Abun ciki |

daga lat. compostio - hadawa, abun da ke ciki

1) Wani yanki na kiɗa, sakamakon aikin ƙirƙira na mawaki. Manufar abun da ke ciki a matsayin cikakken zane-zane gabaɗaya bai haɓaka nan da nan ba. Samuwarta yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da raguwar rawar haɓakawa. fara a cikin kiɗa. fasaha kuma tare da haɓakar ƙididdiga na kiɗa, wanda a wani mataki na ci gaba ya ba da damar yin rikodin kiɗa daidai a cikin mafi mahimmancin fasali. Saboda haka, zamani ma'anar kalmar "K." samu kawai daga karni na 13, a lokacin da m bayanin kula ya ɓullo da hanyoyin da za a gyara ba kawai tsawo, amma kuma da duration na sauti. Waƙar asali. an rubuta ayyukan ba tare da nuna sunan marubucin su ba - mawallafin, wanda ya fara sanyawa kawai daga karni na 14. Wannan ya faru ne saboda haɓakar mahimmancin halayen mutum ɗaya na fasaha a cikin K. tunanin marubucinsa. A lokaci guda, a cikin kowane K., gabaɗayan sifofin muses suma suna nunawa. fasahar zamani da aka ba, fasali na wannan zamanin da kanta. Tarihin kiɗa shine ta hanyoyi da yawa tarihin Musa. abubuwan da aka tsara - fitattun ayyukan manyan masu fasaha.

2) Tsarin aikin kiɗa, sigar kiɗansa (duba sigar kiɗan).

3) Haɗa kiɗa, nau'in fasaha. kerawa. Yana buƙatar kerawa. baiwa, da kuma wani digiri na horo na fasaha - sanin ainihin. alamu na gina kiɗa. ayyukan da suka ci gaba a cikin ci gaban ci gaban kiɗan tarihi. Duk da haka, kiɗan aikin bai kamata ya zama saitin na kowa, sanannun maganganun kiɗa ba, amma fasaha. gabaɗaya, daidaitaccen ado. bukatun al'umma. Don yin wannan, dole ne ya ƙunshi sabon fasaha. abun ciki, saboda zamantakewa da akida. dalilai da kuma yin tunani a cikin siffa ta musamman ta alama mahimmanci, sifofin halayen gaskiya na zamani ga mawaki. Har ila yau, sabon abun ciki yana ƙayyade sabon abu na ma'anar bayyanawa, wanda, duk da haka, a cikin kiɗa na gaskiya ba ya nufin hutu tare da al'ada, amma ci gabanta dangane da sababbin fasaha. ayyuka (duba Haƙiƙa a cikin kiɗa, haƙiƙanin gurguzu a cikin kiɗa). Kawai wakilan kowane irin avant-garde, modernist ƙungiyoyi a cikin music karya tare da al'adun da suka ɓullo da a cikin ƙarni, ƙin daga yanayin da tonality, daga tsohon ma'ana ma'ana iri nau'i, kuma a lokaci guda daga zamantakewa muhimmanci abun ciki cewa. yana da ƙima mai ƙima da fahimi (duba Avant-gardism , Aleatoric, Atonal music, Dodecaphony, Concrete music, Pointillism, Expressionism, Electronic music). Halitta kansa. tsari a dec. mawaƙa suna ci gaba ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ga wasu mawaƙa, kiɗan, kamar haɓakawa, yana zubowa cikin sauƙi, nan da nan suna rikodin shi a cikin ƙayyadaddun tsari wanda baya buƙatar gyare-gyare mai mahimmanci, kayan ado da gogewa (WA ​​Mozart, F. Schubert). Wasu suna samun mafita mafi kyau kawai sakamakon dogon lokaci mai tsanani na inganta zane na farko (L. Beethoven). Wasu mutane suna amfani da kayan aiki lokacin tsara kiɗa, galibi fp. (misali, J. Haydn, F. Chopin), wasu sun koma duba ff. kawai bayan an gama aikin gaba daya (F. Schubert, R. Schumann, SS Prokofiev). A kowane hali, ma'auni na ƙimar aikin da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar mawaƙa na gaske shine matakin da ya dace da zane-zane. niyya. Mawaƙan Avant-garde suna da ƙirƙira tsarin yana ɗaukar nau'ikan haɗakar sauti mai ma'ana bisa ga ɗaya ko wata ƙa'idodin da aka kafa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (misali, a cikin dodecaphony), kuma galibi ɓangaren dama yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci (a cikin aleatorics, da sauransu. ).

