Reinhold Moritsevich Glière |

Reinhold Gliere

Gliere. Prelude (Orchestra wanda T. Beecham ke gudanarwa)

Gliere! Bakwai wardi na Farisa, Bakwai odalisques na lambuna na, sihiri ubangijin Musikia, Ka koma bakwai dare. Vyach. Ivanov

Lokacin da Babban Oktoba na Socialist juyin juya hali ya faru, Gliere, wanda ya riga ya zama sanannen mawaki, malami, kuma jagora a wancan lokacin, nan da nan ya shiga cikin aikin gina al'adun kiɗa na Soviet. Wani ƙaramin wakilin makarantar mawaƙa na Rasha, ɗalibin S. Taneyev, A. Arensky, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, tare da ayyukansa iri-iri, ya sanya alaƙar rayuwa tsakanin kiɗan Soviet da al'adu mafi arha da ƙwarewar fasaha na baya-bayan nan. . "Ba na cikin wata da'ira ko makaranta," Glier ya rubuta game da kansa, amma aikinsa ba da son rai ya tuna da sunayen M. Glinka, A. Borodin, A. Glazunov saboda kamanceceniya a cikin fahimtar duniya, wanda ba shi da ra'ayi. ya bayyana mai haske a cikin Glier , jituwa, duka. Mawakin ya ce "Ina ganin laifi ne in isar da yanayi na a cikin waƙa."

Abubuwan kirkira na Gliere suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta: 5 operas, ballets 6, wasan kwaikwayo 3, kide-kide na kayan aiki 4, kiɗa don ƙungiyar tagulla, don ƙungiyar makaɗa na kayan kida na jama'a, ƙungiyoyin ɗaki, guntun kayan aiki, piano da waƙoƙin murya don yara, kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo da cinema.

Fara nazarin kiɗa ba tare da son iyayensa ba, Reinhold ta aiki tuƙuru ya tabbatar da haƙƙin fasahar da ya fi so kuma bayan shekaru da yawa na karatu a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Kiev a 1894 ya shiga cikin Conservatory na Moscow a cikin aji na violin, sannan abun da ke ciki. "Babu wanda ya taɓa yin aiki tuƙuru a cikin aji a gare ni kamar Gliere," Taneyev ya rubuta wa Arensky. Kuma ba kawai a cikin aji ba. Gliere ya yi nazarin ayyukan marubutan Rasha, littattafai kan falsafa, ilimin halin dan Adam, tarihi, kuma yana sha'awar binciken kimiyya. Bai gamsu da wannan kwas ba, ya yi karatun kiɗan gargajiya da kansa, ya halarci maraice na kiɗa, inda ya sadu da S. Rachmaninov, A. Goldenweiser da sauran adadi na kiɗan Rasha. "An haife ni a Kyiv, a Moscow na ga haske na ruhaniya da kuma hasken zuciya..." ya rubuta Gliere game da wannan lokacin rayuwarsa.

Irin wannan aikin da ya wuce gona da iri bai bar lokaci don nishaɗi ba, kuma Gliere bai yi ƙoƙari don su ba. "Na yi kama da wani nau'i na cracker ... ban iya tarawa a wani wuri a cikin gidan abinci, mashaya, cin abinci ba..." Ya yi nadama don ɓata lokaci a irin wannan sha'awar, ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata mutum ya yi ƙoƙari don samun kamala, wanda aka samu ta hanyar. aiki tuƙuru, sabili da haka kuna buƙatar “zai taurare kuma ya zama karfe. Duk da haka, Glier ba "cracker" bane. Yana da zuciya mai kirki, mai farin jini, ruhin waka.

Gliere ya sauke karatu daga Conservatoire a shekara ta 1900 tare da lambar yabo ta Zinariya, kasancewar a wancan lokacin marubucin abubuwan da aka tsara na ɗaki da kuma Symphony na Farko. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya rubuta da yawa kuma a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban. Babban sakamako mai mahimmanci shine Symphony na Uku "Ilya Muromets" (1911), game da abin da L. Stokowski ya rubuta wa marubucin: "Ina tsammanin cewa tare da wannan wasan kwaikwayon ka ƙirƙiri abin tunawa ga al'adun Slavic - kiɗan da ke nuna ƙarfin Rasha. mutane." Nan da nan bayan kammala karatunsa daga ɗakin karatu, Gliere ya fara koyarwa. Tun 1900, ya koyar da wani aji na jituwa da wani encyclopedia (wato sunan tsawaita kwas a cikin nazarin siffofin, wanda ya hada da polyphony da tarihin music) a music makaranta na Gnessin sisters; a lokacin rani watanni na 1902 da kuma 1903. ya shirya Seryozha Prokofiev don shiga cikin Conservatory, karatu tare da N. Myaskovsky.

