Niccolò Paganini (Niccolò Paganini) |

Niccolo Paganini

Shin da akwai wani irin wannan mawaƙin, wanda rayuwarsa da shahararsa za su haskaka da irin wannan hasken rana, mai zane wanda duk duniya za su gane a cikin sha'awar bautarsu a matsayin sarkin dukan masu fasaha. F. Jerin

A Italiya, a cikin gundumar Genoa, ana ajiye violin mai ban sha'awa na Paganini, wanda ya ba da gado ga garinsu. Sau ɗaya a shekara, bisa ga al'adar da aka kafa, shahararrun 'yan wasan violin na duniya suna wasa da shi. Paganini ya kira violin "cannon na" - wannan shine yadda mawaƙin ya bayyana rawar da ya taka a cikin gwagwarmayar 'yantar da ƙasa a Italiya, wanda ya bayyana a farkon kashi na uku na karni na XNUMX. Ƙaƙƙarfan fasaha na tawaye na violin ya tayar da yanayin kishin Italiyanci, ya kira su don yaki da rashin bin doka na zamantakewa. Don tausayawa tare da motsin Carbonari da maganganun adawa, an yi wa Paganini lakabi da "Jacobin Genoese" kuma limaman Katolika sun tsananta masa. 'Yan sanda sun haramta wa wasannin wake-wake da shi, wanda a karkashin sa ne yake kula da shi.

An haifi Paganini a cikin dangin ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa. Tun yana ɗan shekara huɗu, mandolin, violin da guitar sun zama abokan rayuwar mawaƙin. Malaman mawaƙa na gaba sune farkon mahaifinsa, babban mai son kiɗa, sannan J. Costa, ɗan wasan violin na Cathedral na San Lorenzo. Mawakin Paganini na farko ya faru ne a lokacin yana dan shekara 11. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka yi, an kuma yi bambance-bambancen mawaƙin matashin kan jigon waƙar juyin juya hali ta Faransa "Carmagnola".

Ba da daɗewa ba sunan Paganini ya zama sananne sosai. Ya ba da kide-kide a Arewacin Italiya, daga 1801 zuwa 1804 ya zauna a Tuscany. Ya zuwa wannan lokacin ne ƙirƙirar shahararrun caprice don solo violin nasa ne. A zamanin da ya yi suna, Paganini ya canza aikinsa na kide-kide na shekaru da yawa zuwa hidimar kotu a Lucca (1805-08), bayan haka kuma ya sake komawa wasan kwaikwayo. A hankali, sunan Paganini ya wuce Italiya. Yawancin violin na Turai sun zo don auna ƙarfinsu tare da shi, amma babu ɗayansu da zai iya zama ɗan takararsa na cancanta.

Halin kirki na Paganini yana da ban mamaki, tasirinsa a kan masu sauraro yana da ban mamaki kuma ba za a iya bayyana shi ba. Ga masu zamani, ya zama kamar wani asiri, al'amari. Wasu sun dauke shi a matsayin haziki, wasu kuma charlatan; sunansa ya fara samun tatsuniyoyi masu ban sha'awa daban-daban a lokacin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, wannan ya sami sauƙi sosai ta hanyar asalin bayyanarsa na "aljani" da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na tarihin rayuwarsa da ke hade da sunayen mata masu daraja.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 46, a tsayin shahararsa, Paganini ya yi tafiya a waje da Italiya a karon farko. Wakokinsa a Turai sun haifar da kima mai kima na manyan masu fasaha. F. Schubert da G. Heine, W. Goethe da O. Balzac, E. Delacroix da TA Hoffmann, R. Schumann, F. Chopin, G. Berlioz, G. Rossini, J. Meyerbeer da sauransu da yawa sun kasance ƙarƙashin tasirin hypnotic violins. na Paganini. Sautunanta sun haifar da sabon zamani a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Lamarin na Paganini yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan aikin F. Liszt, wanda ya kira wasan maestro na Italiya "mu'ujiza mai ban mamaki."

