Zauren quartet |

Quartet ( kirtani) (baka) - jam'iyya-instr. wani gungu mai yin kiɗan quartet; daya daga cikin mafi hadaddun da dabara nau'in kiɗan ɗakin. kara.

Samuwar K. yadda suke zaman kansu. yi. Taron ya gudana a ko'ina cikin bene na 2. 18 a cikin. a kasashe daban-daban (Ostiraliya, Italiya, Ingila, Faransa) kuma asalinsa yana da alaƙa da yin kiɗan gida, musamman a tsakanin hamshakan Viennese, inda instr. wasan kwaikwayo (trios, quartets, quintets), koyan kunna violin da cello. Repertoire na mai son K. sanya samarwa. TO. Dittersdorf, L. Boccherini, G. TO. Wajenzeil, Y. Haydn da sauransu, da kuma Dec. wani tsari don K. wasu sassa daga shahararrun operas, overtures, symphonies, da dai sauransu. Tare da ci gaba a cikin aikin litattafan Viennese na nau'in kiɗan quartet, K. (2 violin, viola da cello) an amince da su azaman babban jagoran nau'in prof. jam'iyya kayan aiki gungu. Na dogon lokaci K. bai ja hankali ba. jama'a da suka ziyarci arr. ital. wasan opera, instr. virtuosos da mawaƙa. Kawai a cikin con. 18 a cikin. (1794) Farfesa na dindindin. K., mai ba da taimako Prince K. Lichnovski. A cikin abun da ke ciki na K. sun hada da fitattun mawakan Viennese: I. Schuppanzig, J. Maisedar, F. Waye, Y. Hanyoyin sadarwa. A cikin conc. kakar 1804-1805 wannan gungu ya ba da farko a tarihin kiɗa. art-va bude maraice na jama'a na kiɗan quartet. A 1808-16 ya kasance a cikin sabis na Rasha. yana aiki a Vienna of Count A. TO. Razumovsky. Wannan K. ya fara aiwatar da duk chamber-instr. Kiss L. Beethoven (ya koyi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mawakin kansa), yana shimfida al'adun fassarar su. A cikin 1814 a cikin Paris P. Bayo ya shirya K., wanda ya ba da maraice na kiɗan ɗakin karatu ta hanyar biyan kuɗi. A cigaba da cigaba da yada farfesa. Ayyukan Quartet sun taka muhimmiyar rawa ta K. Bajamushe. makada br. Muller Sr., wanda shine farkon prof. K., ya zagaya (a cikin 1835-51) a da yawa. Turai kasashe (Austria, Netherlands, Rasha, da dai sauransu). Duk da haka, duk da conc. aiki a bene na 1st. 19 a cikin. layi K. da kasancewar lit-ry na musamman, ainihin salon wasan kwaikwayon kwata-kwata ya fara samun tsari. Siffofin K. har yanzu ba a fayyace su a fili da kuma gano su ba. a matsayin nau'in wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na quartet, akwai alamun karfi na ka'idar solo-virtuoso; TO. Mutane da yawa sun ɗauki ba a matsayin ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ɗaya ba, amma Ch. ar. a matsayin "muhalli" na wannan ko waccan violinist virtuoso. Shirye-shiryen na maraice na kwata-kwata sun kasance masu gauraya mai ɗabi'a. A cikinsu, wani babban wuri ya mamaye ayyukan da aka