A 1913, Gliere aka gayyace a matsayin farfesa na abun da ke ciki a Kyiv Conservatory, da kuma a shekara daga baya ya zama darektan. Shahararrun mawakan Ukrainian L. Revutsky, B. Lyatoshinsky sun sami ilimi a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Glner ya sami damar jawo hankalin mawaƙa irin su F. Blumenfeld, G. Neuhaus, B. Yavorsky don yin aiki a ɗakin ajiya. Bugu da ƙari, yin karatu tare da mawaƙa, ya gudanar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, jagoran opera, ƙungiyar makaɗa, ɗakin ɗakin karatu, ya shiga cikin kide-kide na RMS, ya shirya yawon shakatawa na mawaƙa da yawa a Kyiv - S. Koussevitzky, J. Heifets, S. Rachmaninov, S. Prokofiev, A. Grechaninov. A 1920, Gliere ya koma Moscow, inda har 1941 ya koyar da wani abun da ke ciki ajin a Moscow Conservatory. Ya horar da yawancin mawakan Soviet da masana kiɗa, ciki har da AN Aleksandrov, B. Aleksandrov, A. Davidenko, L. Knipper, A. Khachaturian… ko da menene ka tambaya, ya zama ɗalibin Glier - ko dai kai tsaye, ko jika.

Moscow a cikin 20s. Ayyukan ilimi iri-iri na Glier sun bayyana. Ya jagoranci shirya kide-kide na jama'a, ya dauki nauyin kula da yara, inda ya koya wa yara waƙa a cikin waƙoƙi, yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da su, ko kuma kawai ya faɗi tatsuniyoyi, yana inganta piano. A lokaci guda kuma, tsawon shekaru da dama, Gliere ya jagoranci da'irar mawaƙa na ɗalibi a Jami'ar Kwaminisanci ta Ma'aikata na Gabas, wanda ya kawo masa haske da yawa a matsayin mawaƙi.

Gudunmawar Gliere ga samar da ƙwararrun kiɗan a cikin jumhuriyar Soviet—Ukraine, Azerbaijan, da Uzbekistan—yana da mahimmanci musamman. Tun daga ƙuruciya, ya nuna sha’awar waƙar al’ummai na ƙasashe dabam-dabam: “Waɗannan hotuna da kalmomin da suka kasance a gare ni ita ce hanya mafi ɗabi’a ta fasaha ta bayyana tunanina da yadda nake ji.” Na farko shi ne saninsa da kiɗan Ukrainian, wanda ya yi karatu shekaru da yawa. Sakamakon wannan shine zane-zane mai ban sha'awa The Cossacks (1921), waƙar waƙar Zapovit (1941), ballet Taras Bulba (1952).

A cikin 1923, Gliere ya sami gayyata daga Kwamitin Ilimi na Jama'a na AzSSR don ya zo Baku ya rubuta wasan opera kan taken ƙasa. Sakamakon kirkiro na wannan tafiya shine wasan opera "Shahsenem", wanda aka yi a Azerbaijan Opera da Ballet Theater a 1927. Nazarin tarihin Uzbek a lokacin shirye-shiryen shekaru goma na fasaha na Uzbek a Tashkent ya haifar da ƙirƙirar "Holiday Ferghana". "(1940) da kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar T. Sadykov operas "Leyli da Majnun" (1940) da "Gyulsara" (1949). Yin aiki akan waɗannan ayyuka, Gliere ya ƙara gamsuwa da buƙatar kiyaye asalin al'adun ƙasa, don neman hanyoyin haɗa su. Wannan ra'ayin da aka kunshe a cikin "Solemn Overture" (1937), gina a kan Rasha, Ukrainian, Azerbaijani, Uzbek karin waƙa, a cikin overtures "A kan Slavic Folk Jigogi" da "Friendship of Peoples" (1941).

Mahimmanci shine cancantar Gliere a cikin samuwar ballet na Soviet. Wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin fasahar Soviet shine ballet "Red Poppy". ("Red Flower"), wanda aka yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi a shekara ta 1927. Shi ne ballet na Soviet na farko a kan jigo na zamani, yana ba da labari game da abokantaka tsakanin Soviet da mutanen Sin. Wani muhimmin aiki a cikin wannan nau'in shine ballet "Mai Horseman Bronze" bisa waƙar A. Pushkin, wanda aka yi a 1949 a Leningrad. "Waƙar Waƙar Ga Babban Birni", wanda ya ƙare wannan ballet, nan da nan ya zama sananne.

