Tarihin domra

Masana tarihi da yawa sun gaskata hakan domra - kayan aikin farko na Rasha. Duk da haka, makomarsa tana da ban mamaki kuma mai ban mamaki cewa bai dace da gaggawa tare da maganganun irin wannan ba, akwai nau'i na 2 na bayyanarsa, kowannensu na iya zama gaskiya.

Maganar domra ta farko da ta zo mana tun daga karni na 16, amma suna magana ne game da domra a matsayin kayan aiki wanda ya riga ya sami karbuwa sosai a Rasha.Ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan ka'idodin asalin wannan kayan kida da aka tara shine gadon gabas. Kayayyakin da suka yi kama da tsari da kuma hanyar fitar da sauti da tsoffi Turkawa suka yi amfani da su kuma ana kiran su tambors. Kuma sunan "domra" a fili ba shi da tushen Rasha. Har ila yau, wannan juzu'in yana goyan bayan gaskiyar cewa tambour ta gabas tana da allon sauti iri ɗaya kuma an fitar da sauti tare da taimakon guntuwar katako na hannu. An yi imani da cewa tambur ce ta kasance kakan kayan aikin gabas da yawa: Baglamu Baglamu, Kazakh dombra, Tajik rubab. An yi imanin cewa daga tambour ne, a cikin wasu sauye-sauye, da domra na Rasha zai iya tashi. Kuma an kawo shi zuwa tsohuwar Rasha a lokacin dangantakar kasuwanci ta kusa da kasashen Gabas, ko kuma lokacin lokacin Mongol-Tatar Yoke.

A cewar wani sigar, ya kamata a nemi tushen domra na zamani a cikin lute na Turai. Ko da yake, a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, duk wani kayan kida da aka sanye da madaidaicin jiki da kirtani, wanda daga ciki ake fitar da sauti ta hanyar da aka tsiro, ana kiransa lute. Idan ka shiga cikin tarihi, za ka iya gano cewa yana da tushen gabas kuma ya samo asali daga kayan aikin Larabci - al-ud, amma daga baya Slavs Turai sun rinjayi siffar da zane. Ana iya tabbatar da wannan ta Ukrainian-Polish kobza da mafi zamani version - bandura. Tsakanin Zamani sun shahara ga kusancin tarihi da al'adu, don haka domra daidai yake a matsayin dangi na duk kayan kida masu zare-zage na wancan lokacin.

A cikin lokacin daga karni na 16 zuwa 17, ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na al'adun Rasha. Skomoroshestvo, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a Rasha, ya kasance yana amfani da domra don wasan kwaikwayo na titi, tare da garayu da kaho. Sun zagaya cikin ƙasa, suna ba da wasan kwaikwayo, suna yin ba'a ga masu martaba boyar, cocin, wanda sau da yawa sukan haifar da fushi daga hukumomi da coci. Akwai duka "Amusement Chamber" wanda ke nishadantar da "mafi girma jama'a" tare da taimakon wannan kayan kida. Koyaya, farawa daga 1648, lokaci mai ban mamaki ya zo don domra. A ƙarƙashin rinjayar cocin, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ya kira wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na buffoons "wasannin aljanu" kuma ya ba da doka game da kawar da "kayan wasanni na aljanu" - domra, garaya, ƙaho, da dai sauransu. Daga wannan lokaci har zuwa karni na 19. , Takardun tarihi ba su ƙunshi kowane ambaton domra ba.

Labarin zai iya ƙare da baƙin ciki sosai, idan a cikin 1896, a cikin yankin Vyatka, wani mashahurin mai bincike da mawaƙa na wancan lokacin - VV Andreev, bai sami wani kayan kida mai ban mamaki ba wanda ke da siffar hemispherical. Tare da master SI Nalimov, sun ɓullo da wani aiki don ƙirƙirar kayan aiki bisa ga zane na samfurin da aka samo. Bayan sake ginawa da nazarin takardun tarihi, an kammala cewa wannan tsohuwar domra ce.

"Babban Orchestra na Rasha" - wanda ake kira balalaika orchestra karkashin jagorancin Andreev, ya wanzu tun kafin a gano domra, amma maigidan ya koka game da rashin babban rukuni na melodic, saboda rawar da ta dace. Tare da mawaki da pianist NP Fomin, tare da taimakon membobi na da'irar m Andreev sun koyi ilimin kide-kide kuma sun kai matakin ƙwararru, domra ya fara zama cikakkiyar kayan aikin ilimi.

Yaya domra yayi kama? Akwai ra'ayi cewa asalinsa an yi shi da katako. A can kuma aka huda itace a tsakiya, an gama sanda (wuyansa), an miƙe jijiyoyi na dabbobi a matsayin igiya. An yi wasan ne da sliver, gashin tsuntsu, ko kashin kifi. Domra na zamani yana da mafi kyawun jiki da aka yi da maple, birch, wuyan katako da aka yi da katako. Don yin wasan domra, ana amfani da abin da aka yi da harsashi na kunkuru, kuma don samun sautin murɗaɗi, ana amfani da plectrum da aka yi da fata na gaske. Kayan kirtani ya ƙunshi jiki mai zagaye, matsakaicin tsayin wuyansa, igiyoyi uku, ma'auni na kwata. A cikin 1908, an ƙera nau'ikan domara 4 na farko. Ya faru ne a kan dagewar sanannen jagoran - G. Lyubimov, kuma ra'ayin ya gane ta hanyar mai kula da kayan kida - S. Burovy. Koyaya, kirtani 4 ta kasance ƙasa da domra mai kirtani 3 na gargajiya dangane da timbre. Kowace shekara, sha'awar kawai ta ƙaru, kuma a cikin 1945 an yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko, inda domra ya zama kayan aiki na solo. N. Budashkin ne ya rubuta shi kuma ya kasance babban nasara a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Sakamakon wannan shine bude sashen farko na kayan aikin jama'a a Rasha a Cibiyar. Gnesins, wanda ke da sashen domra. Yu. Shishakov ya zama malami na farko.

yaduwa a Turai. A cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Semyon Budnov ya fassara, an ambaci sunan kayan aikin don a mai da hankali kan yadda Isra’ilawa suka yabi Allah a cikin Zabura da Sarki Dauda ya rubuta “Godiya ga Ubangiji a kan domra”. A cikin Masarautar Lithuania, ana ɗaukar wannan kayan kida a matsayin nishaɗin jama'a ga talakawa, amma a lokacin mulkin Grand Dukes na Radziwills, an buga shi a cikin tsakar gida don faranta wa kunne.

Har zuwa yau, ana yin kida na kida a cikin domra a Rasha, Ukraine, Belarus, da sauran ƙasashen Soviet bayan Soviet. Mawaƙa da yawa sun ba da lokacinsu don ƙirƙirar ayyukan kiɗa don wannan kayan aikin. Irin wannan gajeriyar hanya da domra ta bi, tun daga jama’a zuwa kayan aikin ilimi, babu wani kayan kida na kade-kade na kade-kade na zamani da ya iya bi.