rubuta a cikin nau'in abin da ake kira. Mr. "Karti mai haske" (Quator brillant) tare da ban mamaki virtuoso ɓangaren violin na farko (N. Paganini, J. Maysedera, L. Špora da sauransu). Masu sauraro ba su yaba da taron sosai ba kamar yadda mawaƙin soloist ya yi. K. ya shirya galibin fitattun virtuosos, abubuwan da suka tsara sun kasance bazuwar, rashin daidaituwa. An ba da fifiko kan farkon solo a cikin halin mahalarta a K. Misali, W. Bull ya buga ɓangaren violin na farko a cikin quartet na V. A. Mozart, tsaye a kan mataki, yayin da wasu mahalarta suka taka yayin da suke zaune a cikin orc. ko Wurin da aka saba na masu fasaha K. da con. 19 a cikin. ya bambanta da na yanzu. lokaci (na farko violinist zauna a kan na biyu, da cellist da violist). Samar da salon wasan kwaikwayo na quartet ya ci gaba a lokaci guda tare da haɓaka kiɗan quartet, haɓakawa da rikitarwa na salon rubutun quartet. Kafin wasan kwaikwayo, sabon kerawa ya bayyana. ayyuka. An gano DOS a fili. masanin tarihi hali - daga yaduwar solo farawa zuwa kafa ma'auni tsakanin otd. muryoyin gungu, haɗin kai na sautinsa, haɗin kai na quartetists bisa tushen fasaha guda ɗaya. tsarin fassarar. Mawaƙin violin na farko, yayin da yake riƙe da jagoranci a cikin ƙungiyar, ya zama kawai “na farko a cikin masu daidaitawa.” A lokaci guda kuma, samuwar salon wasan kwaikwayon ya rinjayi halin da ake ciki, wanda aka gudanar da kide-kide (kananan dakunan da aka tsara don kunkuntar da'irar masu sauraro "zaɓaɓɓen"), wanda ya ba da kiɗan quartet wani hali na ɗaki. Mafi cikakkiyar ma'anar salon quartet shine a cikin aiwatar da aikin Quartet J. Joachim (Berlin), wanda ya yi aiki a 1869-1907 kuma ya halicci babban fasaha. misalai na fassarar classic. da romantic. kiɗan quartet. A cikin fasaharsa, siffofi na al'ada na wasan kwaikwayo na quartet sun bayyana - haɗin kai mai salo, kwayoyin halitta. haɗin kai na sauti, hankali da kyau kammala cikakkun bayanai, haɗin kai na fasaha. dabarun wasa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan K. suna samun karbuwa musamman a Jamus. Fitaccen rukunin Yammacin Turai shine K., DOS. Faransa. violinist L. Cape, wanda ya gabatar da sabon fasaha. fasali a cikin salon aikin quartet, musamman a cikin fassarar ƙarshen quartets ta L. Beethoven A zamanin yau K. zauna babban wuri a cikin conc. rayuwa. Fasahar wasan pl. TO. ya kai matsayi mai girma, wani lokacin virtuoso matakin kamala. Tasirin kiɗan quartet na zamani. mawaƙa sun bayyana a cikin faɗaɗa timbre da ƙarfi. palette na sautin quartet, haɓakar rhythmic. bangarorin wasan quartet. Rukunin K. yin conc. shirye-shirye ta zuciya (a karon farko - Quartet R. Kolisha, Vena). Fita K. a babban conc.

