchedrin ya gwada wurare daban-daban. Waɗannan su ne ballet na P. Ershov The Little Humpbacked Horse (1955) da First Symphony (1958), the Chamber Suite for 20 violin, garaya, accordion da 2 biyu basses (1961) da opera Ba Kawai Ƙauna (1961) . wani wurin shakatawa na satirical cantata "Bureaucratiada" (1963) da Concerto for orchestra "Naughty ditties" (1963), kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai. Tafiya mai ban sha'awa daga fim din "Vysota" nan da nan ya zama mai sayar da kida ... Wasan opera bisa labarin S. Antonov "Aunt Lusha" ya fito fili a cikin wannan jerin, wanda rabonsa bai kasance mai sauƙi ba. Komawa ga tarihi, wanda bala'i ya kona, ga hotunan matan manoma masu saukin kai wadanda aka yankewa kadaici, mawakin, bisa ga ikirari nasa, da gangan ya mai da hankali kan kirkirar wasan opera na "kwanciya", sabanin "wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki tare da manyan abubuwan ban mamaki" a lokacin, a farkon 60s. , banners, da sauransu.” A yau ba zai yiwu a yi baƙin ciki ba cewa a lokacinsa ba a yaba wa opera ba kuma ba a fahimta ba har ma da kwararru. An lura da zargi kawai fuska ɗaya - ban dariya, ban dariya. Amma a zahiri, wasan opera Ba Ƙauna kawai ba shine mafi haske kuma watakila misali na farko a cikin kiɗan Soviet na abin da ya faru wanda daga baya ya karɓi ma'anar ma'anar "ƙauyen ƙauyen". To, hanyar gaba gaba koyaushe tana da ƙaya.

A shekarar 1966, mawaki zai fara aiki a kan opera ta biyu. Kuma wannan aikin, wanda ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar nasa libretto (a nan kyautar wallafe-wallafen Shchedrin ta bayyana kanta), ya ɗauki shekaru goma. "Matattu Souls", wuraren wasan opera bayan N. Gogol - wannan shine yadda wannan babban ra'ayi ya kasance. Kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba jama'ar mawakan sun yaba da matsayin masu sabbin abubuwa. Sha'awar mawaƙin don "karanta waƙar Gogol ta hanyar kiɗa, don zayyana halayen ƙasa tare da kiɗa, da kuma jaddada fa'ida mara iyaka, raye-raye da sassaucin harshenmu na asali tare da kiɗa" ya kasance cikin ban mamaki mai ban mamaki tsakanin duniyar ban tsoro. dillalai a cikin matattu rayuka, duk waɗannan Chichikovs, Sobeviches, Plyushkins, kwalaye, manilovs, waɗanda suka yi rashin tausayi a cikin wasan opera, da duniyar “rai masu rai”, rayuwar jama'a. Ɗaya daga cikin jigogin wasan opera ya dogara ne akan rubutun wannan waƙar "Snow ba fari ba", wanda marubucin ya ambata fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin waƙar. Dogaro da siffofin opera da aka kafa a tarihi, Shchedrin da ƙarfin hali ya sake tunani game da su, ya canza su a kan wani mahimmin tushe, ainihin zamani. Haƙƙin ƙirƙira an bayar da shi ta hanyar mahimman kaddarorin mutuntakar ɗan adam na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, da tabbaci bisa cikakken ilimin hadisai na masu arziki da na musamman a cikin nasarorin da aka samu na al'adun gida, a kan jini, shigar da kabilanci a cikin fasahar jama'a - waƙoƙinsa. melos, nau'i daban-daban. Mawakin ya yi iƙirarin "Fasahar jama'a tana haifar da sha'awar sake ƙirƙira ƙamshinsa mara misaltuwa, don ko ta yaya "daidaita" da dukiyarta, don isar da tunanin da yake haifarwa waɗanda ba za a iya tsara su da kalmomi ba. Kuma sama da duka, waƙarsa.

