Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov |

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

Hazakarsa, ko karfinsa, ko kyautatawa ga dalibansa da abokan zamansa, ba su taba yin rauni ba. Rayuwa mai daukaka da ayyukan kasa mai zurfi na irin wannan mutum ya kamata su zama abin alfaharinmu da farin ciki. … nawa za a iya nuna a cikin dukan tarihin music na irin wannan high yanayi, irin manyan artists da kuma irin m mutane kamar Rimsky-Korsakov? V. Stasov

Kusan shekaru 10 bayan da aka bude gidan ra'ayin mazan jiya na farko na Rasha a St. Duk da ƙuruciyarsa - ya kasance a cikin shekara ta ashirin da takwas - ya riga ya sami suna a matsayin marubucin rubutun asali na ƙungiyar makaɗa: Ƙarfafa kan jigogi na Rasha, Fantasies akan jigogi na waƙoƙin gargajiya na Serbia, hoto mai ban sha'awa dangane da almara na Rasha " Sadko" da wani suite akan shirin tatsuniya na gabas "Antar" . Bugu da kari, da yawa romances da aka rubuta, da kuma aiki a kan tarihi opera The Maid of Pskov ya ci gaba. Babu wanda zai iya tunanin (aƙalla daga cikin dukan darektan Conservatory, wanda ya gayyaci N. Rimsky-Korsakov) cewa ya zama mawaki ba tare da kusan horo na kiɗa ba.

Rimsky-Korsakov aka haife shi a cikin wani iyali da nisa daga art sha'awa. Iyaye, bisa ga al'adar iyali, sun shirya yaron don hidima a cikin Sojan Ruwa (kawun da ɗan'uwana sun kasance ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa). Ko da yake an bayyana iyawar kiɗan da wuri, babu wanda ya yi nazari sosai a ƙaramin garin lardi. Wani makwabci ne ya ba da darussan Piano, sannan wata shugabar gwamnati da kuma ɗalibin wannan gomnati. An sami ƙarin abubuwan ban sha'awa na kiɗa da waƙoƙin jama'a waɗanda uwa mai son da kawu da kuma rera waƙa a gidan sufi na Tikhvin suka yi.

A cikin St. A cikin St. Ya shawarci ɗalibin mai hazaka da ya tsara kiɗa da kansa, ya gabatar da shi ga M. Balakirev, wanda matasa mawaƙa suka haɗa su - M. Mussorgsky, C. Cui, daga baya A. Borodin ya shiga su (da'irar Balakirev ta shiga cikin tarihi da sunan "Maɗaukaki Hannun hannu) ”).

Babu wani daga cikin "Kuchkists" bai dauki wani hanya na musamman music horo. Tsarin da Balakirev ya shirya su don yin ayyukan kirkire-kirkire mai zaman kansa shine kamar haka: nan da nan ya ba da shawarar wani batu mai alhakin, sa'an nan kuma, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, a cikin tattaunawar haɗin gwiwa, a layi daya tare da nazarin ayyukan manyan mawaƙa, duk matsalolin da suka taso. a cikin aiwatar da hada da aka warware.

Rimsky-Korsakov mai shekaru goma sha bakwai ya shawarci Balakirev don fara da wasan kwaikwayo. A halin da ake ciki, matashin mawakin, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a rundunar sojan ruwa, ya kamata ya tashi zuwa zagaye na duniya. Ya koma music da art abokai kawai bayan shekaru 3. Gwaninta mai basira ya taimaka wa Rimsky-Korsakov da sauri ya mallaki nau'i na kiɗa, da zane-zane mai haske, da fasaha na tsarawa, ketare harsashin ginin makaranta. Bayan da ya ƙirƙiro makin wasan kwaikwayo masu rikitarwa da kuma yin aiki a wasan opera, mawaƙin bai san ainihin tushen kimiyyar kiɗa ba kuma bai saba da mahimman kalmomin da suka dace ba. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani tayin don koyarwa a ɗakin ajiya! .. "Idan na koyi ko da kadan, da na sani ko da kadan fiye da yadda na sani, to, zai bayyana a gare ni cewa ba zan iya ba kuma ba ni da damar yin amfani da abin da ake bukata shi ne zama Farfesa. Rimsky-Korsakov ya tuna cewa zai zama wawa da rashin gaskiya a gare ni. Amma ba rashin gaskiya ba, amma babban nauyi, ya nuna, ya fara koyon ainihin tushen da ya kamata ya koyar.