Ziyarar Paganini a Turai ta dauki tsawon shekaru 10. Ya koma kasarsa yana fama da rashin lafiya. Bayan mutuwar Paganini, Paparoma Curia na dogon lokaci bai ba da izinin binne shi a Italiya ba. Sai kawai shekaru da yawa bayan haka, an kai tokar mawaƙin zuwa Parma kuma an binne shi a can.

Mafi kyawun wakilin romanticism a cikin kiɗa na Paganini ya kasance a lokaci guda mai zurfi na kasa. Ayyukansa sun fito ne daga al'adun fasaha na al'adun Italiyanci da kuma ƙwararrun fasahar kiɗa.

Har yanzu ana jin ayyukan mawaƙin a fagen wasan kwaikwayo, suna ci gaba da jan hankalin masu sauraro da cantilena mara iyaka, abubuwan kirki, sha'awa, hasashe mara iyaka wajen bayyana damar kayan aiki na violin. Ayyukan Paganini da aka fi yi akai-akai sun haɗa da Campanella (The Bell), rondo daga Concerto na Violin na Biyu, da Concerto na Violin na Farko.

Shahararrun "24 Capricci" don solo na violin har yanzu ana la'akari da nasarar cin nasarar violin. Ci gaba a cikin repertoire na masu wasan kwaikwayo da wasu bambance-bambancen Paganini - a kan jigogi na operas "Cinderella", "Tancred", "Musa" na G. Rossini, a kan jigon wasan ballet "Bikin Bikin Benevento" na F. Süssmeier (mawaƙin da ake kira wannan aikin "Mayu"), da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na virtuosic "Carnival of Venice" da "Motion Perpetual".

Paganini ya ƙware ba kawai violin ba, har ma da guitar. Yawancin abubuwan da ya rubuta, waɗanda aka rubuta don violin da guitar, har yanzu suna cikin repertoire na masu yin wasan kwaikwayo.

Waƙar Paganini ta ƙarfafa mawaƙa da yawa. Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa sun shirya don piano ta Liszt, Schumann, K. Riemanovsky. Waƙoƙin Campanella da Caprice ashirin da huɗu sun kafa tushen tsari da bambance-bambancen mawaƙa na tsararraki daban-daban da makarantu: Liszt, Chopin, I. Brahms, S. Rachmaninov, V. Lutoslavsky. Hoton soyayya iri ɗaya na mawaƙin G. Heine ya ɗauki hoton a cikin labarinsa "Florentine Nights".

I. Vetlitsyna

An haife shi a cikin dangin ƙaramin ɗan kasuwa, mai son kiɗa. A farkon ƙuruciya, ya koya daga mahaifinsa don buga mandolin, sa'an nan kuma violin. Na ɗan lokaci ya yi karatu tare da J. Costa, ɗan wasan violin na farko na Cathedral na San Lorenzo. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 11, ya ba da kide-kide mai zaman kanta a Genoa (a cikin ayyukan da aka yi - nasa bambance-bambance a kan waƙar juyin juya halin Faransa "Carmagnola"). A cikin 1797-98 ya ba da kide-kide a Arewacin Italiya. A 1801-04 ya zauna a Tuscany, a cikin 1804-05 - a Genoa. A cikin wadannan shekaru, ya rubuta "24 Capricci" don solo violin, sonatas don violin tare da guitar rashi, kirtani quartets (tare da guitar). Bayan yin hidima a kotu a Lucca (1805-08), Paganini ya sadaukar da kansa gabaɗaya ga ayyukan kide-kide. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayo a Milan (1815), an yi gasa tsakanin Paganini da ɗan wasan violin na Faransa C. Lafont, wanda ya yarda cewa an ci shi. Magana ce ta gwagwarmayar da aka yi tsakanin tsohuwar makarantar gargajiya da yanayin soyayya (daga baya, an yi irin wannan gasa a fagen fasahar pianistic a birnin Paris tsakanin F. Liszt da Z. Thalberg). Wasannin Paganini (tun daga 1828) a Austria, Jamhuriyar Czech, Jamus, Faransa, Ingila, da sauran ƙasashe sun haifar da ƙima daga manyan mutane a cikin fasaha (Liszt, R. Schumann, H. Heine, da sauransu) kuma suka kafa masa. daukakar virtuoso mara misaltuwa. Halin Paganini yana kewaye da kyawawan almara, wanda aka sauƙaƙe ta ainihin bayyanar "aljani" da kuma abubuwan soyayya na tarihin rayuwarsa. limaman Katolika sun tsananta wa Paganini saboda kalaman adawa da limaman coci da kuma tausaya wa motsin Carbonari. Bayan mutuwar Paganini, Paparoma Curia bai ba da izinin binne shi a Italiya ba. Sai kawai shekaru da yawa daga baya, toka na Paganini aka kai zuwa Parma. G. Heine ya ɗauki hoton Paganini a cikin labarin Florentine Nights (1836).

