Semyon Stepanovich Gulak-Artemovsky |

Maniyyi Hulak-Artemovsky

Waƙoƙi don Ƙananan Rasha - komai; da wakoki, da tarihi, da kabari na uba… Dukansu suna da jituwa, masu kamshi, masu bambancin gaske. N. Gogol

A kan ƙasa mai albarka na kiɗan jama'a na Ukrainian, gwanintar shahararren mawaki kuma mawaƙa S. Gulak-Artemovsky ya bunƙasa. An haife shi a cikin dangin wani firist na ƙauye, Gulak-Artemovsky ya kamata ya bi sawun mahaifinsa, amma wannan al'adar iyali ta karya saboda tsananin sha'awar kiɗan yaron. Shiga Kiev tauhidin School a 1824, Semyon ya fara karatu cikin nasara, amma nan da nan ya samu gundura da tauhidin batutuwa, da wadannan shigarwa bayyana a cikin takardar shaidar dalibi: "kyakkyawan iyawa, m da m, kananan nasarori." Amsar ita ce mai sauƙi: mawaƙin nan gaba ya ba da hankalinsa da lokacinsa don yin waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, kusan ba ya bayyana a azuzuwan a makaranta, kuma daga baya a makarantar hauza. Wani mawaƙin mawaƙa, masani kan al'adun waƙa na Rasha, Metropolitan Evgeny (Bolkhovitikov) ya lura da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan mawaƙa. Kuma yanzu Semyon ya riga ya kasance a cikin mawaƙa na Metropolitan na St. Sophia Cathedral a Kyiv, sa'an nan - a cikin mawaƙa na Mikhailovsky Monastery. Anan saurayin a aikace ya fahimci al'adar wakokin mawaka da aka dade ana yi.

A 1838, M. Glinka ya ji waƙar Gulak-Artemovsky, kuma wannan taron ya canza makomar matashin mawaki: ya bi Glinka zuwa St. Petersburg, daga yanzu ya sadaukar da kansa ga kiɗa. A karkashin jagorancin wani tsohon abokina da mai ba da shawara, Gulak-Artemovsky, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ya shiga makarantar m ci gaban kiɗa da kuma vocal horo. An ƙarfafa hukunce-hukuncen fasaha na ci gaba a cikin sadarwa mai ƙirƙira tare da ƙungiyar abokan Glinka - mai zane K. Bryullov, marubuci N. Kukolnik, mawaƙa G. Lomakin, O. Petrov da A. Petrova-Vorobyeva. A lokaci guda, an san shi tare da fitaccen mawaƙin Ukrainian-T. Shevchenko, wanda ya zama abokantaka na gaske. A karkashin jagorancin Glinka, mawaƙin nan gaba ya ci gaba da fahimtar sirrin ƙwararrun murya da kuma ka'idodin dabaru na kiɗa. Wasan opera "Ruslan da Lyudmila" a wancan lokacin sun mallaki tunanin Glinka, wanda ya rubuta game da azuzuwan tare da Gulak-Artemovsky: "Ina shirya shi ya zama mawaƙin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ina fatan cewa ayyukana ba za su kasance a banza ba ..." Glinka ya gani. a cikin matashin mawaki mai wasan kwaikwayo na sashin Ruslan. Don haɓaka matakin hanawa da kuma shawo kan gazawar hanyar rera waƙa, Gulak-Artemovsky, a kan dagewar babban aboki, sau da yawa ana yin su a maraice na kiɗa daban-daban. Wani wanda ya yi zamani da shi ya bayyana wakarsa kamar haka: “Muryar ta kasance sabo kuma babba; amma bai furta ko kadan ba da magana cikin tsananin damuwa… Abin ban haushi, ina so in sha'awar, amma dariya ta shiga.

