Ado |

daga. lat. ado - kayan ado

Sautunan ɗan gajeren lokaci, suna ƙawata babban tsarin melodic. O. ya hada da acc. iri-iri na sassa, azzalumai, figuration, alheri. Sphere na O. kuma ya haɗa da tremolo da vibrato. Kusa da shi akwai wasu nau'ikan rhythmic marasa rubutu. canje-canjen da aka yi a cikin tsarin aiki - rubato, Lombard rhythm, da dai sauransu m bayanin kula (bayanin kula inégales). An yi amfani da na ƙarshe a cikin Faransanci. kiɗan harpsichord 17-18 ƙarni. Babban nau'in su - an yarda a cikin ma'anar. yanayi, wasan kwaikwayon na goma sha shida, na takwas, kwata-kwata a cikin kyauta, kusa da ɗigon kari. O. cikakken karin magana. layi, ya cika shi da magana, yana ƙara sulɓin canjin sauti. An yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin nau'i daban-daban.

A cikin asalinsa da juyin halitta O. yana da alaƙa da haɓakawa. Na dogon lokaci a Yammacin Turai. Prof. monophony yayi rinjaye a kiɗa. Tun da, a cikin wannan yanayin, mawaƙa da mai yin wasan kwaikwayon yawanci ana haɗa su a cikin mutum ɗaya, an halicci yanayi masu kyau don haɓaka haɓakar fasahar haɓaka bambance-bambancen kayan ado wanda ke rufe kiɗan waƙa. layi gaba ɗaya ko a cikin halittu. gutsuttsura. Irin wannan kayan ado na waƙar ana kiransa. free O. Ya mamaye wani muhimmin wuri a cikin muses ɗin da ba a bincika ba har yanzu. al'adun mutanen da ba na Turai ba. Babban nau'i na O., wanda aka kafa a cikin tsohuwar Yammacin Turai. kiɗa, ragewa (3) da coloratura. Coloratura na iya haɗawa da ƙanana, ƙayatattun ƙayatattun ƙayatarwa. sautuna, to-rye yawanci ana kiransa melismas. Hakanan za'a iya rarraba Arpeggios azaman melismas, wanda, azaman banda, yana nufin da yawa. sautunan ƙira. An sanya kayan ado na musamman. gumaka ko rubuta cikin ƙananan rubutu. Halin gaba ɗaya na ci gaban tarihi na Turai O. - sha'awar ƙa'ida tare da kiyayewa na makawa na abubuwan haɓakawa.

A cikin rikodin waƙoƙin Byzantine da Gregorian, ch. arr. na farko, tare da manyan nau'ikan kayan adon neum na musamman (misali, quilisms), ainihin abin da har yanzu ba a gama fayyace su ba, ana samun su tare da bajoji masu fasaha. Yawancin O. ya bambanta, bisa ga yawancin masu bincike, sauran Rashanci. kondakar singing (duba kuma Fita).

A Yammacin Turai. (musamman Italiyanci-Spanish) makasudi. wok. kiɗa na ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Renaissance (motets, madrigals, da sauransu) azaman haɓakawa. kashi yi. art-va dabarar ragewa ta sami babban ci gaba. Ta kuma yi ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka tsara. Tushen irin wannan tsoho instr. nau'o'i kamar prelude, ricercar, toccata, fantasy. Dep. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a hankali sun yi fice daga mabanbantan yancin faɗin albarkacin baki, da farko a ƙarshen waƙar. gine-gine (a cikin clauses). A kusa da ser. 15 c. a cikinsa. org. tablature ya bayyana zane na farko. baji don rubuta kayan ado. K sar. An yi amfani da karni na 16 sosai - a cikin decomp. bambance-bambancen karatu da haɗin kai - mordent, trill, gruppetto, to-rye har yanzu suna cikin manyan. ciki kayan ado. A fili, an kafa su a cikin aikin instr. yi.

Daga hawa na 2. Karni na 16 kyauta O. ci gaba hl. arr. a Italiya, musamman a cikin wani nau'i na daban. wadatar solo wok. kiɗa, da kuma a cikin violinist gravitating zuwa virtuosity. kiɗa. A lokacin a cikin violin. Har yanzu kiɗa bai sami faffadan aikace-aikacen vibrato ba, wanda ke ba da fa'ida ga tsawaita sauti, kuma wadataccen kayan ado na waƙar ya zama madadinsa. Melismatic kayan ado (kayan ado, agrements) sun sami ci gaba na musamman a cikin fasahar Faransanci. Lutenists da masu garaya na ƙarni na 17 da 18, waɗanda aka dogara da su ga rawa. nau'ikan da aka yiwa salo na zamani. A cikin kiɗan Faransanci akwai haɗin haɗin gwiwa instr. yarjejeniya tare da masu zaman kansu wok. lyrics (abin da ake kira airs de cour), wanda kanta ya cika da rawa. filastik. Budurwa na Ingilishi (karni na 16), masu saurin fahimtar jigogi na waƙa da bambancinsa. ci gaba, a fagen O. ƙarin gravitated zuwa ga dabara ragewa. Kadan ne melismatic. gumakan da budurwar budurwar ke amfani da ita ba za a iya tantance su daidai ba. A cikin Austrian clavier art-ve, wanda ya fara haɓakawa sosai daga tsakiya. A cikin karni na 17, har zuwa JS Bach, wanda ya haɗa da, gravitations zuwa Italiyanci. diminutional da Faransanci. melismatic styles. A mawakan Faransa na ƙarni na 17 da 18. ya zama al'ada don rakiyar tarin wasan kwaikwayo tare da tebur na kayan ado. Teburin da ya fi girma (tare da nau'ikan melismas 29) an riga an riga an gabatar da shi zuwa tarin garaya ta JA d'Anglebert (1689); ko da yake ana samun allunan irin wannan ba su da komai. bambance-bambance, sun zama nau'in harshe. kayan ado na kayan ado. Musamman, a cikin teburin da Bach ya rigaya zuwa "Littafin Clavier na Wilhelm Friedemann Bach" (1720), an aro da yawa daga d'Anglebert.