Wasan quartet a Rasha ya fara yaduwa daga 70-80s. 18 a cikin. Da farko, filin sa shine serf mai mallakar fili da kotu. rayuwar kankara. A cikin doki. 18 a cikin. Petersburg an san Serf K. Yawan P. A. Zubov, wanda ƙwararren ɗan wasan violin N. Loginov, da kuma adv. Rukunin zauren da F. Titz (wanda aka yi magana akan vol. Mr. kananan hermitages). Da doki. 18 - ba. 19 cc mai son kidan quartet mai son ya zama sananne a tsakanin masu fasaha da marubuta, a cikin kiɗa. salon gyara gashi na St. Petersburg, Moscow da kuma wasu larduna. birane. A 1835, wani fitaccen dan wasan violin, darektan Pridv. singing chapel a St. Petersburg A. F. Lvov ya shirya prof. K., bai yi ƙasa da mafi kyawun ƙungiyoyin quartet na ƙasashen waje na ƙarni na 19 ba. Wannan K. godiya R. Shuman, G. Berlioz. Duk da cewa ayyukansa sun faru a cikin yanayi na rufaffiyar kida (a cikin buɗaɗɗen kide-kide na K. bai yi ba), ƙungiyar ta gabatar da St. Petersburg don shekaru 20 na aiki. masu sauraro tare da mafi kyawun samfurori. kiɗan gargajiya. A cikin jima'i na 1st. 19 a cikin. bude taron jama'a a St. Petersburg ne aka ba da K., jagorancin A. Vieuxtan da kuma F. Böhm (ƙarshen ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka kiɗan quartet ta L. Beethoven). Bayan kungiyar a 1859 Rus. ice about-va (RMO), wanda ya bude sassa da muz.-ilimi cibiyoyin a St. Petersburg, Moscow da sauransu. Garuruwan larduna, an fara ƙirƙirar gundumomi huɗu na dindindin a Rasha. Shahararrun 'yan wasan violin ne suka jagorance su: a St. Petersburg - L. C. Auer, in Moscow - F. Laub, daga baya I. AT. Grzhimali, a cikin Kharkov - K. TO. Gorsky, Odessa - A. AP Fidelman da sauransu. K., wanda ya wanzu a cikin ƙananan hukumomi na RMO, sun kasance a tsaye. Na farko K., wanda ya dauki conc. tafiye-tafiye a cikin ƙasar, shine "Russian Quartet" (main. 1872). Wannan rukunin, wanda D. A. Panov, wanda aka yi a St. Petersburg, Moscow da kuma wasu larduna. birane. A 1896, abin da ake kira. Mr. Mecklenburg Quartet, wanda B. Kamensky, daga 1910 - K. TO. Grigorovich. Wannan rukuni na farko da aka yi a biranen Rasha da yawa kuma shi ne na farko na Rasha K., wanda ke yawon shakatawa a kasashen yammacin Turai. Duk da manyan nasarorin da aka samu na aikin quartet na Rasha, K. a Rasha ba su da yawa. Sai bayan Great Oct. gurguzu. juyin juya halin quartet yi a cikin USSR karkashin jihar. goyon baya ya samu karbuwa. A cikin doki. 1918 a Moscow an halicci mujiya na farko. TO. - K. nasu. AT. DA. Lenin, wanda L. M. Zeitlin da kuma K. nasu. A. Stradivarius, wanda D. C. Kwanyar kai. A cikin Maris 1919 a Petrograd K. nasu. A. TO. Glazunov ya jagoranci I. A. Lukashevsky. Ayyukansa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa mujiya. aikin quartet. Wannan K., wanda ya zagaya ko'ina cikin ƙasar tare da kide-kide, ya yi ba kawai a cikin conc. Zaure, amma kuma a cikin masana'antu, ya fara gabatar da jama'a masu yawa zuwa ga taskokin adabin Quartet na duniya, ya tada sha'awar kiɗan ɗakin. "Glazunovtsy" sune na farko da suka nuna nasarorin mujiya. Quartet da'awar-va Western-Turai. masu sauraro; a 1925 da 1929 sun zagaya a kasashe da dama (Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, da sauransu). A cikin 1921, Jiha ta raba su. G. B. Vil'oma (Kyiv), a cikin 1923 - K. nasu. L. Beethoven (Moscow), im. Komitas (Armenia), a 1931 - K. nasu. Bolshoi gidan wasan kwaikwayo na USSR, a 1945 - K. nasu. A. AP Borodin (Moscow), da dai sauransu. A 1923 a Moscow. Conservatory ya buɗe ajin wasan quartet na musamman; mahalarta nan gaba pl. ensembles quartet (ciki har da. h TO. nasu. Komita, K. nasu. A. AP Borodina, Mrs. Cargo kwata. SSR, da sauransu). Gasar Quartet All-Union (1925, 1938) sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka ayyukan kwata-kwata. An taso ne a cikin jamhuriyoyin da yawa, wanda a yawancinsu kafin juyin juya halin Musulunci babu prof. ice-wa. A Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Lithuania, Tataria, da dai sauransu. jumhuriya a kwamitocin philharmonic da na rediyo suna aiki da ƙungiyoyin quartet na babban prof. matakin Ƙirƙirar ƙwarewa a cikin mafi kyawun mujiya. K., ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar da yawa. samfur. owls kiɗan quartet (A. N. Aleksandrov, R. M. Glyer, S. F. Tsinsadze, N. Ya Myaskovsky, W. Ya Shebalin, M. C. Weinberg, E. TO. Golev, D. D. Shostakovich, S. C. Prokofiev da sauransu). Innovation pl. daga waɗannan samfuran. yana da tasiri mai girma akan ci gaban owls. salon wasan kwaikwayon quartet, wanda ke da ma'auni, faɗin kiɗan.