Ayyukan ci gaba na ci gaba na Paganini yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun bayyanar da romanticism na kiɗa, wanda ya zama tartsatsi a cikin fasahar Italiyanci (ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na kishin kasa na G. Rossini da V. Bellini) a ƙarƙashin rinjayar motsin 'yanci na kasa na 10-30s. . Ƙarni na 19 fasaha na Paganini ya kasance ta hanyoyi da yawa da suka danganci aikin romantics na Faransa: mawallafin G. Berlioz (wanda Paganini ya kasance na farko don godiya da goyon baya), mai zane E. Delacroix, mawallafin V. Hugo. Paganini ya ja hankalin masu sauraro tare da hanyoyin wasan kwaikwayonsa, hasken hotunansa, jiragen sama masu kayatarwa, ban mamaki, da kuma ban mamaki yanayin wasansa. A cikin fasaharsa, abin da ake kira. fantasy kyauta ya bayyana fasalulluka na salon inganta rayuwar mutanen Italiya. Paganini shi ne dan wasan violin na farko da ya fara yin shirye-shiryen kide-kide da zuciya. Ci gaba da gabatar da sabbin dabarun wasa, da wadatar da damar kayan aiki masu launi, Paganini ya fadada fagen tasirin fasahar violin, ya aza harsashin fasahar wasan violin na zamani. Ya yadu ya yi amfani da dukan kewayon kayan aiki, amfani da yatsa mikewa, tsalle, iri-iri na bayanin kula dabaru, jituwa, pizzicato, percussive bugun jini, wasa a kan daya kirtani. Wasu daga cikin ayyukan Paganini suna da wuyar gaske ta yadda bayan mutuwarsa an ɗauke su ba za su iya wasa ba na dogon lokaci (Y. Kubelik ne ya fara buga su).

Paganini fitaccen mawaki ne. An bambanta abubuwan da ya tsara ta hanyar filastik da jin daɗin waƙoƙin waƙa, ƙarfin hali na daidaitawa. A cikin al'adunsa na halitta ya fito waje "24 capricci" don solo violin op. 1 (a wasu daga cikinsu, alal misali, a cikin 21st capriccio, ana amfani da sababbin ka'idoji na ci gaban melodic, suna tsammanin dabarun Liszt da R. Wagner), 1st da 2nd concertos don violin da orchestra (D-dur, 1811; h -moll, 1826; sashin ƙarshe na ƙarshen shine sanannen "Campanella"). Bambance-bambancen wasan opera, ballet da jigogi na jama'a, ɗakunan kayan aiki, da sauransu, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin Paganini. Fitaccen virtuoso akan guitar, Paganini kuma ya rubuta kusan guda 200 don wannan kayan aikin.