Tashi daga O. kyauta zuwa kayyade kayan adon a tsakanin Faransawa. an sanya mawaƙan garaya a cikin Orc. music by JB Lully. Duk da haka, Faransanci ƙa'idodin kayan ado ba cikakke ba ne, tun da ko da mafi cikakken tebur yana nuna ainihin fassarar su kawai don aikace-aikace na yau da kullum. Ana ba da izinin ƙananan ƙetare, daidai da takamaiman fasali na muses. yadudduka. Sun dogara da kwat da wando da dandano na mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma a cikin bugu tare da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce - a kan salo. ilimi, ka'idoji da dandano na masu gyara. Irin wannan karkatacciyar hanya ba makawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayon na fitattun Faransawa. harpsichordism na P. Couperin, wanda ya ci gaba da buƙatar aiwatar da ainihin dokokinsa don ƙaddamar da kayan ado. Franz. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare ga masu garaya su ɗauki ɗan ƙaramin ado a ƙarƙashin ikon marubucin, wanda suka rubuta, musamman, ta bambancin. kwafi.

Da con. Ƙarni na 17, lokacin da mawaƙan kaɗe-kaɗe na Faransa suka zama masu tasowa a fagensu, irin kayan ado kamar su trill da alheri bayanin kula, tare da karin waƙa. aiki, sun fara yin sabon jituwa. aiki, ƙirƙira da kaifi dissonance a kan downbeat na mashaya. JS Bach, kamar D. Scarlatti, yawanci ya rubuta fitar da kayan ado marasa daidaituwa a cikin babban. rubutun kiɗa (duba, misali, Sashe na II na Concerto na Italiyanci). Wannan ya ba IA Sheiba damar yarda cewa ta yin haka, Bach ya hana ayyukansa. "kyakkyawan jituwa", saboda masu yin waƙa a wancan lokacin sun fi son rubuta duk kayan ado tare da gumaka ko ƙananan bayanin kula, don haka a cikin hoto. records a fili magana harmonich. euphony na babban mawaƙa.

F. Couperin yana da ingantaccen Faransanci. salon garaya ya kai kololuwa. A cikin balagaggen wasan kwaikwayo na JF Rameau, an bayyana sha'awar wuce iyakokin ɗakin ɗakin karatu, don ƙarfafa tasiri mai tasiri na ci gaba, don amfani da shi ga kiɗa. rubuta faffadan shagunan ado na ado, musamman, a cikin hanyar jituwa ta baya. siffofi. Saboda haka hali zuwa mafi matsakaici amfani da kayan ado a cikin Rameau, kazalika a cikin Faransanci daga baya. mawaƙa, misali. da J. Dufly. Koyaya, a cikin kwata na 3rd. Karni na 18 O. ya kai wani sabon salo na samarwa. Haɗe da abubuwan jin daɗi. Fitaccen wakilin wannan fasaha. FE Bach, marubucin rubutun "Kwarewar hanyar da ta dace don kunna clavier", wanda ya ba da hankali sosai ga tambayoyin O.

Babban flowering na gaba na Viennese classicism, a layi tare da sabon kayan ado. akida, ya haifar da amfani mai tsauri da matsakaici na O. Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da taka rawar gani a cikin aikin J. Haydn, WA Mozart da matashin L. Beethoven. Free O. ya kasance a Turai. Premier music. a fagen bambancin, virtuoso conc. cadenzas da wok. launi. Na ƙarshe yana nunawa a cikin romantic. fp. kiɗa 1st bene. Karni na 19 (a musamman sifofin asali na F. Chopin). A lokaci guda kuma, sautin rashin daidaituwa na melismas ya ba da damar yin magana; musamman, trill ya fara farawa preim. ba tare da taimako ba, amma tare da babba. sauti, sau da yawa tare da samuwar fitar da bugun. Irin wannan harmonic da rhythmic. taushi O. ya bambanta da ƙarar dissonance na maƙallan su kansu. Ci gaban harmonica wanda ba a taɓa gani ba ya zama halayen mawaƙa na soyayya. bangon misali a fp. kiɗa tare da fadi mai launi. da yin amfani da pedalization, kazalika da timbre-launi siffofi. daftari a cikin orc. maki. A cikin bene na 2. Ƙarni na 19 O. darajar ta ragu. A cikin karni na 20th rawar O. kyauta ya sake karuwa dangane da ƙarfafa haɓakawa. ya fara a wasu wuraren waka. kerawa, misali. in jazz music. Akwai babbar hanya-ka'idar. Littattafai akan matsalolin O. An samo su ne ta hanyar yunƙurin ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don fayyace abubuwan mamaki na O., “juriya” wannan a cikin inganta su. yanayi. Yawancin abin da marubutan ayyukan suka gabatar a matsayin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi don yanke hukunci, a zahiri, sun zama shawarwarin yanki kawai.

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BH Bryantseva