An kafa ra'ayi mai kyau da ra'ayi na Rimsky-Korsakov a cikin 1860s. karkashin rinjayar "Mabuwayi Handful" da kuma akida V. Stasov. A lokaci guda kuma, an ƙaddara tushen ƙasa, tsarin dimokuradiyya, manyan jigogi da hotuna na aikinsa. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ayyukan Rimsky-Korsakov suna da yawa: yana koyarwa a ɗakin karatu, yana inganta fasaha na kansa (rubuta canons, fugues), yana riƙe da matsayin mai kula da makada na ma'aikatan sojan ruwa na Sojan ruwa (1873-84) da kuma gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo. kide kide kide da wake-wake, ya maye gurbin darektan na Free Music School Balakirev da kuma shirya don bugawa (tare da Balakirev da Lyadov) da scores na biyu Glinka ta operas, records da kuma daidaita jama'a songs (na farko tarin da aka buga a 1876, na biyu - a 1882).

Roko zuwa ga tarihin kade-kade na Rasha, da kuma cikakken nazari kan maki opera na Glinka a cikin shirin shirya su don bugawa, ya taimaka wa mawakin ya shawo kan hasashe na wasu abubuwan da ya yi, wadanda suka taso a sakamakon binciken da aka yi a kan fasahar kere-kere. Wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da aka rubuta bayan Maid of Pskov (1872) - Mayu Night (1879) da The Snow Maiden (1881) - sun ƙunshi ƙaunar Rimsky-Korsakov ga al'adun jama'a da waƙar jama'a da ra'ayinsa na duniya.

Ƙirƙirar mawallafin 80s. yafi wakilta da symphonic ayyukan: "The Tale" (1880), Sinfonietta (1885) da kuma Piano Concerto (1883), kazalika da sanannen "Spanish Capriccio" (1887) da "Scheherazade" (1888). A lokaci guda, Rimsky-Korsakov yi aiki a cikin Kotun Choir. Amma ya ba da mafi yawan lokacinsa da ƙarfinsa don shiryawa don wasan kwaikwayo da buga wasan operas na abokansa - Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina da Borodin's Prince Igor. Yana yiwuwa cewa wannan tsanani aiki a kan opera scores ya kai ga gaskiyar cewa Rimsky-Korsakov kansa aikin ci gaba a cikin wadannan shekaru a cikin symphonic Sphere.

Mawakin ya dawo wasan opera ne kawai a cikin 1889, bayan ya kirkiro Mlada mai ban sha'awa (1889-90). Tun tsakiyar 90s. daya bayan daya yana biye da Dare Kafin Kirsimeti (1895), Sadko (1896), gabatarwa ga Maid of Pskov - aikin Boyar Vera Sheloga da Bride Tsar (duka 1898). A cikin 1900s an halicci Tale of Tsar Saltan (1900), Servilia (1901), Pan Governor (1903), The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh (1904) da The Golden Cockerel (1907).

A tsawon rayuwarsa ta kirkire-kirkire, mawaƙin ya kuma juya zuwa waƙoƙin murya. A cikin 79 na soyayya, an gabatar da waƙar A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, AK Tolstoy, L. May, A. Fet, da kuma daga marubutan kasashen waje J. Byron da G. Heine.

Abubuwan da ke cikin aikin Rimsky-Korsakov sun bambanta: Har ila yau, ya bayyana ma'anar tarihin tarihi ("Matar Pskov", "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh"), yanayin waƙoƙin ("Bride Tsar", " Servilia") da wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun ("Pan Voyevoda"), sun nuna hotunan Gabas ("Antar", "Scheherazade"), sun ƙunshi fasalin sauran al'adun kiɗa ("Fantasy Serbia", "Capriccio Spanish", da dai sauransu). . Amma mafi halayyar Rimsky-Korsakov ne fantasy, fabulousness, bambancin dangane da jama'a art.

Mawaƙin ya ƙirƙiri cikakken hoton na musamman a cikin fara'a, tsarkakakke, a hankali hotunan mata masu rairayi - duka na gaske da ban mamaki (Pannochka a cikin “May Night”, Snegurochka, Martha a cikin “Amaryar Tsar”, Fevronia a cikin “Tale of the Invisible City). na Kitezh") , hotuna na mawaƙa na jama'a (Lel a cikin "The Snow Maiden", Nezhata a cikin "Sadko").

An kafa shi a cikin 1860s. mawaki ya kasance mai aminci ga ci gaban manufofin zamantakewa a duk rayuwarsa. A jajibirin juyin juya halin farko na Rasha na 1905 da kuma lokacin da ya biyo bayansa, Rimsky-Korsakov ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na operas Kashchei the Immortal (1902) da The Golden Cockerel, waɗanda aka yi la'akari da tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa da suka yi mulki a ciki. Rasha.

Hanyar m na mawaki ya dade fiye da shekaru 40. Shigar da shi a matsayin magaji ga al'adun Glinka, shi kuma a cikin karni na XX. isasshe yana wakiltar fasahar Rasha a al'adun kiɗan duniya. Rimsky-Korsakov ta m da kuma m-jama'a ayyukan ne multifaceted: mawaki da shugaba, marubucin ka'idar ayyuka da kuma sake dubawa, editan ayyukan Dargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky da Borodin, yana da karfi tasiri a kan ci gaban Rasha music.

Fiye da shekaru 37 na koyarwa a ɗakin ajiyar, ya koyar da mawaƙa fiye da 200: A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, A. Arensky, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, I. Stravinsky, N. Cherepnin, A. Grechaninov, N. Myaskovsky. S. Prokofiev da sauransu. Haɓaka jigogi na gabas ta Rimsky-Korsakov ( "Antar", "Scheherazade", "Golden Cockerel") ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban al'adun kiɗa na ƙasa na Transcaucasia da Asiya ta Tsakiya, da kuma yanayin teku daban-daban ("Sadko", "Sheherazade"). ", "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", da sake zagayowar romances "By Sea", da dai sauransu) ƙaddara mai yawa a cikin plein-iska sauti zanen na Faransa C. Debussy da Italiyanci O. Respighi.

E. Gordeeva

Ayyukan Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov wani abu ne na musamman a tarihin al'adun kiɗa na Rasha. Ma'anar ba wai kawai a cikin babban mahimmancin fasaha ba, babban girma, ƙarancin aikinsa, amma kuma a cikin gaskiyar cewa aikin mawaƙa kusan ya shafi wani lokaci mai ƙarfi a cikin tarihin Rasha - daga gyare-gyaren manoma zuwa lokaci tsakanin juyin juya hali. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na matashin mawaki shine kayan aiki na Dargomyzhsky's kawai ya kammala The Guest Guest, babban aikin karshe na maigidan, The Golden Cockerel, ya koma 1906-1907: opera da aka hada lokaci guda tare da Scriabin's Poem of Ecstasy. Symphony na Rachmaninov na biyu; shekaru hudu ne kawai ke raba farkon wasan The Golden Cockerel (1909) daga farkon Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, biyu daga farkon Prokofiev a matsayin mawaki.

Don haka, aikin Rimsky-Korsakov, kawai a cikin sharuddan lokaci, ya ƙunshi, kamar yadda yake, tushen kiɗan gargajiya na Rasha, yana haɗa alaƙa tsakanin zamanin Glinka-Dargomyzhsky da karni na XNUMX. Ƙaddamar da nasarorin da aka samu na makarantar St. gida da waje.

A m, systematizing hali ne muhimmi a cikin kowane shugabanci na Rimsky-Korsakov aiki - mawaki, malami, theorist, shugaba, edita. Ayyukan rayuwarsa gaba ɗaya shine duniya mai rikitarwa, wanda zan so in kira "Rimsky-Korsakov cosmos". Manufar wannan aikin shine tattarawa, mayar da hankali ga mahimman abubuwan kida na kasa da kuma, mafi fa'ida, fahimtar fasaha, kuma a ƙarshe don sake ƙirƙirar hoto mai mahimmanci na ra'ayin duniya na Rasha (hakika, a cikin sirrinsa, "Korsakovian" refraction). Wannan taro yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da na sirri, juyin halittar marubuci, kamar yadda tsarin koyarwa, koyarwa - ba kawai ɗalibai kai tsaye ba, amma duk yanayin kiɗan - tare da ilimin kai, ilimin kai.

AN Rimsky-Korsakov, ɗan mawaƙa, yana magana game da sabunta ayyuka iri-iri da Rimsky-Korsakov ya warware akai-akai, ya kwatanta rayuwar mawaƙin a matsayin “saƙa mai kama da zare.” Ya, yin la'akari da abin da ya sa ƙwararren mawaƙin ya ba da babban ɓangaren lokacinsa da ƙarfinsa ga nau'ikan ayyukan ilimi na "gefe", ya nuna "hankalin sanin aikinsa ga kiɗa da mawaƙa na Rasha." "Service"- key kalmar a cikin rayuwar Rimsky-Korsakov, kamar yadda "ikirari" - a cikin rayuwar Mussorgsky.

An yi imani da cewa Rasha music na biyu da rabi na 1860th karni a fili o ƙarin tabbatar da assimilate nasarorin da sauran art na zamani zuwa gare shi, musamman wallafe-wallafe: Saboda haka da fifiko ga "fi'ili" nau'i (daga romance, song to opera, da rawanin na opera). m burin dukan mawaƙa na ƙarni na XNUMXs), kuma a cikin kayan aiki - babban ci gaba na ka'idar shirye-shirye. Duk da haka, a yanzu yana ƙara fitowa fili cewa hoton duniya da kiɗan gargajiya na Rasha ya ƙirƙira bai yi daidai da waɗanda ke cikin adabi, zane ko gine-gine ba. Siffofin haɓakar makarantar mawaƙa ta Rasha suna da alaƙa da ƙayyadaddun kide-kide a matsayin nau'in fasaha da kuma matsayi na musamman na kiɗa a cikin al'adun ƙasa na karni na XNUMX, tare da ayyuka na musamman na fahimtar rayuwa.

Halin tarihi da al'adu a Rasha sun ƙaddara babban rata tsakanin mutanen da, a cewar Glinka, "ƙirƙirar kiɗa" da waɗanda suke so su "shirya" shi. Fashewar ta kasance mai zurfi, abin ban tausayi ba zai iya jurewa ba, kuma ana jin sakamakonsa har yau. Amma, a daya hannun, da Multi-layered tarawa auditory kwarewa na Rasha mutane dauke da m yiwuwa ga motsi da kuma ci gaban art. Wataƙila, a cikin kiɗa, an bayyana "ganowar Rasha" tare da mafi girman karfi, tun da tushen harshensa - innation - shine mafi yawan bayyanar kwayoyin halitta na mutum da kabilanci, mai da hankali ga yanayin ruhaniya na mutane. "Tsarin da yawa" na yanayin innation na kasa a Rasha a tsakiyar karni kafin karshe shine daya daga cikin abubuwan da ake bukata don ƙaddamar da makarantar kiɗa na ƙwararrun Rasha. Taro a cikin mayar da hankali guda ɗaya na abubuwan da suka shafi multidirectional - in mun gwada da magana, daga arna, tushen Proto-Slavic zuwa sabbin ra'ayoyi na romanticism na kiɗan Yammacin Turai, mafi haɓaka dabarun fasahar kiɗan - siffa ce ta kidan Rasha na rabin na biyu na Karni na XNUMX. A wannan lokacin, a ƙarshe ya bar ikon ayyukan da aka yi amfani da su kuma ya zama kallon duniya a cikin sauti.

Sau da yawa magana game da sittin na Mussorgsky, Balakirev, Borodin, da alama mun manta cewa Rimsky-Korsakov na da wannan zamanin. A halin yanzu, yana da wuya a sami ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mafi aminci ga mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun kyawawan halaye na lokacinsa.