A cikin aikinsa na haɗe-haɗe, Paganini yana aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa mai zurfi, yana dogara da al'adun gargajiya na fasahar kiɗan Italiya. Ayyukan da ya ƙirƙira, waɗanda ke da alamar 'yancin kai na salon, ƙarfin hali, da ƙirƙira, sun kasance farkon farkon ci gaban fasahar violin na gaba. Haɗe da sunayen Liszt, F. Chopin, Schumann da Berlioz, juyin juya halin piano da fasahar kayan aiki, wanda ya fara a cikin 30s. Karni na 19, an fi haifar da shi ta hanyar tasirin fasahar Paganini. Haka kuma ya shafi samuwar wani sabon harshe na waqoqi, halayyar kidan soyayya. An gano tasirin Paganini a kaikaice zuwa karni na 20. (Concerto na farko na violin da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Prokofiev; irin waɗannan violin suna aiki kamar "Tatsuniyoyi" na Szymanowski, fantasy kide kide "Gypsy" na Ravel). Liszt, Schumann, I. Brahms, SV Rachmaninov sun shirya wasu ayyukan violin na Paganini don piano.

Tun daga 1954, ana gudanar da gasa ta Paganini International Violin kowace shekara a Genoa.

IM Yampolsky

A cikin waɗannan shekarun lokacin da Rossini da Bellini suka ja hankalin jama'ar mawaƙa, Italiya ta gabatar da ƙwararren ɗan wasan violin na virtuoso da mawaki Niccolò Paganini. Sana'ar sa ta yi tasiri sosai a kan al'adun kiɗa na ƙarni na XNUMX.

Daidai da mawakan opera, Paganini ya girma a ƙasan ƙasa. Italiya, wurin haifuwar wasan opera, ita ce cibiyar al'adun kayan aiki na daɗaɗɗen ruku'u. A baya a cikin karni na XNUMX, makarantar violin mai haske ta tashi a can, wanda sunayen Legrenzi, Marini, Veracini, Vivaldi, Corelli, Tartini ke wakilta. Haɓaka kusa da fasahar wasan opera, kiɗan violin na Italiya ya ɗauki tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya.

The melodiousness na song, da'irar da'irar na lyrical intonations, m "concertness", da roba siffar siffar - duk wannan ya dauki siffar a karkashin babu shakka tasiri na opera.

Wadannan al'adun kayan aiki sun kasance da rai a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX. Paganini, wanda ya kifar da magabata da na zamaninsa, ya haskaka a cikin gagarumin taurarin taurari na ’yan violin na virtuoso irin su Viotti, Rode da sauransu.

Muhimmancin Paganini yana da alaƙa ba kawai tare da gaskiyar cewa a fili ya kasance mafi girman violin virtuoso a tarihin kiɗa ba. Paganini yana da kyau, da farko, a matsayin mahaliccin sabon salon wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya. Kamar Rossini da Bellini, zane-zanensa ya yi aiki a matsayin nunin ingantaccen soyayya wanda ya taso a Italiya a ƙarƙashin rinjayar sanannun ra'ayoyin 'yanci. Dabarar ban mamaki na Paganini, bayan ya bi duk ka'idodin wasan violin, ya cika sabbin buƙatun fasaha. Halayensa mai girman gaske, bayyananniyar furuci, ɗimbin ɗumbin ɗabi'a mai ban sha'awa ya haifar da sabbin dabaru, abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba.

Yanayin soyayya na ayyukan Paganini da yawa na violin (akwai 80 daga cikinsu, wanda 20 ba a buga su ba) shine da farko saboda ɗakunan ajiya na musamman na aikin virtuoso. A cikin al'adun gargajiya na Paganini akwai ayyukan da ke jawo hankali tare da m modulations da kuma asali na ci gaban melodic, reminiscent na music na Liszt da Wagner (misali, na ashirin da farko Capriccio). Amma duk da haka, babban abu a cikin ayyukan violin na Paganini shine halin kirki, wanda ba shi da iyaka ya tura iyakoki na ma'anar kayan fasaha na zamaninsa. Ayyukan Paganini da aka buga ba su ba da cikakken hoto na ainihin sautin su ba, tun da mafi mahimmancin nau'in salon wasan kwaikwayon marubucin su shine fantasy kyauta ta hanyar haɓakar mutanen Italiyanci. Paganini ya aro mafi yawan tasirinsa daga masu wasan kwaikwayo. Yana da halayyar cewa wakilan makarantar ilimi mai mahimmanci (misali, Spurs) sun ga a cikin wasansa siffofin "buffoonery". Hakanan yana da mahimmanci cewa, a matsayin virtuoso, Paganini ya nuna hazaka ne kawai lokacin yin ayyukansa.