4) Maudu'in da ake koyarwa a ma'aikatu, da sauransu. cibiyoyin ilimi na kankara. A Rasha yawanci ana kiranta makala. K. Hakika, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar mawaki; azuzuwan sun ƙunshi da farko a cikin gaskiyar cewa malami ya san aikin ɗalibi-mawaƙi ko guntu na wannan aikin, ya ba shi cikakken kimantawa kuma yana yin sharhi game da abubuwan da ke cikin kowane mutum. Malami yakan baiwa dalibi ‘yancin zabar nau’in abin da ya rubuta; a lokaci guda, tsarin gabaɗaya na kwas ɗin yana samar da ci gaba a hankali daga mafi sauƙi zuwa mafi rikitarwa, har zuwa mafi girma nau'ikan wok.-instr. da instr. music - operas da symphonies. Akwai hanya. adadin alawus din asusu na K. Har zuwa 19 c. Farashin jagororin don K. sau da yawa samu littattafai a kan counterpoint (polyphony), general bass, jituwa, ko da a kan tambayoyi na kiɗa. kisa. Daga cikinsu, alal misali, "Maganin jituwa" ("Traité de l'harmonie", 1722) J. P. Rameau, "Kwarewar koyarwa wajen buga sarewa mai juyewa" ("Versuch einer Anweisung die Plute traversiere zu spielen", 1752) I. DA. Quantz, "Kwarewar hanyar da ta dace don kunna clavier" ("Versuch über die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen", 1753-62) K. F. E. Bach, "Kwarewar makarantar violin mai ƙarfi" ("Versuch einer grundlichen Violinschule", 1756) na L. Mozart. A wasu lokuta, ana kuma ɗaukar ayyukan kiɗa a matsayin jagororin tsara kiɗa - kamar, alal misali, The Well-Tempered Clavier da The Art of Fugue na I. C. Bach (irin wannan nau'i na "koyarwa" an halicce su a cikin karni na 20, alal misali. "Play of Tonalities" - "Ludus tonalis" na Hindemith, "Microcosmos" na Bartok). Tun daga karni na 19, lokacin fahimtar zamani na kalmar "K," jagora zuwa K. yawanci hada darussa na asali. fannonin ilimin ka'idar kiɗa, wanda ilimin ya zama dole ga mawaki. Ana koyar da waɗannan darussan a zamani. conservatories a matsayin daban uch. batutuwa - jituwa, polyphony, koyarwar tsari, kayan aiki. A lokaci guda, a cikin Littattafai akan K. Abubuwan koyaswar waƙa galibi ana bayyana su, ana bi da tambayoyin nau'o'i da salo, watau. e. wuraren kiɗa. theories har zuwa yanzu. lokaci ba a koyar da zaman kansa ba. uku. fannonin ilimi. Irin su uch. abun ciki jagora J. G. Mumini (1803-06), A. Reichi (1818-33), G. Weber (1817-21), A. B. Marx (1837-47), Z. Zechter (1853-54), E. Prouta (1876-95), S. Yadasson (1883-89), V. da Andy (1902-09). Babban wuri a cikin irin waɗannan ayyukan yana cikin "Big Textbook of Composition" na X. Riman (1902-13). Akwai kuma uch. Littattafai don tsara kiɗan wasu nau'ikan (misali, murya, mataki), wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan (misali, waƙoƙi). A Rasha, litattafan farko na K. I ne ya rubuta L. Fuchs (a kan shi. lang., 1830) da kuma I. TO. Gunke (a cikin Rasha 1859-63). Kyakkyawan aiki da sharhi game da K. kuma koyarwarsa ta N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. DA. Tchaikovsky, S. DA. Taneevu. Littattafan K., mallakar mujiya. marubuta, preim nufi. ga masu farawa waɗanda ba su riga sun wuce asali ba. theorist. abubuwa. Waɗannan su ne ayyukan M. P. Gnesina (1941) da kuma E.

References: 3) da 4) (sun lissafta galibin ayyukan da suka danganci lokacin da aka riga aka kafa fahimtar zamani na kalmar “K”, da kuma fassara batun K. gabaɗaya. Na littafin littattafan ƙarni na 20 akan haɗa “sabon kiɗa” ”, kawai wasu hatsin rai, na cikin fitattun wakilanta) Gunka O., Jagoran tsara kiɗa, dep. 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1859-63; Tchaikovsky PI, Game da gwanintar mawaki. Zaɓuɓɓukan da aka zaɓa daga haruffa da labarai. Comp. IDAN Kunin, M., 1952, karkashin ch. Tchaikovsky PI, A kan kere-kere da gwaninta, M., 1964; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, A kan ilimin kiɗa. Mataki na I. Koyarwar wajibi da son rai a cikin fasahar kiɗan. Mataki na ashirin da II Theory da yi da kuma wajibi ka'idar kiɗa a cikin Rasha Conservatory, a cikin littafin: AN Rimsky-Korsakov, Musical articles da bayanin kula, St. Petersburg, 1911, sake buga a cikin Complete Tattara Ayyuka, vol. II, M., 1963; Taneev SI, Tunani a kan kansa m aikin, a cikin: A memory na Sergei Ivanovich Taneev, Sat. labarai da kayan ed. Vl. Protopopova, M., 1947; nasa, Kayayyaki da takardu, vol. I, M., 1952; Gnesin MP, Farko na farko na kayan aiki mai amfani, M.-L., 1941, M., 1962; Bogatyrev S., A kan sake tsara ilimin mawaki, "SM", 1949, No 6; Skrebkov S., Game da fasahar hadawa. Bayanan Malami, “SM”, 1952, No 10; Shebalin V., A hankali da kuma ilmantar da matasa, "SM", 1957, No 1; Evlakhov O., Matsalolin ilimi na mawaki, M., 1958, L., 1963; Korabelnikova L., Taneyev game da tarbiyyar mawaƙa, "SM", 1960, No 9; Tikhomirov G., Abubuwan fasaha na mawaƙa, M., 1964; Chulaki M., Ta yaya mawaƙa suke rubuta kiɗa?. "SM", 1965, No 9; Messner E., Muhimman abubuwan da aka haɗa, M., 1968.