Wadanda suka san Rimsky-Korsakov daga baya - a cikin 80s, 90s, 1900s - ba su gaji da mamakin yadda ya yi wa kansa da aikinsa ba. Don haka akai-akai hukunce-hukunce game da “bushewar dabi’arsa, “iliminsa”, “rationalism” da sauransu. Hasali ma, wannan shi ne irin na sittin, haɗe da nisantar wuce gona da iri dangane da halin mutum, halayensa. mai fasaha na Rasha. Daya daga cikin daliban Rimsky-Korsakov, MF Gnesin, ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa mai zane, a cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya tare da kansa da kuma na kusa da shi, tare da dandano na zamaninsa, a wasu lokuta ya zama kamar ya taurare, ya zama a cikin wasu maganganunsa har ma da ƙasa. fiye da kansa. Dole ne a tuna da wannan lokacin da ake fassara maganganun mawaƙa. A bayyane yake, jawabin wani dalibi na Rimsky-Korsakov, AV Ossovsky, ya fi dacewa da hankali: tsanani, kamewa na introspection, kamun kai, wanda ya kasance tare da hanyar zane-zane, wanda ya kasance mai sauƙi mai sauƙi. ba tsaya waɗancan "karye", waɗanda gwaje-gwajen da ya kafa kansa akai-akai: marubucin Maid of Pskov, kamar ɗan makaranta, yana zaune ga matsaloli cikin jituwa, marubucin The Snow Maiden bai rasa wani wasan kwaikwayo na Wagner ba. , Mawallafin Sadko ya rubuta Mozart da Salieri, farfesa masanin ilimin kimiyya ya haifar da Kashchei, da dai sauransu. Kuma wannan ma, ya fito ne daga Rimsky-Korsakov ba kawai daga yanayi ba, har ma daga zamanin.

Ayyukansa na zamantakewa koyaushe yana da girma sosai, kuma aikinsa ya bambanta ta hanyar rashin sha'awa da sadaukar da kai ga ra'ayin aikin jama'a. Amma, ba kamar Mussorgsky ba, Rimsky-Korsakov ba "populist" ba ne a cikin takamaiman ma'anar tarihi na kalmar. A cikin matsalar mutane, ya ko da yaushe, ya fara da Maid of Pskov da waka Sadko, ya ga ba sosai tarihi da zamantakewa kamar yadda indivisible da na har abada. Idan aka kwatanta da takardun Tchaikovsky ko Mussorgsky a cikin wasiƙun Rimsky-Korsakov, a cikin tarihinsa akwai 'yan furci na ƙauna ga mutane da Rasha, amma a matsayinsa na mai zane yana da ma'ana mai daraja na kasa, kuma a cikin Almasihu na Almasihu. Rasha art, musamman music, ya kasance ba kasa m fiye da Mussorgsky.

Dukan Kuchkists sun kasance suna da irin wannan siffa ta sittin a matsayin bincike marar iyaka ga al'amuran rayuwa, damuwa na har abada. A cikin Rimsky-Korsakov, ya mayar da hankali ga mafi girma a kan yanayi, an fahimta a matsayin haɗin kai na abubuwa da mutum, kuma a kan fasaha a matsayin mafi girma na irin wannan haɗin kai. Kamar Mussorgsky da Borodin, ya ci gaba da ƙoƙari don sanin "tabbatacce", "tabbatacciyar" ilimi game da duniya. A cikin sha'awarsa na yin nazari sosai a duk fannonin kimiyyar kiɗa, ya ci gaba daga matsayi - wanda (kamar Mussorgsky) ya yi imani sosai, wani lokacin har zuwa maƙasudin - cewa a cikin fasaha akwai dokoki (ka'idoji) waɗanda suke da manufa. , duniya kamar a kimiyya. ba kawai dandano abubuwan da ake so ba.

A sakamakon haka, da kayan ado da ka'idar Rimsky-Korsakov rungumar kusan duk yankunan ilmi game da music da kuma ci gaba a cikin wani cikakken tsarin. Abubuwan da ke tattare da shi sune: koyaswar jituwa, koyaswar kayan aiki (dukansu a cikin nau'ikan manyan ayyuka na ka'idar), kayan kwalliya da sifa (bayanin kula na 1890s, labarai masu mahimmanci), tatsuniyoyi (tarin shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin jama'a da misalan fahimtar ƙirƙira). na jama'a muradi a cikin qagaggun), koyarwa game da yanayin (babban ka'idar aiki a kan tsohon halaye da marubucin ya halaka, amma a takaice version na shi ya tsira, da kuma misalai na fassarar d ¯ a halaye a cikin shirye-shirye na coci waƙa). polyphony (ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a cikin haruffa, a cikin tattaunawa tare da Yastrebtsev, da dai sauransu, da kuma m misalai), m ilimi da kuma kungiyar na m rai (lasidu, amma yafi ilimi da kuma pedagogical ayyukan). A duk wadannan yankunan, Rimsky-Korsakov ya bayyana m ra'ayoyi, sabon abu wanda sau da yawa ya ruɗe da wani m, taƙaitaccen nau'i na gabatarwa.