Duk da haka, a hankali, binciken da aka dage a karkashin jagorancin ƙwararren malami ya kawo sakamako mai kyau: wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Gulak-Artemovsky ya riga ya sami babban nasara. Haɓakar murya da tsara mawaƙa na matashin mawaƙa ya bunƙasa godiya ga doguwar tafiya zuwa Paris da Italiya, wanda aka yi ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Glinka tare da tallafin kuɗi na P. Demidov mai ba da agaji a cikin 1839-41. Wasannin da suka yi nasara a kan wasan opera a Florence sun bude hanya ga Gulak-Artemovsky zuwa mataki na mulkin mallaka a St. Petersburg. Daga Mayu 1842 zuwa Nuwamba 1865 singer ya kasance memba na opera na dindindin. Ya yi wasa ba kawai a St. Daga cikin ayyuka masu yawa na Gulak-Artemovsky a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na V. Bellini, G. Donizetti, KM Weber, G. Verdi da sauransu, aikin da ya yi na rawar Ruslan ya fito waje. Da jin opera "Ruslan da Lyudmila", Shevchenko ya rubuta: "Abin da opera! Musamman ma lokacin da Artemovsky ya rera waƙa Ruslan, har ma kuna zazzage bayan kai, gaskiya ne! Mawaƙi mai ban mamaki - ba za ku ce komai ba. Saboda asarar muryarsa, Gulak-Artemovsky ya bar mataki a 1846 kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na ƙarshe a Moscow, inda rayuwarsa ta kasance mai ladabi da kadaici.

Hankali mai hankali na wasan kwaikwayo da aminci ga ɓangarorin kaɗe-kaɗe na asali - tatsuniyar Ukrainian - halayen halayen Gulak-Artemovsky ne. Yawancinsu suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na marubucin. Wannan shi ne yadda romances, karbuwa na Ukrainian songs da asali songs a cikin jama'a ruhu bayyana, kazalika da manyan m da kuma mataki ayyuka - da vocal da choreographic divertissement "Ukrainian Wedding" (1852), music ga nasa comedy-vaudeville "The Night". a kan Hauwa'u na Midsummer Day" (1852), kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo The Destroyers of Ships (1853). Mafi mahimmancin halittar Gulak-Artemovsky - wasan opera mai ban dariya tare da tattaunawa ta hanyar tattaunawa "The Cossack bayan Danube" (1863) - tare da farin ciki ya haɗu da kyawawan abubuwan ban dariya da jarumtaka-kishin ƙasa. Wasan ya bayyana fuskoki daban-daban na gwanintar marubucin, waɗanda suka rubuta duka libretto da kiɗa, kuma sun taka rawa. Petersburg masu sukar sun lura da nasarar da aka samu a farkon wasan: "Mr. Artemovsky ya nuna basirarsa mai ban dariya. Wasansa yana cike da ban dariya: a fuskar Karas, ya nuna nau'in Cossack daidai. Mawaƙin ya sami nasarar isar da kaɗe-kaɗe na karimci da ƙwarewar raye-rayen raye-raye na kiɗan Ukrainian don haka a sarari cewa wani lokacin waƙarsa ba ta bambanta da na jama'a. Saboda haka, sun shahara a cikin Ukraine tare da labarun gargajiya. Masu sauraro masu basira sun fahimci ainihin asalin opera a farkon wasan. Mawallafin jaridar "Ɗan Uba" ya rubuta: "Babban abin da ya dace na Mista Artemovsky shi ne cewa ya kafa harsashin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, yana tabbatar da yadda za ta iya samun tushe a cikin kasarmu, kuma musamman a cikin ruhun jama'a; shi ne farkon wanda ya gabatar da wani abin ban dariya na ɗan ƙasa a gare mu a kan matakinmu… kuma na tabbata da kowane irin aikinta nasara za ta yi girma.

Lalle ne, Hulak-Artemovsky's qagaggun har yanzu rike su muhimmanci ba kawai a matsayin na farko Ukrainian opera, amma kuma a matsayin m, scenically m aiki.

N. Zabolotnaya