Bukukuwan kiɗa |
Bikin Ingilishi da Faransanci, daga lat. festivus - farin ciki, biki
Bukukuwan da suka kunshi zagaye na kide-kide da kide-kide, hade da suna daya, shiri guda da kuma gudanar da bukukuwa na musamman. muhalli. Musanya. F. sun bambanta a tsawon lokaci (daga kwanaki da yawa zuwa watanni shida) da abun ciki. Akwai monoographic ( sadaukar da kai ga kiɗan mawaki ɗaya), jigo ( sadaukar da kai ga wani nau'i na musamman, zamani, ko jagorar salo), da mai yin wasan kwaikwayo. kara da sauransu F. Jiha ce ta shirya. da hukumomin gida, philharmonics da muses. game da ku, a cikin jari-hujja. kasashe - kuma kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane. Ana gudanar da su akai-akai: kowace shekara, kowace shekara 2 (biennale) ko kowace shekara 3-4, da kuma dangane da bukukuwa na musamman. abubuwan da suka faru. Yawancin lokaci ana shirya su a cikin garuruwan da suka shahara da kiɗa. al'adu ko alaƙa da rayuwa da aikin manyan mawaƙa (wasu F., alal misali, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kiɗa na Zamani, ana shirya su a biranen ƙasashe daban-daban).
Musanya. F. ya samo asali ne daga Burtaniya (London, 1709) kuma an danganta su da coci. kiɗa. Daga hawa na 2. An gudanar da karni na 18 a kasashe da dama na Cibiya. Turai, ciki har da Austria (Vienna, 1772), daga farkon. Karni na 19 - a Jamus (Frankenhausen, Thuringia, 1810); Farkon kidan Amurka F. da aka shirya a 1869 (Worcester). Rabawa ya karɓi ƙasashen duniya. music F. a karni na 20, musamman daga tsakiya. 40s Mafi girma daga cikinsu sun mamaye wuri mai mahimmanci a cikin zamani. rayuwa music bambanta. ƙasashe, suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kiɗan. art-va, haɓaka dangantakar al'adu tsakanin mutane. Manyan mawakan solo, mafi kyawun wasan opera, masu zane-zanen karimci suna shiga cikinsu. da mawaka. ƙungiyoyi, ƙungiyoyin ɗaki daga Dec. kasashe. Sau da yawa, a cikin tsarin F., ana gudanar da al'amuran duniya. gasar kiɗa. A lokaci guda, wasu F. a cikin bourgeois. kasashe sun kasance ba sa isa ga jama'a saboda tsadar tikitin tikiti kuma suna da yanayin ƙwararru, sauran F. suna riƙe da Ch. arr. don dalilai na talla (don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido).
Mafi yawan ma'ana. intl. kiɗa F .: Austria - Salzburg (1920), "Makonnin Bikin Vienna" (1951); Birtaniya - Glyndebourne (1934) da Edinburgh (wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa, 1947); Hungary - "Budapest Muses. makonni” (1956); GDR - Handel F. a Halle (1952), "Berlin Muses. kwanaki” (1957); Denmark - Kwanan wata. sarki. F. opera da ballet (1949); Italiya - "Florentine Muses. Mayu (1933), Venice Biennale (waƙar zamani, 1930), Bikin Duniya Biyu (Spoleto, 1958); Netherlands - Dutch F. a Amsterdam (1948); Poland - "Warsaw Autumn" (waƙar zamani, 1954), "Poznan Music. bazara” (1960); Romania – F. im. J. Enescu a Bucharest (1958); Amurka - F. a Berkshire (kiɗa na ɗakin, 1918), Rochester (Amer. music, 1931), Tanglewood (wanda SA Koussevitsky ta shirya, 1935); FRG - F. a Bayreuth (1882), Donaueschingen (waƙar zamani, 1946); Finland - "Makon Sibelius" a Helsinki (1951); Faransa - Besancon F. (1947), im. Casals a Prada (1950), Theatre of Nations a Paris (1957); Czechoslovakia - "Prague Spring" (1946); Switzerland - International. makon bikin” a Lucerne (1939); Yugoslavia - Wasannin bazara na Dubrovnik (na wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa, 1950), Ohrid Summer (1961), Zagreb Music. Biennale (1961); Japan - Music. F. a Osaka (1957). Daga 60s. shahararriyar F. estr. zane-zane da waƙoƙi, musamman a Turai.
A cikin USSR, muses na farko. F. an shirya su a cikin 30s. (Leningrad). Rarraba da aka samu daga con. 50s A cikin 1957, an shirya All-Union Ph. Dram. da kiɗa. t-tsaki, F. mujiya. kiɗan Latvia, Lithuania da Estonia, "Transcaucasian Spring". Tun 1962, All-Union F. zamani. kiɗa a Gorky, tun 1964 - kiɗan shekara-shekara. F. "Moscow Stars" da "Russian Winter" a Moscow, "White Nights" a Leningrad, da kuma kiɗa. duk jam'iyyar, rep. F. da sauransu. A cikin 1977, an gudanar da All-Union F. Samoyeda na farko. fasaha. kerawa na ma'aikata, sadaukar da ranar 60th na juyin juya halin Oktoba na 1917 (duba aikin Amateur).
Ƙungiyar Matasan Dimokuradiyya ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta Duniya tun 1947 ana gudanar da Intern lokaci-lokaci. F. dimokradiyya. Matasa da Dalibai (daga baya Asusun Matasa da Dalibai na Duniya). Akan waɗannan fasahar F. an shirya su. gasa, nune-nune, gasar wasanni da sauransu.