"Maigincin Pskovityanka da Golden Cockerel bai sake komawa ba. Ya kasance mai kirkire-kirkire, amma wanda ya yi yunƙuri don cikar al'ada da daidaiton abubuwan kiɗan "(Zuckerman VA). A cewar Rimsky-Korsakov, duk wani sabon abu yana yiwuwa a kowane fanni a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta tare da abubuwan da suka gabata, dabaru, yanayin ma'ana, da tsarin gine-gine. Irin wannan koyarwarsa ce ta aiki na jituwa, wanda ayyuka na ma'ana za a iya wakilta ta hanyar haɗin kai na sassa daban-daban; irin wannan koyarwarsa ce ta kayan aiki, wadda ta buɗe da kalmar: “Ba a taɓa samun mugun sonorities a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ba.” Tsarin ilimin kiɗan da ya gabatar yana da ci gaba ba kamar yadda ba a saba gani ba, wanda tsarin ilmantarwa yana da alaƙa da yanayin hazakar ɗalibi da kuma samun wasu hanyoyin yin kiɗan kai tsaye.

Littafin littafinsa game da malamin MF Gnesin ya sanya kalmar daga wasiƙar Rimsky-Korsakov zuwa ga mahaifiyarsa: "Ku dubi taurari, amma kada ku dubi kuma kada ku fadi." Wannan da alama bazuwar magana na wani matashi cadet na Naval Corps mamaki characterizes Rimsky-Korsakov matsayin artist a nan gaba. Wataƙila misalin bisharar manzanni biyu ya yi daidai da halayensa, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya ce nan da nan “Zan tafi” – kuma bai tafi ba, ɗayan kuma da farko ya ce “Ba zan tafi ba” – ya tafi (Mat., XXI, 28- 31).

A gaskiya ma, a lokacin aikin Rimsky-Korsakov, akwai sabani da yawa tsakanin "kalmomi" da "ayyuka". Alal misali, babu wanda ya tsawata wa Kuchkism da kasawarsa (ya isa ya tuna furcin da aka rubuta daga wasiƙar da aka rubuta zuwa ga Krutikov: “Oh, haɗe-haɗe na Rasha).оry – Stasov ya jaddada - suna bin kansu bashin rashin ilimi! ", Dukan jerin maganganun maganganu masu banƙyama a cikin Tarihi game da Mussorgsky, game da Balakirev, da dai sauransu) - kuma babu wanda ya kasance mai daidaituwa a cikin kiyayewa, yana kare ka'idodin kyawawan ka'idodin Kuchkism da duk nasarorin da ya samu: a cikin 1907, 'yan watanni kafin. mutuwarsa, Rimsky-Korsakov ya kira kansa "Mafi gamsuwa Kuchkist." Mutane kaɗan ne suka yi suka sosai game da "sababbin lokuta" gabaɗaya da sabbin abubuwan al'adun gargajiya na kiɗa a farkon karni da farkon karni na 80 - kuma a lokaci guda sosai da cikakken amsa buƙatun ruhaniya na sabon zamanin ( "Kashchey", "Kitezh", "Golden Cockerel" da sauransu a cikin daga baya ayyukan da mawaki). Rimsky-Korsakov a cikin 90s - farkon XNUMXs wani lokaci ya yi magana sosai game da Tchaikovsky da jagorancinsa - kuma ya ci gaba da koya daga antipode: aikin Rimsky-Korsakov, aikinsa na ilmantarwa, babu shakka, shine babban hanyar haɗi tsakanin St. Petersburg da Moscow. makarantu. Sukar da Korsakov ya yi wa Wagner da gyare-gyaren da ya yi a fannin wasan kwaikwayo ya fi muni, kuma a halin yanzu, a tsakanin mawakan Rasha, ya fi yarda da ra'ayoyin Wagner sosai kuma ya amsa musu da kirkire-kirkire. A ƙarshe, babu wani mawaƙa na Rasha wanda ya ci gaba da jaddada agnosticism na addini a cikin kalmomi, kuma kaɗan ne suka sami damar ƙirƙirar irin wannan zurfafan hotuna na bangaskiyar jama'a a cikin aikinsu.