Halin da ba a sani ba na Paganini, duk hotonsa na "mai fasaha mai kyauta" ya dace da ra'ayoyin zamanin game da mai zane-zane. Rashin kula da tarurruka na duniya da tausayi ga ƙananan azuzuwan, yawo a cikin ƙuruciyarsa da yawo mai nisa a cikin shekarunsa masu girma, wani sabon abu, bayyanar "aljani" kuma, a ƙarshe, gwanin wasan kwaikwayon da ba a fahimta ba ya haifar da tatsuniyoyi game da shi. . Limaman Katolika sun tsananta wa Paganini saboda maganganunsa na kin jininsa da kuma tausayinsa da Carbonari. Ya zo ga zarge-zargen da ake yi wa “amincinsa na shaidan”.

Hasashen wakoki na Heine, a cikin bayanin irin sihirin sihiri na wasan Paganini, ya zana hoto na asalin allahntaka na basirarsa.

An haifi Paganini a Genoa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1782. Mahaifinsa ya koya masa yin wasan violin. A lokacin yana da shekaru tara, Paganini ya fara bayyanar da jama'a, yana yin nasa bambancin kan jigon waƙar juyin juya hali na Faransa Carmagnola. Yana da shekaru goma sha uku ya yi rangadin kide-kide na farko a Lombardy. Bayan wannan, Paganini ya mayar da hankalinsa kan hada ayyukan violin a cikin sabon salo. Kafin haka, ya yi karatunsa na tsawon watanni shida kacal, inda ya hada fugues ashirin da hudu a wannan lokacin. Tsakanin 1801 zuwa 1804, Paganini ya zama mai sha'awar yin guitar (ya halicci kimanin guda 200 don wannan kayan aiki). Ban da wannan lokacin na shekaru uku, lokacin da bai fito a fagen wasan ba kwata-kwata, Paganini, har ya kai shekaru arba'in da biyar, ya ba da kide-kide da wake-wake da yawa a Italiya. Za a iya yin la'akari da sikelin ayyukansa ta hanyar cewa a cikin kakar wasa ɗaya a cikin 1813 ya ba da kide-kide kusan arba'in a Milan.

Yawon shakatawa na farko a wajen mahaifarsa ya faru ne kawai a cikin 1828 (Vienna, Warsaw, Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin, Paris, London da sauran biranen). Wannan yawon shakatawa ya ba shi shahara a duniya. Paganini ya yi ban mamaki ga jama'a da kuma kan manyan masu fasaha. A Vienna - Schubert, a Warsaw - Chopin, a Leipzig - Schumann, a Paris - Liszt da Berlioz sun sha'awar basirarsa. A cikin 1831, kamar masu fasaha da yawa, Paganini ya zauna a Paris, wanda ya jawo hankalin zamantakewar zamantakewa da fasaha na wannan babban birnin kasar. Ya zauna a can har tsawon shekaru uku kuma ya koma Italiya. Rashin lafiya ya tilasta wa Paganini rage yawan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya mutu Mayu 27, 1840.

An fi ganin tasirin Paganini a fagen kiɗan violin, inda ya yi juyin juya hali na gaske. Musamman mahimmanci shine tasirinsa akan makarantar Belgium da Faransanci na violin.

Duk da haka, ko a wajen wannan yanki, fasahar Paganini ta bar tarihi mai ɗorewa. Schumann, Liszt, Brahms ya shirya don piano Paganini's etudes daga aikinsa mafi mahimmanci - "24 capriccios for solo violin" op. 1, wanda shine, kamar dai, encyclopedia na sabbin fasahohin aikinsa.