Wannan tsari na "sake ƙirƙirar jama'a" a hankali ya zurfafa a cikin aikinsa - daga kyawawan salon al'adun gargajiya a farkon wasan ballet "The Little Humpbacked Horse" zuwa palette mai launi na Mischievous Chastushkas, tsarin tsattsauran ra'ayi na "Zobba" (1968). , tada tsantsar sauƙi da ƙarar waƙoƙin Znamenny; daga yanayin kide-kide na hoto mai haske, hoto mai ƙarfi na babban halayen wasan opera "Ba Ƙauna kaɗai ba" zuwa labarin lyrical game da ƙaunar talakawa ga Ilyich, game da halinsu na ciki na sirri zuwa "mafi yawan duniya na duk mutanen da suka shude ta cikin ƙasa" a cikin oratorio "Lenin a cikin Zuciya mutane" (1969) - mafi kyau, mun yarda da ra'ayi na M. Tarakanov, "musika embodiment na Leninist theme, wanda ya bayyana a kan Hauwa'u. na bikin cika shekaru 100 da haihuwar shugaba. Daga kololuwa na ƙirƙirar hoton Rasha, wanda tabbas shi ne wasan opera "Matattu Rayukan", wanda B. Pokrovsky ya shirya a 1977 a kan mataki na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi, an jefa baka zuwa "Mala'ika Hatimi" - kiɗan choral a cikin 9. sassa bisa ga N. Leskov (1988). Kamar yadda mawaki ya lura a cikin annotation, ya sha'awar da labarin na icon fentin Sevastyan, "wanda buga wani tsoho mu'ujiza icon ƙazantar da iko na wannan duniya, da farko, da ra'ayin da imperishability na fasaha kyakkyawa. sihiri, ikon haɓakawa na fasaha." "An kama Mala'ika", kazalika da shekara da ta gabata da aka ƙirƙira don ƙungiyar mawaƙa "Stikhira" (1987), dangane da waƙar Znamenny, an sadaukar da ita ga bikin cika shekaru 1000 na baftisma na Rasha.

Waƙar Leskov a ma'ana ta ci gaba da ɗimbin tsinkaya da sha'awar wallafe-wallafen Shchedrin, yana mai da hankali kan ƙa'idarsa: “… Ba zan iya fahimtar mawakanmu waɗanda suka juya ga adabin da aka fassara ba. Muna da dukiya da ba a taɓa gani ba - wallafe-wallafen da aka rubuta cikin Rashanci. A cikin wannan jerin, an ba da wuri na musamman ga Pushkin ("ɗaya daga cikin allolina") - ban da farkon mawaƙa biyu, a cikin 1981 an ƙirƙira waƙoƙin waƙoƙin waƙar "The Execution of Pugachev" a kan rubutun masu gabatar da kara daga "Tarihin na Tarihi". Pugachev Rebellion" da "Strophes na" Eugene Onegin ".

Godiya ga wasan kwaikwayo na kida bisa Chekhov - "The Seagull" (1979) da "Lady with Dog" (1985), da kuma a baya rubuce-rubucen lyrical scenes dangane da labari na L. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" (1971), da gallery na waɗanda embodied a kan ballet matakin da aka muhimmanci wadãtar da Rasha jarumai. Marubucin gaskiya na waɗannan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mawaƙa na zamani shine Maya Plisetskaya, fitacciyar ballerina na zamaninmu. Wannan al'umma - mai kirkira da ɗan adam - ta riga ta wuce shekaru 30. Duk abin da kiɗan Shchedrin ya faɗi game da shi, kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ya tsara yana ɗaukar cajin bincike mai aiki kuma yana bayyana fasalin ɗabi'a mai haske. Mawaƙin yana jin motsin lokaci sosai, yana fahimtar yanayin rayuwar yau. Yana ganin duniya a cikin girma, kamawa da ɗauka a cikin hotuna na fasaha duka wani takamaiman abu da kuma gabaɗayan panorama. Shin wannan zai iya zama dalilin da ya sa ainihin manufarsa zuwa ga hanya mai ban mamaki na montage, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a kara fayyace bambance-bambancen hotuna da kuma yanayin tunanin? Dangane da wannan hanya mai ƙarfi, Shchedrin yayi ƙoƙari don taƙaitawa, taƙaitaccen bayani ("don sanya bayanan lamba a cikin mai sauraro") na gabatar da kayan, don kusancin dangantaka tsakanin sassansa ba tare da wata hanyar haɗi ba. Don haka, Symphony na biyu shine zagaye na 25 preludes, ballet "The Seagull" an gina shi akan wannan ka'ida; Concerto na Piano na Uku, kamar adadin wasu ayyuka, ya ƙunshi jigo da jerin sauye-sauyen sa a cikin bambance-bambance daban-daban. Murna mai ɗorewa na duniyar da ke kewaye yana nunawa a cikin furucin mai yin waƙar don yawan waƙa - duka a matsayin ƙa'idar tsara kayan kiɗan, salon rubutu, da kuma nau'in tunani. "Polyphony hanya ce ta wanzuwa, ga rayuwarmu, kasancewar zamani ya zama polyphonic." An tabbatar da wannan ra'ayin na mawaki a aikace. Yayinda yake aiki akan Rayukan Matattu, a lokaci guda ya ƙirƙiri ballets Carmen Suite da Anna Karenina, Concerto na Piano na Uku, Littafin Rubutun Polyphonic na preludes ashirin da biyar, juzu'i na biyu na 24 preludes da fugues, Poetoria, da sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. tare da wasan kwaikwayo na Shchedrin a kan wasan kide-kide a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na kansa - pianist, kuma daga farkon 80s. kuma a matsayinsa na organist, aikinsa yana haɗuwa cikin jituwa tare da ayyukan jama'a masu kuzari.

