Tablature |

daga lat. tabula - jirgi, tebur; ital. intavolatura, Faransa tablature, germ. Tabatur

1) Tsare-tsare na haruffa ko tsarin ƙididdiga na lambobi don solo instr. kiɗan da aka yi amfani da shi a ƙarni na 14-18. An yi amfani da T. lokacin yin rikodin abubuwan ƙira na gabo, garaya (fp.), lute, garaya, viola da gamba, viola da braccio, da sauran kayan kida.

Faransa lute tablature.

Akwai nau'ikan T.: Italiyanci, Mutanen Espanya, Faransanci, Jamusanci. Dokokin da nau'ikan tambourin sun dogara ne akan fasahar buga kayan kida; alal misali, alamun lute timbre ba a ƙayyade su ta hanyar sautunan kansu ba, amma ta hanyar frets, kusa da abin da aka danna igiyoyin lokacin da ake cire sautin da ake bukata; sannan. don kayan aikin da suka bambanta a tsarin, waɗannan alamun suna nuna raguwa. sauti.

Tsohuwar sashin jikin Jamus

Jamus lute tablature

Fiye ko žasa na kowa ga duk T. shine naɗin rhythm ta hanyar alamomi na musamman da aka sanya sama da haruffa ko lambobi: dige - brevis, layi na tsaye - semibrevis, layi mai wutsiya () - minima, dash tare da ninki biyu. wutsiya () - semiminima, tare da wutsiya uku () - fusa, tare da wutsiya huɗu () - semifusa. Alamun iri ɗaya a saman layin kwance suna nuna tsayawa. Lokacin bin gajerun sautuna da yawa na tsawon lokaci guda a cikin karni na 16. ya fara amfani da shi maimakon otd. Alamu tare da wutsiyar doki layin kwance na gama-gari - saƙa, ƙirar zamani. "haƙarƙari".

Siffar siffa ta gangunan gabobin ita ce zayyana harafin sauti. Wani lokaci, ban da haruffa, an yi amfani da layukan kwance, daidai da wasu muryoyin muryoyin manufa guda ɗaya. yadudduka. A cikin tsohuwar. organ T., ana amfani dashi kusan daga kashi na 1st. 14 c. (duba Robertsbridge Codex, wanda ke Landan a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya) a farkon. Ƙarni na 16, naɗin harafin ya yi daidai da ƙananan muryoyin, kuma bayanin kula na al'ada ya dace da manyan muryoyin. K sar. 15 c. sun haɗa da rubutun hannu ta A. Yleborg (1448) da K. Pauman (1452), ƙa'idodin waɗanda aka bayyana dalla-dalla a cikin Buxheimer Orgelbuch (c. 1460). Na farko da aka buga T. ya bayyana a farkon. Ƙarni na 16 A cikin 1571, ƙungiyar Leipzig N. Ammerbach ta buga sabon Jamusanci. sashin T., wanda aka yi amfani da shi a kusa da 1550-1700; Sautuna a cikin sa ana nuna su ta haruffa, kuma an sanya alamun kari sama da haruffan. Sauƙin gabatarwa ya sa ya fi sauƙi don karanta T. Nau'in farko shine Mutanen Espanya. organ T. masanin ka'idar X. Bermudo ne ya kafa; ya sanya sautunan daga C zuwa a2 akan layin da suka dace da otd. kuri'u, kuma akan haka yayi musu alama da lambobi. A cikin sashin Mutanen Espanya T. farar maɓalli (daga f zuwa e1) an tsara su ta lambobi (daga 1 zuwa 7), a cikin wasu octaves an yi amfani da ƙarin. alamu. A Italiya, Faransa da Ingila a cikin karni na 17. lokacin lura da kiɗa don kayan aikin maɓalli, T., wanda ya haɗa da tsarin layi biyu, na hannun dama da hagu, an yi amfani da su. A cikin Italiyanci. da Mutanen Espanya. lute T. shida kirtani sun yi daidai da layuka shida, waɗanda aka nuna frets ta lambobi. Don nuna kari a cikin Mutanen Espanya. T. ya yi amfani da alamun alamar haila, yana tsaye sama da layi, cikin Italiyanci. T. - kawai mai tushe da wutsiya zuwa gare su, daidai da adadin wasiƙa. tsawon lokaci. Babban igiyoyi a cikin waɗannan T. sun dace da ƙananan masu mulki, kuma akasin haka. An nuna jerin sautunan da suka biyo baya akan igiyar da aka bayar ta lambobi: 0 (buɗaɗɗen kirtani), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, X, . Ba kamar ƙayyadadden T., a cikin fr. An yi amfani da lute T. layuka biyar (masu kirtani na sama sun dace da manyan layukan); na shida, ƙarin layi, a lokuta na amfani da shi, an sanya shi a ƙasan tsarin. An yiwa sautin alama. haruffa: A (buɗaɗɗen kirtani), a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, 1.