Mafi rinjayen ra'ayin duniya na fasaha na Rimsky-Korsakov shine "ji na duniya" (nasa magana) da kuma fahimtar tatsuniyoyi na tunani. A cikin babi daga Tarihi da aka keɓe ga Snow Maiden, ya tsara tsarin halittarsa ​​kamar haka: “Na saurari muryoyin yanayi da fasahar jama’a da yanayi kuma na ɗauki abin da suka rera kuma suka ba da shawara a matsayin tushen aikina.” Hankalin mai zane ya fi mai da hankali kan manyan abubuwan da suka faru na sararin samaniya - sama, teku, rana, taurari, da kuma manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa a rayuwar mutane - haihuwa, ƙauna, mutuwa. Wannan ya dace da duk ƙa'idodin ado na Rimsky-Korsakov, musamman kalmar da ya fi so - "kallo“. Bayanansa game da kayan ado suna buɗewa tare da tabbatar da fasaha a matsayin "Sphere na aikin tunani", inda abin da ake tunani shine "rayuwar ruhin dan Adam da yanayi, da aka bayyana a cikin dangantakarsu“. Tare da haɗin kai na ruhun ɗan adam da yanayi, mai zane ya tabbatar da haɗin kai na abun ciki na kowane nau'in fasaha (a cikin wannan ma'anar, aikin nasa yana da alaƙa, ko da yake a kan dalilai daban-daban fiye da, misali, aikin Mussorgsky. wanda kuma yayi jayayya cewa zane-zane ya bambanta kawai a cikin kayan aiki, amma ba a cikin ayyuka da dalilai ba). Kalmomin Rimsky-Korsakov za a iya sanya su a matsayin taken ga dukan aikin Rimsky-Korsakov: "Wakilin kyawawan shine wakilcin rashin iyaka." A lokaci guda kuma, bai kasance baƙo ga kalmar da aka fi so na farkon Kuchkism - "gaskiya na fasaha", ya yi zanga-zangar ne kawai a kan kunkuntar, fahimtar fahimta game da shi.

Features na aesthetics na Rimsky-Korsakov ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin aikinsa da abubuwan dandano na jama'a. Dangane da shi, daidai yake da halal a yi magana game da rashin fahimta, kamar dangane da Mussorgsky. Mussorgsky, fiye da Rimsky-Korsakov, ya dace da zamaninsa dangane da nau'in gwaninta, a cikin jagorancin sha'awa (yawanci magana, tarihin mutane da ilimin halin mutum), amma radicalism na yanke shawara ya juya. ya zarce karfin mutanen zamaninsa. A cikin Rimsky-Korsakov rashin fahimta ba haka ba ne m, amma ba kasa da zurfi.

Rayuwarsa kamar ta kasance mai farin ciki sosai: iyali mai ban mamaki, kyakkyawan ilimi, balaguro mai ban sha'awa a duniya, kyakkyawan nasarar abubuwan da ya faru na farko, rayuwa mai nasara da ba ta dace ba, damar sadaukar da kansa gabaɗaya ga kiɗa, daga baya duniya girmamawa da farin ciki. don ganin karuwar hazikan dalibai a kusa da shi. Duk da haka, tun daga wasan opera na biyu har zuwa ƙarshen 90s Rimsky-Korsakov ya ci gaba da fuskantar rashin fahimta na "nasa" da "su". Kuchkists sun dauke shi a matsayin wanda ba mawallafin opera ba, wanda ba ya ƙware a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma rubutun murya. Na dogon lokaci akwai ra'ayi game da rashin asalin waƙar a cikinsa. Rimsky-Korsakov aka gane domin ya fasaha, musamman a cikin filin na kungiyar makada, amma ba kome ba. Wannan rashin fahimtar da aka dade ana yi shi ne, a haƙiƙa, babban dalilin da ya haifar da mummunan rikicin da mawakin ya fuskanta a tsawon lokacin mutuwar Borodin da rugujewar ƙarshe na Mabuwayi Hannu a matsayin jagorar ƙirƙira. Kuma kawai daga ƙarshen 90s, fasahar Rimsky-Korsakov ya zama mafi dacewa da zamanin kuma ya sadu da amincewa da fahimta a cikin sababbin masu fasaha na Rasha.