Hanyar Shchedrin a matsayin mawaƙa koyaushe tana cin nasara; yau da kullum, m cin nasara na abu, wanda a cikin m hannun maigidan ya juya zuwa cikin m Lines; shawo kan rashin aiki, har ma da son zuciya ga fahimtar mai sauraro; a ƙarshe, cin nasara kan kai, mafi daidai, maimaita abin da aka riga aka gano, samu, gwadawa. Yadda ba za a tuna ba a nan V. Mayakovsky, wanda ya taɓa yin magana game da 'yan wasan chess: "Ba za a iya maimaita mafi kyawun motsi ba a cikin yanayin da aka ba da shi a cikin wasan na gaba. Sai kawai rashin tsammani na motsi ya rushe abokan gaba.

Lokacin da aka fara gabatar da masu sauraron Moscow zuwa Kyautar Kiɗa (1983), martani ga sabon kiɗan Shchedrin ya kasance kamar bam. Rigimar dai ba ta dade ba. Mawaƙin, a cikin aikinsa, yana ƙoƙari don taƙaitaccen bayani, magana aphoristic ("salon telegraph"), ba zato ba tsammani ya koma cikin wani nau'i na fasaha daban-daban. Abun motsinsa guda ɗaya don gabobin jiki, sarewa 3, bassoons 3 da trombones 3 yana ɗaukar… fiye da awanni 2. Ita, bisa ga nufin marubucin, ba komai ba ne illa zance. Kuma ba wata hargitsin zance da muke yi a wasu lokuta, ba sa sauraron junanmu, cikin gaggawar bayyana ra’ayinmu, amma tattaunawa lokacin da kowa zai iya ba da labarin baƙin ciki, farin ciki, damuwa, wahayi… “Na yi imani da cewa tare da gaggawar rayuwar mu, wannan yana da matukar muhimmanci. Ka tsaya kayi tunani.” Bari mu tuna cewa an rubuta "Bayar da Kiɗa" a ranar bikin 300th na ranar haihuwar JS Bach ("Echo Sonata" don violin solo - 1984 kuma an sadaukar da shi ga wannan kwanan wata).

Shin marubucin ya canza ƙa'idodinsa na halitta? Maimakon haka, akasin haka: tare da nasa shekaru masu yawa na kwarewa a fannoni daban-daban da nau'o'i, ya zurfafa abin da ya ci nasara. Ko a cikin ƙananan shekarunsa, bai nemi abin mamaki ba, bai yi ado a cikin tufafin wasu ba, "bai yi tafiya a tashar jiragen ruwa da akwati ba bayan jiragen kasa da suka tashi, amma ya ci gaba ta hanyar ... an tsara shi ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta. son rai, so da abin da ba a so.” Af, bayan "Bayarwa Kiɗa" rabon jinkirin jinkiri, lokacin tunani, a cikin kiɗan Shchedrin ya karu sosai. Amma har yanzu babu komai a ciki. Kamar a baya, yana haifar da filin ma'ana mai girma da tashin hankali na tunani don fahimta. Kuma yana amsawa mai ƙarfi na lokaci. A yau, masu fasaha da yawa suna damuwa game da faɗuwar darajar fasaha ta gaskiya, karkata zuwa ga nishaɗi, sauƙaƙawa, da samun damar gabaɗaya, waɗanda ke ba da shaida ga halin ɗabi'a da ƙayatarwa na mutane. A cikin wannan halin da ake ciki na "katsewar al'adu", mahaliccin dabi'un fasaha ya zama a lokaci guda mai wa'azinsu. Game da wannan, kwarewar Shchedrin da aikinsa sune misalai masu haske na haɗin lokaci, "kaɗe-kaɗe daban-daban", da kuma ci gaba da al'adu.

Kasancewa da cikakkiyar masaniyar cewa yawan ra'ayoyi da ra'ayi shine tushen mahimmanci ga rayuwa da sadarwa a duniyar zamani, shi mai goyon bayan tattaunawa ne. Tarurrukan da ya yi suna da ilimantarwa sosai tare da ɗimbin jama'a, tare da matasa, musamman tare da matsananciyar ma'abota kiɗan rock - an watsa su a Gidan Talabijin na Tsakiya. Misali na tattaunawar kasa da kasa wanda dan uwanmu ya fara shi ne na farko a cikin tarihin bikin dangantakar al'adun Soviet da Amurka na kiɗan Soviet a Boston a ƙarƙashin taken: "Yin kiɗa tare", wanda ya buɗe babban zane mai ban sha'awa na aikin Soviet. mawaka (1988).

A cikin tattaunawa da mutane masu ra'ayi daban-daban, Rodion Shchedrin koyaushe yana da nasa ra'ayi. A cikin ayyuka da ayyuka - nasu zane-zane da hukuncin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin alamar babban abu: "Ba za ku iya rayuwa kawai don yau ba. Muna bukatar gina al’adu don nan gaba, domin amfanin al’umma masu zuwa.”

A. Grigorieva