Tsarin sautin kwata |

Tsarin sautin kwata, kiɗan kwata-kwata

Jamus Vierteltonmusik, Turanci. kiɗan kwata-kwata, musique na Faransa en quarts de ton, ital. musica a quarti di tono

Mafi yawan nau'in microchromatics, tsarin sauti (tazara), ma'auni wanda ya ƙunshi sautunan da aka tsara a cikin sautunan kwata. Octave zuwa Ch. ya haɗa da matakan sauti 24 (kamar yadda MV Matyushin ya bayyana, "Tsarin chromatism biyu"). Zuwa takamaiman. Ch. s tazara, ban da sauƙaƙan sautunan kwata-kwata, sun haɗa da ƙananan tazara na ƙayyadaddun (haɗaɗɗen) - sautunan 3/4, sautunan 5/4, sautunan 7/4, da sauransu Lokacin lura da microtones na Ch. Ana amfani da haruffa na musamman (duba tebur).

Hakanan akwai maɓallai na musamman:

("babban maɓalli") - aikin ɗayan sassan yanki na sautin 1/4 mafi girma,

("ƙananan maɓalli") - 1/4 sautin ƙasa. Mafi na kowa iri na fassarar chis ne: melismatic (microtones a matsayin melodic ado, singing na babban tushe), tako (microtones a matsayin masu zaman kansu da kuma daidai matakai na tsarin), sonoristic (microtones a matsayin wani ɓangare na timbre-sauti hadaddun amfani da matsayin. ƙananan raka'a masu zaman kansu; duba Sonorism).

Abubuwan Ch. asali ya haɓaka zuwa kiɗa. aiki kuma an gane su a ka'idar a zamanin da a matsayin ƙananan ƙananan tazara. halitta (duba Enarmonics). An fassara sautunan kwata a cikin ƙimar waƙar. melismatically. (Don misalin tsohon Girkanci “enbrmona”, duba labarin Melodiya) Tsakanin Ch. ana amfani da su a cikin kiɗan gargajiya na yawancin Gabas. al'umma (Larabawa, Turkawa, Iraniyawa).

A cikin tsakiyar zamanai, abubuwan da suka shafi Ch. lokaci-lokaci ana samunsu azaman amsawar tsoho. enarmonics. Ƙoƙarin canja wurin frets na Girkanci (da jinsi) a cikin zamani. wasu mawakan na karni na 16-17 ne suka kawo wannan aikin. don amfani da sautunan kwata (a cikin fassarar melismatic, duba tebur, da kuma a cikin mataki na gaba, duba misali a shafi na 524). Hauwa'u ta karni na 20 ta sami sabon bugu na sha'awa a cikin Ch. kuma zuwa microchromatics gabaɗaya (a cikin na farko akwai gwaje-gwajen AJ Gruss). A cikin 1892 wani littafi na GA Behrens-Zenegalden game da Ch. (wanda aka riga an fassara shi a cikin sabuwar ma'ana, a matsayin tsarin 24-mataki), wanda aka ba da shawarar kayan aiki mai dacewa ("achromatisches Klavier"), a cikin 1898 J. Fulds ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i-kwata-kwata. A cikin 1900-1910s. ku Ch. Mawaƙa R. Stein, W. Möllendorff, IA Vyshnegradsky, C. Ives, da sauransu sun yi amfani da su. Mawaƙin Czech kuma masanin ka'idar A. Khaba. A lokaci guda, na farko yana aiki game da Ch. a Rasha (MV Matyushin, AS Lurie). A cikin 20s. Karni na 20 Ch. s. karatu da m ƙware owls. composers da theorists (compositions da GM Rimsky-Korsakov, AA Kenel, NA Malakhovskii; Theoretical ayyukan GM Rimsky-Korsakov, VM Belyaev, AM Avraamov da sauransu.). Daban-daban aikace-aikace Ch. samu bayan yakin duniya na biyu 2-1939: a cikin tsarin na zamani. chromatic tonality (45 semitones suna samar da nau'in "diatonic" dangane da sautunan kwata), a cikin abin da ake kira. free atonality, dangane da seriality, musamman a cikin sonoristic fassarar Ch. P. Boulez, M. Kagel, S. Bussotti, A. Zimmerman, da mawakan Soviet da dama sun yi mata jawabi. Misali Ch. (sautin kayan kirtani mai launi mai ban sha'awa tare da bayyana ma'anar numfashi mai laushi):

EV Denisov. Trio don violin, cello da pianoforte, motsi na farko, sanduna 1-28.

References: Matyushin MV, Jagora ga nazarin sautunan kwata don violin, ..., 1915; Lurie A., Zuwa kiɗan chromatism mafi girma, a cikin Sat.: "Sagittarius", P., 1915; Belyaev VM, kiɗan Quarter-tone, "The Life of Art", 1925, No 18; Rimsky-Korsakov GM, Tabbatar da tsarin kiɗa na kwata-kwata, "De musica", Sat. 1, L., 1925; Kapelyush BN, Archives na MV Matyushin da EG Guro, a cikin littafin: Yearbook of the Manuscript Department of the Pushkin House for 1974, L., 1976; Vicentino N., L antica musica ridotta alla moderna prattica, Roma, 1555, facsimile. ed., Kassel, 1959; Behrens-Senegalden GA, Die Vierteltöne a cikin der Musik, B., 1892; Wellek A., Viertelton, da Fortschritt, "NZfM", 1925, Jahrg. 92; Wyschnegradsky I., Waƙar Quartertonal…, “Pro Musica Quarterly”, 1927; nasa, Manuel d harmonie a quarts de ton, P., (1932); Haba A., Flügel und Klavier der Vierteltonmusik, “Die Musik”, 1928, Jahrg. 21, H. 3; nasa, Mein Weg zur Viertel- und Sechstelton-Musik, Düsseldorf, 1971; Schneider S., Mikrotöne in der Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts, Bonn, 1975; Gojowy D., Neue sowjetische Musik der 20-en Jahre, (Laaber), 1980; Ludvová J., Anton Joseph Gruss (1816-1893) a jeho ctvrttuny, "Hudebnin veda", 1980, No 2.

Yu. N. Kholopov