Nau'u uku na manyan a cikin kiɗa
Akwai manyan nau'ikan manya guda uku. Kamar dai a cikin ƙananan yara, waɗannan yanayi ne na halitta, jituwa da kuma salon waƙa.
Bari mu dubi fasalin kowane nau'i.
na halitta manyan
Wannan shine ma'auni mafi sauƙi, wanda aka gina bisa ga ƙa'idar sautunan musanyawa da sauti: " sautuna 2 - semitone - sautunan 3 - semitone." Gabaɗaya, akwai matakan kiɗa guda takwas a cikin irin wannan sikelin (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII da sake I).
Kuma, bisa ga tsarin tsarin wannan ma'auni, tsakanin matakan I da na II ya kamata a sami nisa na sautin gaba ɗaya, tsakanin matakan II da na III kuma ya kamata a kasance da sautin duka, matakan III da IV suna da rabi. wani sautin dabam (semitone). Bugu da ari, bisa ga wannan dabarar, tsakanin IV da V, V da VI, VI da VII matakai, kuna buƙatar ɗaukar sautin duka don yin aiki. A ƙarshe, semitone yana rufe sarkar tsakanin VII da mataki na da aka maimaita a sama.
Mun riga mun bincika dalla-dalla dabarun gina ma'auni bisa ga wannan dabarar a cikin darasi "Frame in Music: Major and Minor" - a can za ku iya samun duka misalai da bayani game da sautunan da sauti.
Don taƙaitawa, bari mu kalli misali ɗaya kawai. Bari mu ce muna buƙatar samun babban ma'auni (nadin haruffa - A-dur). Wannan sikelin yana farawa da sautin LA kuma ya ƙare da shi. Saboda haka, don masu farawa, za mu iya kawai rubuta ma'aunin bayanin kula daga LA zuwa na gaba, LA mafi girma, wato, yin nau'in fanko.
Sa'an nan, kana bukatar ka tsara abubuwa a cikin wannan kewayon, bisa ga dabara. Wataƙila za a sami wasu alamun canji - kaifi ko lebur. Don dacewa da tsabta, lokacin aiki tare da sautuna da sautin sauti, a wannan matakin yawanci ana ba da shawarar amfani da madannai na piano.
A TAKAICI GAME DA SAUTU DA DUMI-DUMINSU
Ka tuna cewa idan akwai baƙar fata da ke raba su tsakanin fararen maɓallan piano guda biyu kusa da su, to nisan da ke tsakanin su zai zama daidai da sautin gaba ɗaya (misali, FA da SOL, LA da SI).
Idan babu rabuwar baƙar fata, idan maɓallan fararen guda biyu suna hulɗa kai tsaye kuma su ne maƙwabta mafi kusa da juna, to, a cikin wannan yanayin nisa tsakanin su zai zama daidai da rabin sautin (akwai nau'i biyu kawai a kan keyboard - MI-FA dan SI-DO).
Hakanan, semitone shine nisa tsakanin kowane maɓalli biyu mafi kusa (yawanci a cikin haɗuwa - baki da fari ko fari da baki). Misali: C da C-SHARP ko C-SHARP da RE, da sauransu.
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Don haka, bari mu kawo tazara tsakanin matakan aikin aikin mu daidai da babbar dabara ta halitta.