KWATON WAJEN WAJE (an yi nuni da sunayen ƴan wasan violin na farko; an ba da lissafin a cikin tsari na lokaci-lokaci)

I. Schuppanzig (Vienna, 1794-1816, 1823-30). P. Bayo (Paris, 1814-42). J. Böhm (Vienna, 1821-68). Brothers Müller Sr. (Braunschweig, 1831-55). L. Jans (Vienna, 1834-50). F. David (Leipzig, 1844-65). J. Helmesberger Sr. (Vienna, 1849-87). Brothers Müller Jr. (Braunschweig, 1855-73). J. Armengo (Paris, tare da E. Lalo, tun 1855). C. Lamoureux (Paris, tun 1863). X. Herman (Frankfurt, 1865-1904). J. Becker, wanda ake kira. Florence Quartet (Florence, 1866-80). Y. Joachim (Berlin, 1869-1907). A. Rose (Vienna, 1882-1938). A. Brodsky (Leipzig, 1883-91). P. Kneisel (New York, 1885-1917). E. Hubi (Budapest, kimanin 1886). J. Helmesberger Jr. (Vienna, 1887-1907). M. Soldat-Röger (Berlin, 1887-89; Vienna, tun 1889; quartet na mata). S. Barcevic (Warsaw, tun 1889). K. Hoffman, wanda ake kira. Czech Quartet (Prague, 1892-1933). L. Cappe (Paris, 1894-1921). S. Thomson (Brussels, 1898-1914). F. Schörg, wanda ake kira. Brussels Quartet (Brussels, tun 1890s). A. Marteau (Geneva, 1900-07). B. Lotsky, abin da ake kira. K. im. O. Shevchik (Prague, 1901-31). A. Betty, abin da ake kira. The Flonzaley Quartet (Lausanne, 1902-29). A. Onnu, wanda ake kira. Pro Arte (Brussels, 1913-40). O. Zuccarini, wanda ake kira. Roman Quartet (Roma, tun 1918). A. Busch (Berlin, 1919-52). L. Amar (Berlin, 1921-29, tare da P. Hindemith). R. Kolisch (Vienna, 1922-39). A. Levengut (Paris, tun 1929). A. Gertler (Brussels, tun 1931). J. Maraƙi, abin da ake kira. Quartet Calvet (Paris) 1930s, tun 1945 a cikin sabon abun da ke ciki). B. Schneiderhan (Vienna, 1938-51). S. Veg (Budapest, tun 1940). R. Kolish, wanda ake kira. Pro Arte (New York, tun 1942). J. Parrenen, abin da ake kira. Parrenin Quartet (Paris, tun 1944). V. Tatrai (Budapest, tun 1946). I. Travnichek, abin da ake kira. K. im. L. Janacek (Brno, tun 1947; tun 1972, shugaba K. Krafka). I. Novak, K. im. B. Smetana (Prague, tun 1947). J. Vlah (Prague, tun 1950). R. Barshe (Stuttgart, s 1952, da sauransu).

QUARTETS NA RUSSIYA KAFIN JUYI

N. Loginov (Petersburg, marigayi 18th karni). F. Tic (Petersburg, 1790s). F. Boehm (Petersburg, 1816-46). VN Verstovsky (Orenburg, 1820-30s). L. Maurer (Petersburg, 1820-40s). F. Dauda (Derpt, 1829-35). FF Vadkovsky (Chita, 1830s). AF Lvov (Petersburg, 1835-55). N. Grassi (Moscow, 1840s). A. Vyotan (Petersburg, 1845-52). E. Wellers (Riga, tun 1849). Petersburg Quartet. sassan RMO (I. Kh. Pikkel, 1859-67, tare da katsewa; G. Venyavsky, 1860-62; LS Auer, 1868-1907). G. Venyavsky (Petersburg, 1862-68). Moscow Quartet. sassan RMS (F. Laub, 1866-75; IV Grzhimali, 1876-1906; GN Dulov, 1906-09; BO Sibor, 1909-1913). Rusa Quartet (Petersburg, DA Panov, 1871-75; FF Grigorovich, 1875-80; NV Galkin, 1880-83). EK Albrecht (St. Petersburg, 1872-87). Quartet na reshen Kyiv na RMS (O. Shevchik, 1875-92. AA Kolakovsky, 1893-1906). Quartet na reshen Kharkov na RMS (KK Gorsky, 1880-1913). Petersburg Quartet. al'umma (VG Walter, 1890-1917). Quartet na Sashen Odessa na RMO (PP Pustarnakov, 1887; KA Gavrilov, 1892-94; E. Mlynarsky, 1894-98; II Karbulka, 1898-1901, a 1899-1901, a lokaci guda tare da AP Fidelman1902-07; 1907; Ya. Kotsian, 10-1914, 15-1910; VV Bezekirsky, 13-1914; NS Blinder, 16-1896, da dai sauransu). Mecklenburg Quartet (St. Petersburg, BS Kamensky, 1908-1908; J. Kotsian, 10-1910; KK Grigorovich, 18-XNUMX).