A cikin rabi na biyu na 30s. Gliere ya fara juya zuwa nau'in wasan kide kide. A cikin kade-kaden nasa na garaya (1938), na cello (1946), na kaho (1951), ana fayyace damar mawakan soloist a ko'ina kuma a lokaci guda ana kiyaye nagarta da sha'awar biki da ke cikin nau'in. Amma ƙwararriyar ƙwaƙƙwarar gaskiya ita ce Concerto don murya (coloratura soprano) da ƙungiyar makaɗa (1943) - mafi kyawun aikin mawaƙa da ban sha'awa. Fasalin wasan kwaikwayo gabaɗaya ya kasance na halitta sosai ga Gliere, wanda shekaru da yawa yana ba da kide kide da wake-wake a matsayin mai gudanarwa da pianist. Ayyukan ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa (na ƙarshe ya faru kwanaki 24 kafin mutuwarsa), yayin da Glier ya fi son tafiya zuwa kusurwoyi mafi nisa na ƙasar, yana fahimtar wannan a matsayin muhimmiyar manufa ta ilimi. "Mawaƙin ya wajaba ya yi karatu har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa, inganta ƙwarewarsa, haɓakawa da haɓaka ra'ayinsa na duniya, ci gaba da gaba." Waɗannan kalmomi Glier ya rubuta a ƙarshen aikinsa. Sun jagoranci rayuwarsa.

O. Averyanova

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

wasan kwaikwayo - opera-oratorio Duniya da Sky (bayan J. Byron, 1900), Shahsenem (1923-25, shirya 1927 cikin Rashanci, Baku; 2nd edition 1934, in Azerbaijani, Azerbaijan Opera Theater and ballet, Baku), Leyli da Majnun (tushen. akan waƙar da A. Navoi, mawallafin T. Sadykov, 1940, Uzbek Opera da Ballet Theater, Tashkent), Gyulsara (mawallafin T. Sadykov, wanda aka yi a 1949, ibid), Rachel (bayan H. Maupassant, sigar karshe. 1947, masu fasaha na Opera da Dramatic Theatre mai suna K. Stanislavsky, Moscow); wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa - Gulsara (rubutun K. Yashen da M. Mukhamedov, waƙar da T. Jalilov ya tsara, wanda T. Sadykov ya rubuta, wanda G. ya tsara da kuma tsara shi, post. 1936, Tashkent); ballet - Chrysis (1912, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kasa, Moscow), Cleopatra (Dare na Masar, bayan AS Pushkin, 1926, Musical Studio na Art Theater, Moscow), Red Poppy (tun 1957 - Red Flower, post. 1927, Bolshoi Theater, Moscow; 2nd ed., post. 1949, Leningrad Opera da Ballet Theater), Comedians ('Yar Jama'a, dangane da wasan kwaikwayo "Fuente Ovehuna" na Lope de Vega, 1931, Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow; 2nd ed. karkashin taken 'Yar of Castile, 1955, Stanislavsky da Nemirovich-Danchenko Musical Theater, Moscow), The Bronze Horseman (dangane da waka ta AS Pushkin, 1949, Leningrad Opera da Ballet Theatre; USSR State Pr., 1950), Taras Bulba (dangane da labari. na NV Gogol, shafi na 1951-52); cantata Glory ga Soviet Army (1953); don makada - 3 wasan kwaikwayo (1899-1900; 2nd - 1907; 3rd - Ilya Muromets, 1909-11); waqoqin nasiha - Sirens (1908; Glinkinskaya pr., 1908), Zapovit (a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar TG Shevchenko, 1939-41); wuce gona da iri - Ƙarfafawa (A ranar tunawa da 20th na Oktoba, 1937), hutun Fergana (1940), Overture on Slavic Folk jigogi (1941), Abokan hulɗar mutane (1941), Nasara (1944-45); alama. hoton Cossacks (1921); kide kide da wake-wake - don garaya (1938), don murya (1943; Prospect of the USSR, 1946), don wc. (1947), don ƙaho (1951); don band na tagulla - A hutu na Comintern (fantasy, 1924), Maris na Red Army (1924), 25 shekaru na Red Army (overture, 1943); za orc. nar. kayan aiki - Fantasy Symphony (1943); dakin kayan aiki Orc. samarwa - 3 sextets (1898, 1904, 1905 - Glinkinskaya pr., 1905); 4 quartets (1899, 1905, 1928, 1946 - No 4, USSR State Pr., 1948); don piano - Wasanni 150, gami da. Wasannin yara 12 na matsakaicin wahala (1907), wasan kwaikwayo na dabi'a 24 don matasa (littattafai 4, 1908), wasan kwaikwayo masu sauƙi 8 (1909), da sauransu; don violin, ciki har da. 12 Duets don 2 skr. (1909); za cello – fiye da wasanni 70, gami da. 12 ganye daga kundin (1910); soyayya da wakoki - KO. 150; kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai.