Orchestra na kayan kida na jama'a |

Orchestra na kayan aikin jama'a – Ƙungiyoyin da suka ƙunshi nat. kayan kida a cikin asali ko tsarin sake gina su. Shi. kuma. sun yi kama da juna a cikin abubuwan da aka tsara (misali, daga domra ɗaya, bandura, mandolin, da sauransu) da gauraye (misali, ƙungiyar makaɗa domra-balalaika). Ƙa'idar ƙungiya O. n. kuma. ya dogara da halayen kiɗan. al'adun mutanen nan. A cikin kade-kade na mutanen da ba su san polyphony ba, wasan kwaikwayon yana da heterophonic: kowace murya tana yin waƙa iri ɗaya, kuma mahalarta na iya bambanta. Ƙungiyoyin nau'in bourdon suna yin waƙa da rakiyar (mafi daidai, bango): bayanin kula mai dorewa, adadi ostinato; Irin wannan gungu kuma na iya zama rhythmic kawai. Ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa na al'ummomi, waɗanda kiɗan su ya dogara ne akan harmonica. Ainihin, suna yin waƙa da rakiyar. An yi amfani da ƙananan gungu a tsakanin mutane da yawa. jama'a tun zamanin da, kasancewarsu dillalan nar. ciki al'ada. Sun mamaye babban wuri a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun (wasa a lokacin bukukuwa, bukukuwan aure, da sauransu). A cikin instr. ensembles na farkon matakai na ci gaban al'umma, music wanda bai riga ya zama mai zaman kanta. fasaha, hade da kalmar, waƙa, rawa, aiki. Misali, Indiyawan Brazil a cikin raye-rayen farauta ga sautin bututun katako, bututu da ganguna suna nuna maharbi da mafarauta (irin waɗannan ayyukan an san su a tsakanin mutane da yawa). A cikin kidan da ’yan Afirka (Guinea) suka yi, al’ummar Indiya, Vietnam, da sauransu, a wasu lokuta ana banbance kaɗe-kaɗe da fage (sau da yawa rhythmic). Takamaiman nau'i na polyphony sune halayen ƙungiyar sarewa ta Pan (tsibirin Solomon), Indonesiya. gamelan.

Mutane da yawa sun raya al'adu. abun da ke ciki instr. ensembles: a Rasha - music. gungun 'yan wasan ƙaho, kuvikla (kuvichki) masu yin wasan kwaikwayo; a Ukraine - Triniti na kiɗa (violin, bass (bass), kuge ko tambourine; wani lokacin violin da bass; ginshiƙan kiɗa na Triniti sun shahara har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19), a Belarus - ƙungiyoyin violin, kuge, tambourine ko violin, kuge, tausayi ko dudy; a Moldova - taraf (clarinet, violin, kuge, drum); a Uzbekistan da Tajikistan - mashoklya (surnay, kornay, nagora); a Transcaucasia da Arewa. Caucasus 3 mai dorewa instr. ensembles - dudukchi (duduk duet), zurnachi (zurn duet, wanda ake yawan saka hannun jari), sazandari (tar, keman-cha, daf, da sauran abubuwan da aka tsara); a Lithuania - gungu na skuduchiai da ragas, a cikin Latvia - stabule da suomi dudy, a cikin Estonia - wuraren ibada na karkara (misali, cannele, violin, harmonica).

A Rasha, an san kayan aikin jama'a tun daga karni na 12. (wasa a liyafa, biki, lokacin bukukuwan jana'izar; tare da waƙa, rawa). Abubuwan da ke tattare da su suna gauraye (sniffles, tambourines, garaya; ƙaho, garaya) ko kama (mawaƙa na gooselytsiks, garayu, da sauransu). A cikin 1870, NV Kondratiev ya shirya ƙungiyar mawaƙa na 'yan wasan ƙaho na Vladimir; a 1886, NI Beloborodov ya shirya ƙungiyar makaɗa chromatic. Harmonica, a cikin 1887 VV Andreev - "The Circle of Balalaika Lovers" (gunkin mawaƙa 8), a 1896 ya canza zuwa Babban Orchestra na Rasha. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun yi a biranen Rasha da kuma kasashen waje. Bin misalin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Andreev, mai son O. n. kuma. A cikin 1902, G. Khotkevich, yana ƙara bandura da 'yan wasan lyre zuwa gungu, ya haifar da Ukrainian na farko. Shi. kuma. A cikin Lithuania a cikin 1906 wani gungu na ethnographic na tsohuwar cancles. A cikin kaya. tatsuniya, inda woks ke taka rawar gani. nau'ikan, instr. ensembles Premier. tare da rawa da waka. A cikin 1888 an shirya kaya na farko. nat. makada. A Armeniya, kayan aikin jama'a sun wanzu tun BC. e. A cikin con. Ƙarni na 19 ƙungiyar ashug Jivani ta sami suna.

A cikin owls lokaci yanayi don fadi da ci gaban O. na n aka halitta. kuma. A cikin ƙungiyoyi da masu cin gashin kansu, an yi ayyuka da yawa don ingantawa da sake gina ɗakunan ajiya. kayan aikin kiɗa waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar haɓaka haɓakar su. da fasaha. dama (duba Sake gina kayan kida). Ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa ta farko da ta ƙunshi ingantattun bunks. kayan aiki, shi ne ake kira. Gabashin Symphony. kungiyar makada VG Buni ta shirya a 1925-26 a Armenia.

Tun daga shekarun 1940s a cikin taruka na gargajiya ana ƙara ƙaddamar da su don dacewa. kayan aiki. Saboda haka, a cikin gungu na Rasha. kuvikl sau da yawa ya hada da snot, zhaleyka da violin, Caucasian duet na zurn da dudukov yana tare da harmonica "gabas" da sauransu. Harmonica, kuma musamman nau'insa irin su button accordion, accordion, sun haɗa da yawa. nat. taro. Abun da ke ciki na Rasha He. da., ban da maɓalli accordion, kuma a wasu lokuta sun haɗa da zhaleyki, ƙaho, cokali, da kuma wani lokacin sarewa, oboe, clarinet, da sauran ruhohi. kayan kida (misali, a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Song and Dance Ensemble na Soviet Army mai suna bayan AV Aleksandrov). Yawan Prof. Shi. kuma., an halicce su instr. ƙungiyoyin waƙa da raye-raye, ƙungiyar mawaƙa. da rawa. gamayya, a kwamitocin watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo. Tare da Prof. Shi. da., Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa da wakilai ke gudanarwa. Philharmonic kuma yana jagorantar babban taro. aiki, a cikin USSR, 'yan koyo sun zama tartsatsi. ƙungiyar makaɗa da ƙungiyoyi (a gidajen al'adu, kulake). Shi. kuma. taso a cikin jumhuriya inda a baya ba a taɓa yin waƙa da yawan yin waƙa (misali, a Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan). Daga cikin mafi muni. Shi. kuma: rus. nar. kungiyar makada su. NP Osipova (Moscow, tun 1940), Rus. nar. kungiyar makada su. VV Andreeva (duba Orchestra na Kayayyakin Jama'a na Rasha), Kazakh. kayan aikin makada na jama'a zuwa gare su. Kurmangazy (1934), Uzbek. kayan kida na jama'a (1938), Nar. ƙungiyar makaɗa ta BSSR (1938), ƙirar ƙungiyar makaɗa. nar. kayan kida (1949, tun 1957 "Fluerash") da kuma tarin nar. music "Folklore" (1968) a Moldova, Orchestra Rus. nar. mawaka su. MB Pyatnitsky, ƙungiyar mawaƙa a Waƙar Waƙa da Rawar Owls. Sojojin su. AV Aleksandrova; ciki kungiyar a Karelian song da rawa gungu "Kantele" (1936), lit. Ƙungiyar "Letuva" (1940), Ukr. nar. mawaka su. G. Veryovki (1943). Orchestras da Ensembles kayan kida suna da fa'ida mai yawa, wanda ya haɗa da instr. wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye da waƙoƙin jama'ar Tarayyar Soviet da kasashen waje. kasashe, da kuma mujiya. mawaƙa (ciki har da waɗanda aka rubuta musamman don O. n. da.), na gargajiya. kiɗa.

Wasa azuzuwan akan nar. kayan aiki, horar da jami'an tsaro prof. masu wasan kwaikwayo, masu gudanarwa, malamai da daraktocin fasaha. wasan kwaikwayo mai son, ana samun su a cikin adadin uch mafi girma. cibiyoyi na kasar (misali, a Leningrad, Kyiv, Riga, Baku, Tashkent da sauran conservatories, Moscow Musical da Pedagogical Cibiyar, a al'adu cibiyoyin na da yawa birane), kazalika a music. uch-shah, kiɗan yara. makarantu, da'irori na musamman a Fadar Al'adu da manyan 'yan koyo. ƙungiyoyin jama'a.

Shi. kuma. na kowa a sauran gurguzu. kasashe. A kasashen waje akwai prof. kuma mai son O. n. da., ciki har da magita, mandolin, violin, da sauransu. na zamani. kayan aikin kiɗa.

References: Andreev VV, Babban Mawaƙa na Rasha da Muhimmancinsa ga Jama'a, (P., 1917); Alekseev K., Amateur Orchestra na Folk Instruments, M., 1948; Gizatov B., Kazakh State. Orchestra of Folk Instruments Kurmangazy, A.-A., 1957; Zhinovich I., Jihar. Ƙwararrun ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Belarushiyanci, Minsk, 1958; Vyzgo T., Petrosyants A., Uzbek Orchestra na kayan kida na jama'a, Tash., 1962; Sokolov F., VV Andreev da ƙungiyar makaɗarsa, L., 1962; Vertkov K., Kayan kiɗan gargajiya na Rasha, L., 1975.

GI Blagodatov