SOVIET QUARTETS

K. su. V. I. Lenin (Moscow, L. M. Zeitlin, 1918-20). K. su. A. Stradivari (Moscow, D. S. Krein, 1919-20; A. Tuni. Mogilevsky, 1921-22; D. Z. Karpilovsky, 1922-24; A. Knorre, 1924-26; B. M. Simsky, 1926-30). K. su. A. K. Glazunova (Petrograd-Leningrad, I. A. Lukashevsky, tun 1919). Muzo Narkompros (Moscow, L. M. Zeitlin, 1920-22). K. su. J. B. Vilyoma (Kyiv, V. M. Goldfeld, 1920-27; M. G. Simkin, 1927-50). K. su. L. Beethoven (Moscow, D. M. Tsyganov, daga 1923 - Quartet na Moscow Conservatory, daga 1925 - K. mai suna bayan Moscow Conservatory, daga 1931 - K. mai suna bayan L. Beethoven). K. su. Komitas (Yerevan - Moscow, A. K. Gabrielyan, tun 1925; ya tashi a matsayin kwata na daliban Moscow Conservatory, tun 1926 - Quartet na Nominees, tun 1932 - Komitas K.). Jiha. Quartet na BSSR (Minsk, A. Bessmertny, 1924-37). K. su. R. M. Gliera (Moscow, Ya. B. Targonsky, 1924-25; S. I. Kalinovsky, 1927-49). K. Muz. Studios na Moscow Art Theater (Moscow, D. Z. Karpilovsky, 1924-1925). K. su. N. D. Leontovich (Kharkov, S. K. Bruzhanitsky, 1925-1930; V. L. Lazarev, 1930-35; A. A. Leshchinsky, 1952-69 - K. malaman Cibiyar Art). K. All-Ukr. game da juyin juya hali. mawaƙa (Kyiv, M. A. Wolf-Israel, 1926-32). Kaya. Quartet (Tbilisi, L. Shiukashvili, 1928-44; tun 1930 - Jihar Quartet na Jojiya). K. su. L. S. Auera (Leningrad, I. A. Lesman, 1929-34; M. B. Reison, 1934; V. I. Sher, 1934-38). V. R. Vilshau (Tbilisi, 1929-32), daga baya - K. su. M. M. Ippolitova-Ivanova. K. su. Babban tanki na USSR (Moscow, I. A. Zhuk, 1931-68). K. su. A. A. Spendiarova (Yerevan, G. K. Bogdanyan, 1932-55). K. su. N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov (Arkhangelsk, P. Alekseev, 1932-42, 1944-51; V. M. Pello, tun 1952; daga wannan shekara a ƙarƙashin ikon Leningrad yankin Philharmonic). K. su. Potash shuka a Solikamsk (E. Khazin, 1934-36). K. Ƙungiyar mujiya. mawaƙa (Moscow, Ya. B. Targonsky, 1934-1939; B. M. Simsky, 1944-56; a cikin sabon abun ciki). K. su. P. I. Tchaikovsky (Kyiv, I. Liber, 1935; M. A. Garlitsky, 1938-41). Jiha. Quartet na Jojiya (Tbilisi, B. Chiaureli, 1941; tun 1945 - Quartet na Georgian Philharmonic, tun 1946 - Quartet na Jojiya). Quartet Uzbek. Philharmonic (Tashkent, HE Power, tun 1944 a ƙarƙashin Kwamitin Watsa Labarai na Rediyo, tun 1953 a ƙarƙashin Uzbek Philharmonic). Est quartet (Tallinn, V. Alummae, 1944-59). K. Latv. rediyo (Riga, T. Jini, 1945-47; I. Dolmanis, tun 1947). K. su. A. P. Borodina (Moscow, R. D. Dubinsky, tun 1945). Jiha. Lithuanian quartet. SSR (Vilnius, Ya. B. Targonsky, 1946-47; E. Paulauskas, tun 1947). K. su. S. I. Taneeva (Leningrad, V. Yu. Ovcharek, tun 1946; tun 1950 - Quartet na Leningrad Philharmonic Society, tun 1963 - K. mai suna bayan S. I. Taneyev). K. su. N. V. Lysenko (Kyiv, A. N. Kravchuk, tun 1951). Azerbaijan state quartet (Baku, A. Aliyev, tun 1951). K. Kharkov Conservatory (AA Leshchinsky, tun 1952), yanzu Cibiyar Arts. K. su. S. S. Prokofiev (Moscow, E. L. Brakker, tun 1957, tun 1958 - a quartet na digiri na biyu dalibai na Moscow Conservatory, tun 1962 - K. S. S. Prokofiev, P. N. Guberman, tun 1966). K. Ƙungiyar Mawaƙa na BSSR (Minsk, Y. Gershovic, p. 1963). K. su. M. I. Glinka (Moscow, A. Tuni. Arenkov, tun 1968; kafin - K.

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IM Yampolsky