(Yawancin fasahohin da Paganini ya ɓullo da su ne m ci gaban fasaha ka'idodin samu a cikin magabatan Paganini da kuma a cikin jama'a yi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da wadannan: wani unprecedented mataki na yin amfani da jituwa sautuna, wanda ya kai duka biyu zuwa ga wata babbar fadada kewayon. violin da kuma ingantaccen haɓakar katako; aro daga violinist na ƙarni na XNUMX Bieber tsarin daban-daban don daidaita violin don cimma sakamako masu kyau musamman; ta amfani da sautin pizzicato da baka wasa a lokaci guda: wasa ba kawai sau biyu ba. , amma kuma bayanin kula sau uku; glissandos chromatic tare da yatsa ɗaya, nau'ikan fasahar baka iri-iri, gami da staccato; aiki akan kirtani ɗaya; ƙara kewayon kirtani na huɗu zuwa octaves uku da sauransu.)

An kuma ƙirƙiri etudes na piano na Chopin a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Paganini. Kuma ko da yake a salon wasan pian na Chopin yana da wahala a ga alaƙa kai tsaye da fasahohin Paganini, amma a gare shi Chopin yana da bashi saboda sabon fassarar da ya yi na nau'in etude. Don haka, pianism na soyayya, wanda ya buɗe sabon zamani a cikin tarihin wasan kwaikwayo na piano, babu shakka ya ɗauki salo a ƙarƙashin tasirin sabon salon kyawawan halaye na Paganini.

VD Konen

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

don solo violin - 24 capricci op. 1 (1801-07; ed. Mil., 1820), gabatarwa da bambance-bambance Yayin da zuciya ta tsaya (Nel cor piu non mi sento, akan jigo daga Paisiello's La Belle Miller, 1820 ko 1821); ga violin da makada - 5 concertos (D-dur, op. 6, 1811 ko 1817-18; h-minor, op. 7, 1826, ed. P., 1851; E-dur, ba tare da op., 1826; d-moll, ba tare da op., 1830, ed. Mil., 1954; a-moll, ya fara a 1830), 8 sonatas (1807-28, ciki har da Napoleon, 1807, a kan kirtani ɗaya; Spring, Primavera, 1838 ko 1839), Motsi na dindindin (Il). moto perpetuo, op. 11, bayan 1830), Bambance-bambance (The Witch, La streghe, a kan jigo daga Süssmayr's Marriage of Benevento, op. 8, 1813; Addu'a, Preghiera, a kan jigo daga Rossini's Musa , a kan daya kirtani, 1818 ko kuma 1819;Bana ƙara jin bakin ciki a gidan wuta, Non piu mesta accanto al fuoco, akan jigo daga Cinderella na Rossini, op. Rossini's Tancred, op.12, mai yiwuwa 1819); ga viola da makada - sonata don babban viola (watakila 1834); don violin da guitar - 6 sonata, op. 2 (1801-06), 6 sonata, op. 3 (1801-06), Cantabile (d-moll, ed. don skr. da fp., W., 1922); don guitar da violin – sonata (1804, ed. Fr. / M., 1955/56), Grand Sonata (ed. Lpz. – W., 1922); dakin kayan aiki ensembles - Concert uku don viola, vlc. da guitars (Spanish 1833, ed. 1955-56), 3 quartets, op. 4 (1802-05, ed. Mil., 1820), 3 quartets, op. 5 (1802-05, ed. Mil., 1820) da 15 quartets (1818-20; ed. quartet No. 7, Fr./M., 1955/56) don violin, viola, guitar da vocals, 3 quartets don 2 skr., viola da vlc. (1800s, ed. quartet E-dur, Lpz., 1840s); murya-kayan aiki, sautin murya, da sauransu.

References:

Yampolsky I., Paganini - guitarist, "SM", 1960, No 9; nasa, Niccolò Paganini. Rayuwa da kerawa, M., 1961, 1968 (notography da Chronograph); nasa, Capricci N. Paganini, M., 1962 (B-ka mai sauraron kide-kide); Palmin AG, Niccolo Paganini. 1782-1840. Takaitaccen zanen tarihin rayuwa. Littafi don matasa, L., 1961.