| MATSAYI | Nisa GWAMNATIN FORMULA | HASARWA |
| I-II | Sautin | LA da SI – tsakanin waɗannan bayanin kula akwai sauti guda ɗaya, kamar yadda ya kamata, ba a buƙatar canje-canje a nan, bari mu ci gaba. |
| II-III | Sautin | SI da DO - tsakanin waɗannan sautunan sautin ne, amma dabarar tana buƙatar sautin duka, don haka ana buƙatar gyara a nan. Tun da mun rasa ƙarin sautin guda ɗaya zuwa sautin duka, muna ƙara shi ta hanyar haɓaka bayanin kula DO - muna ɗaukar DO-SHARP, ta haka ƙara nisa, kuma muna da alamar farko. |
| III-IV | Semitone | C-SHARP da RE - semitone: kamar yadda ya kamata. Kamar yadda kake gani, canjin matsayi na baya yana da tasiri mai amfani a nan kuma: a sakamakon haka, muna da cikakken tsari a bangarorin biyu. |
| IV-V | Sautin | RE da MI – duka sautin, kamar yadda ya kamata, bari mu ci gaba. |
| V-VI | Sautin | MI da FA su ne semitones, amma kuna buƙatar cikakken sautin. Mun kawar da wannan koma baya, ƙara matakin FA, ɗaukar FA-SHARP maimakon, kuma yanzu nisa tsakanin matakan MI da FA-SHARP ya zama duka ton. |
| XNUMX-XNUMX | Sautin | F-SHARP da SALT - sake sautin, kuma a sake, bisa ga dabara, ana buƙatar sautin. Muna yin haka - muna ƙara abubuwan da suka ɓace, don haka muna samun SALT-SHARP. |
| VII-I | Semitone | G-SHARP da LA - semitone, kamar yadda ya kamata, komai yana da kyau a nan. |
A cikin aikin aiki a kan sikelin, mun sami sababbin haruffa uku, nau'i uku - F-SHARP, C-SHARP da SOL-SHARP. Dalilin bayyanar su shine daidaitattun ma'auni na sautuna zuwa tsarin babban ma'auni. Idan ba a karɓi aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alamun ba, to ainihin babban ma'auni ba zai yi aiki ba, wato, zai yi sauti ko dai a ƙaramin maɓalli ko kuma ta wata hanya dabam.
Duk da haka, don gano ko wane kaifi ko filaye ya kamata ya kasance a cikin ɗaya ko wani babban ma'auni na halitta, ba lallai ba ne a sake gina ma'auni bisa ga tsari kowane lokaci. Kuna iya amfani da tebur na sakamakon da aka yi - abin da ake kira da'irar na biyar na maɓallai, kuma ku koyi yadda ake gano alamun nan take a cikin maɓallai bisa ga hanyar da muka gabatar a darasin "Yadda ake tunawa da alamun a maɓallai." ƙwararriyar mawaƙi bai kamata na ɗan daƙiƙa ya yi tunanin irin alamun da ke cikin wani ma'auni ba, amma ya kamata kawai ya san shi "kamar sau biyu" (koyi, haddace, maigida).
HANYA DOMIN YANKE ALAMOMIN MANYAN MAKULI
Bari mu a taƙaice tuna ainihin hanyar don tantance alamun da sauri a cikin manyan maɓalli ba tare da amfani da dabarar tsarin babban ma'auni ba. Yakamata koyaushe ku tuna daidai tsari na kaifi da filaye. Tsarin kaifi shine FA DO SOL RE LA MI SI. Tsarin tsari: SI MI LA RE SOL DO FA.
Dokar 1. Idan maɓalli yana da kaifi, to, kaifi na ƙarshe a cikin sikelin shine mataki ɗaya ƙasa da tonic.
Misali, a cikin maɓalli na manyan B: tonic shine SI, kuma kaifi na ƙarshe zai zama mataki ƙasa da SI, wato, LA. Gabaɗaya, za a sami 5 sharps a cikin manyan C: FA DO SOL RE LA (muna faɗi komai cikin tsari, mun tsaya a “ƙarshe” LA SHARP).
Dokar 2. Idan tonality yana da lebur, to, don ƙayyade alamun da muke tafiya a cikin tsari na ɗakin kwana, mun isa ga tonic da muke bukata kuma mu ƙara ɗaya, ɗakin kwana na gaba.
Alal misali, a cikin maɓalli na A-flat major, tonic shine sautin A-flat. Muna tafiya cikin jerin filaye: SI, MI, LA (a nan mun kai tonic) + mun kama gidan na gaba na RE a cikin tsari. Gabaɗaya, akwai filaye 4 a cikin manyan A-flat: SI MI LA da RE.
Yadda za a tantance ko mabuɗin yana da kaifi ko lebur? Mai sauqi qwarai. Maɓallai masu lebur yawanci suna da kalmar “lebur” a cikin sunansu (misali, B-flat major, MI-flat major, C-flat major). A cikin sunan maɓallai masu kaifi, ko dai matakai marasa sauƙi suna bayyana, ko kuma akwai kalmar "kaifi" (misali, G major, E babba, F-sharp major).
Akwai, duk da haka, keɓancewa ga ƙa'idar, waɗannan su ne manyan maɓallai guda biyu waɗanda ke buƙatar tunawa: C manyan (babu kaifi ko filaye kwata-kwata) da F babba (akwai B-lebur ɗaya a ciki, kodayake babu babu. kalmar "lebur" a cikin sunan maɓalli).
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Manyan dabi'a ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kiɗan jama'a da kuma a cikin kiɗan gargajiya waɗanda mawaƙa suka haɗa. Don haka, alal misali, an rubuta waƙar waƙar National Anthem na Tarayyar Rasha a cikin maɓalli na manyan C na halitta.
Harmonic Major
A cikin manyan masu jituwa, da bambanci da na halitta, an saukar da digiri na shida. Ragewar yana faruwa da rabin sautin ta amfani da alamar lebur (idan kafin raguwa matakin ya kasance tsattsauran rubutu, wato, ba tare da canji ba), lebur biyu (idan kafin raguwa matakin ya riga ya yi ƙasa, lebur), ko amfani da bekar. alamar (a wannan yanayin , idan matakin ya kasance mai kaifi bayanin kula kafin faɗuwar).
Don haka, alal misali, a cikin harmonic E-flat major (Es-dur), ban da nasa falo uku (SI, MI, LA-FLAT), C-FLAT (VI rage mataki) shima zai bayyana. A cikin jigon B-manjor (H-dur), sakamakon raguwar mataki na shida, G-BECAR zai bayyana (a cikin wannan maɓalli, ainihin, mataki na shida na halitta shine G-SHARP).
Harmonic ya rage digiri na VI a cikin manyan canje-canjen tsarin sikelin, kuma yana haifar da bayyanar sabbin haɓaka da raguwa a cikin irin wannan yanayin. Don haka, alal misali, tsakanin ƙananan digiri na III da VI, an kafa tazara na raguwa na huɗu (min. 4), wanda ba a cikin manyan yanayi ba. Tsakanin raguwar VI da matakan VII akwai tazara na ƙarar na biyu (uv.2).
Bugu da ƙari, canza mataki ɗaya kawai kuma yana rinjayar samuwar maɓalli a cikin maɓalli. Don haka, saboda raguwar mataki na VI, triad mai mahimmanci - S53 (mai mulki shine mataki na IV, daya daga cikin manyan matakai na yanayin) ya zama ƙananan, yayin da a cikin manyan dabi'u ya kasance babba. Triad na digiri na VI, wanda ya kasance ƙarami a cikin manyan abubuwan halitta, ya ƙaru (Uv.53).
Ana amfani da raguwar digiri na shida ta hanyar mawaƙa tare da jin daɗi don ƙara haske na kiɗa, don ƙirƙirar sabon dandano na sauti. Bayan haka, ƙananan ƙwayar da ba zato ba tsammani a cikin yanayin babban damuwa yana haifar da inuwa mai laushi, sauti mai ban mamaki, wani lokacin yana kawo launuka na gabas. Abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne cewa wannan sauƙi yana nufin masu sauraro ba su lura da su ba, raguwar matakin VI koyaushe ana gane shi ta hanya ta musamman.
Domin ku da kanku za ku iya godiya da kyau da sauti mai ban sha'awa na manyan masu jituwa, muna ba ku shawara ku saurari misali daga wallafe-wallafen kiɗa. Wannan karin waƙa ne daga opera NA Rimsky-Korsakov "Daren Kafin Kirsimeti".
melodic manyan
A cikin manyan waƙoƙin waƙa, matakai biyu suna canzawa lokaci ɗaya - VI da VII, kuma suma suna ƙasa. Duk da haka, ma'auni na melodic na musamman ne; sabanin na halitta da masu jituwa, ya bambanta yayin motsi sama da ƙasa. Don haka, a cikin manyan waƙoƙin waƙa, babu canje-canje a yayin motsi na sama, wato, ana kunna ko rera manyan abubuwan halitta na yau da kullun, kuma lokacin saukarwa kawai matakan VI da VII suna raguwa.
Don haka, alal misali, a cikin manyan E-flat (mun riga mun sani - uku "namu" flats: SI, MI, LA) kuma za a sami D-lebur tare da C-flat. A cikin melodic C manyan (kaifi biyar na kansu: FA, DO, SOL, RE, LA), a cikin motsin ƙasa za a sami LA-BECAR DA SO-BECAR.