Jamusanci lute t. mai yiwuwa jinsuna ne a baya fiye da waɗanda aka ambata a sama; an yi niyya ne don lu'u-lu'u mai kirtani 5 (daga baya T. - don kirtani 6).

Italiyanci lute tablature

Mutanen Espanya lute tablature

Wannan T. ba shi da layi, duk rikodin ya ƙunshi haruffa, lambobi, da kuma mai tushe tare da wutsiyoyi waɗanda ke nuna rhythm.

Daga cikin rubuce-rubucen da suka tsira da kwafin ayyukan da aka rubuta da sashin jiki da lute t., an san waɗannan. sashen T.: A. Schlick, “Tabulaturen etlicher Lobgesang”, Mainz, 1512; H. Kotter (Laburaren Jami'a a Basel), Littafin Tablature na I. Buchner (Laburaren Jami'a a Basel da Laburaren Tsakiya a Zurich) da sauran bugu a cikin sabon Jamusanci. V. Schmidt dem Dlteren (1577), I. Paix (1583), V. Schmidt dem Jüngeren (1607), J. Woltz (1607), da sauransu ne suka yi waƙar gabo. b-ka), V. Galilee (Florence, National Library), B. Amerbach (Basel, ɗakin karatu na jami'a) da sauransu. 1523; Francesco da Milano, “Intavolatura di liuto” (1536, 1546, 1547); H. Gerle, "Musica Teusch" (Nürnberg, 1532); "Ein newes sehr künstlich Lautenbuch" (Nürnberg, 1552) da sauransu.

2) Dokokin da suka shafi tsari da abun ciki na kida da waka. suit-va Meistersinger da rinjaye har zuwa ƙarshe. Karni na 15; Adam Pushman ya haɗa waɗannan dokoki (c. 1600). Saitin dokokin da ya tattara ana kiransa T. Waƙar mastersingers ta kasance kawai monophonic kuma ba ta yarda instr. masu rakiya. R. Wagner ne ya buga wasu ƙa'idodin T. Meistersingers a cikin gutsuttsuran opera The Nuremberg Meistersingers, masu alaƙa da ƙayyadaddun ayyukansu. kara. Duba bayanin Mensural, Organ, Lute, Meistersinger.

Kalmar "T." an kuma yi amfani da shi a wasu ma'anoni: misali, S. Scheidt ya buga Tabulatura nova – Sat. samfur. da kuma motsa jiki ga gabobin; NP Diletsky yayi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar littafin rubutu.

References: Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Tl 1-2, Lpz., 1913-19; его же, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 1924; Schrade L., Tsofaffin abubuwan tarihi na kiɗan gabobin…, Münster, 1928; Ape1 W., Bayanin kiɗa na polyphonic, Cambridge, 1942, 1961; Moe LH, Kiɗa na rawa a cikin bugu na Italiyanci lute tablatures daga 1507 zuwa 1611, Harvard, 1956 (Diss.); Voettisher W., Les oeuvres de Roland de Lassus mises en tablature de luth, в кн.: Le luth et sa musique, P., 1958; Dorfmь1ler K., La tablature de luth allemande…, там же; Zcbe1ey HR, Die Musik des Buxheimer Orgelbuches, Tutzing, 1964.

Vakhromeev