Wannan tsari na sarrafa ra'ayoyin mai zane ta hanyar fahimtar jama'a ya katse ta abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Rasha. Domin shekarun da suka gabata, an fassara fasahar Rimsky-Korsakov (kuma a ciki, idan muna magana ne game da abubuwan da suka faru na wasan kwaikwayo) a cikin hanya mai sauƙi. Abu mafi muhimmanci a cikinsa - falsafar haɗin kai na mutum da sararin samaniya, ra'ayin bautar kyakkyawa da asiri na duniya ya kasance a cikin binne a ƙarƙashin fassarar ƙarya na "ƙasa" da "hakikanin". Makomar al'adun Rimsky-Korsakov a cikin wannan ma'ana shine, ba shakka, ba na musamman ba ne: alal misali, wasan opera Mussorgsky sun fuskanci hargitsi mafi girma. Duk da haka, idan a cikin 'yan lokutan akwai jayayya game da adadi da aikin Mussorgsky, gadon Rimsky-Korsakov ya kasance mai daraja a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. An gane shi don duk cancantar tsarin ilimi, amma ya zama kamar ya fadi daga hankalin jama'a. Rimsky-Korsakov's music ba shi da yawa; A waɗancan lokuta lokacin da wasan operas ɗinsa ya faɗo matakin, yawancin wasan kwaikwayo - na ado ne kawai, ganye ko shahararru - suna ba da shaida ga rashin fahimtar ra'ayoyin mawaƙa.

Yana da mahimmanci cewa idan akwai babban wallafe-wallafen zamani a kan Mussorgsky a cikin duk manyan harsunan Turai, to, ayyuka masu mahimmanci akan Rimsky-Korsakov kaɗan ne. Baya ga tsofaffin littattafai na I. Markevich, R. Hoffmann, N. Giles van der Pals, shahararrun tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai masu ban sha'awa da yawa daga masana kide-kide na Amurka da Ingilishi kan batutuwa na musamman na aikin mawaki, wanda zai iya suna lamba kawai. na ayyukan da babban ƙwararrun Yammacin Turai akan Rimsky-Korsakov, Gerald Abraham . Sakamakon bincikensa na shekaru da yawa, a fili, labari ne game da mawaƙin sabon bugu na Grove's Encyclopedic Dictionary (1980). Babban tanadinsa shine kamar haka: a matsayin mawaƙin opera, Rimsky-Korsakov ya sha wahala daga ƙarancin ƙarancin ban mamaki, rashin iya ƙirƙirar haruffa; maimakon wasan kwaikwayo na kade-kade, ya rubuta tatsuniyoyi masu kayatarwa da na kade-kade; maimakon haruffa, kyawawan tsana masu ban sha'awa suna aiki a cikin su; Ayyukansa na ban mamaki ba kome ba ne illa "mosaics masu launi masu haske sosai", yayin da bai kware a rubuce-rubucen murya kwata-kwata ba.

A cikin littafinta na Glinka, OE Levasheva ta lura da irin wannan sabon abu na rashin fahimta dangane da kiɗan Glinka, mai jituwa, wanda aka tattara kuma yana cike da kamun kai, da nisa daga ra'ayoyi na farko game da "ɗaɗaɗɗen ra'ayi na Rasha" da alama "bai isa ƙasa ba" ga masu sukar ƙasashen waje. . Tunani na cikin gida game da kiɗa, tare da 'yan kaɗan, ba wai kawai ba ya yaƙi da irin wannan ra'ayi game da Rimsky-Korsakov - wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Rasha kuma - amma sau da yawa yana tsananta shi, yana mai da hankali kan ilimin ilimin kimiyya na Rimsky-Korsakov da haɓakar ƙarya. adawa da sabon Mussorgsky.

Watakila lokacin da duniya fitarwa ga art na Rimsky-Korsakov ne har yanzu a gaba, da kuma zamanin zai zo a lokacin da ayyukan artist, wanda ya halitta wani m, m image na duniya shirya bisa ga dokokin rationality, jituwa da kyau. , za su sami nasu, Bayreuth na Rasha, wanda mutanen zamanin Rimsky-Korsakov suka yi mafarki a jajibirin 1917.

M. Rakhmanova

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