Abin sha'awa shine, babban ma'auni na melodic yana kama da sauti da ƙananan suna iri ɗaya. Kamar yadda ka sani, maɓallan suna ɗaya (misali, B babba da B qananan, C babba da ƙananan C, da sauransu) sun bambanta a matakai uku kawai - III, VI da VII (a kanana suna da ƙasa, kuma a babba). suna da girma). Don haka, abin da kawai ke bambance manyan waƙa da ƙarami na halitta shine mataki na uku, yayin da matakai na shida da na bakwai a cikin wannan yanayin suna da ƙasa don haka sun zo daidai.
Tasirin fasaha na yin amfani da nau'in maɗaukaki na manyan sau da yawa yana dogara ne akan wannan wasan tare da babba da ƙananan: muna da alama muna cikin ƙananan maɓalli, amma ya zama ba mu (nau'i na snag) ba!
Mu sake yi
Don haka, a cikin kiɗa akwai manyan nau'ikan manyan nau'ikan uku: na halitta, jituwa da waƙa.
- na halitta babban sikelin ana samun su tare da irin wannan haɗin haɗin tsakanin sautunan: "2 sautunan - semitone - sautunan 3 - semitone".
- Harmonic Major – An saukar da mataki na shida a cikinsa.
- melodic manyan – Lokacin hawan sama, babu abin da ke canzawa, amma lokacin da aka saukowa, matakai na shida da na bakwai suna sauka.
Wasu motsa jiki
Don ƙarfafawa, muna ba da shawarar ku yi ɗan aiki kaɗan. Ayyukan shine kamar haka: don yin rikodin da wasa (ko raira waƙa / faɗi) ma'auni na halitta, jituwa da karin waƙa a cikin maɓallan G-dur, B-dur.
NUNA AMSA:
Tonality na G-dur shine G babba, yana da kaifi, haka ma, alamar maɓalli ɗaya kawai - F-kaifi. A cikin manyan G masu jituwa, matakin VI da aka saukar shine MI-FLAT. A cikin melodic G manyan - lokacin motsi ƙasa, alamun FA-BEKAR (rage digiri na VII) da MI-FLAT (rage VI) zasu bayyana.
Makullin B-dur shine B-lebur babba, lebur. Maɓallin alamun sune SI-FLAT da MI-FLAT. A cikin manyan B-flat masu jituwa - muna ƙara alamar bazuwar a cikin G-flat (tun lokacin da aka saukar da mataki na shida). A cikin ma'auni, idan muka hau, babu abin da zai canza, amma idan muka sauka, muna wucewa ta A-FLAT da G-FLAT (ƙananan matakai, bisa ga ka'ida).
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Babban sikelin tebur
Idan daidaitawa a cikin ma'auni har yanzu yana haifar da matsaloli, to a karon farko za ku iya amfani da teburin mu tare da alamu don gwada kanku. Bayan lokaci, komai zai yi kyau, kuma za ku kewaya ma'auni cikin sauƙi da ta halitta kamar yadda kifi ke iyo cikin ruwa.
To menene teburin ya kunsa? Na farko, syllabic da haruffa nadi na manyan maɓalli (a hanya, akwai kawai 15 daga cikinsu). Abu na biyu, mabuɗin alamomin da za su zama na farko - na halitta - nau'in gamma. ginshiƙai na uku da na huɗu suna nuna canje-canjen da ke faruwa a cikin nau'ikan ma'auni masu jituwa da na waƙa.
Don haka, bisa ga wannan tebur, a cikin ma'auni na dabi'a na D manyan akwai kawai manyan alamun maɓalli: F-SHARP da C-SHARP. Harmonic D babba kuma ya haɗa da B-lebur, D-manjor melodic ya haɗa da C-BECAR da B-lebur.
Ko kuma wani misali: A-flat babba na halitta ne - akwai filaye guda huɗu kawai a cikin sikelin sa: SI, MI, LA, RE. A cikin nau'i mai jituwa, F-FLAT za a ƙara musu, kuma a cikin sigar melodic, duka F-FLAT da G-FLAT za a ƙara su.
Shi ke nan a yanzu. Mu hadu a darasi na gaba!
Za ka iya kuma son
Sautin kiɗa da kaddarorin sa
Game da microchromatics masu jituwa
