Maurice Ravel |

Maurice Ravel

Babban kiɗa, na gamsu da wannan, koyaushe yana fitowa daga zuciya ... Kiɗa, nace akan wannan, komai mene, dole ne ya zama kyakkyawa. M. Ravel

Kiɗa na M. Ravel - babban mawaƙin Faransanci, mashahurin gwanin launi na kiɗa - ya haɗu da taushin ra'ayi da ɓarkewar sautuna tare da tsabta na gargajiya da jituwa na tsari. Ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na 2 (The Spanish Hour, The Child and the Magic), 3 ballets (ciki har da Daphnis da Chloe), yana aiki don ƙungiyar makaɗa (Spanish Rhapsody, Waltz, Bolero), 2 piano concertos, rhapsody don violin "Gypsy", Quartet, Trio, sonatas (na violin da cello, violin da piano), abubuwan piano (ciki har da Sonatina, "Wasan Ruwa", hawan keke "Night Gaspar", "Noble and Sentimental Waltzes", "Reflections", "The Kabarin Couperin" , sassan da aka sadaukar don tunawa da abokan mawaƙin da suka mutu a lokacin yakin duniya na farko), mawaƙa, soyayya. Mai ƙididdigewa mai ƙarfin hali, Ravel yana da babban tasiri a kan yawancin mawaƙa na ƙarnuka masu zuwa.

An haife shi a cikin dangin injiniyan Swiss Joseph Ravel. Mahaifina yana da hazaka ta kiɗa, yana buga ƙaho da sarewa da kyau. Ya gabatar da matashin Maurice ga fasaha. Sha'awa a cikin injuna, kayan wasa, agogo ya kasance tare da mawaki a duk rayuwarsa kuma har ma ya nuna a cikin ayyukansa da yawa (bari mu tuna, alal misali, gabatarwar opera Spanish Hour tare da hoton kantin agogo). Mahaifiyar mawakin ta fito ne daga dangin Basque, wanda mawakin ya yi alfahari da shi. Ravel akai-akai ya yi amfani da tarihin kiɗa na wannan ɗan ƙasa mai wuya tare da wani sabon abu a cikin aikinsa (piano Trio) har ma ya ɗauki Concerto na Piano akan jigogi na Basque. Mahaifiyar ta sami damar haifar da yanayi na jituwa da fahimtar juna a cikin iyali, wanda ya dace da ci gaban dabi'a na basirar dabi'a na yara. Tuni a cikin Yuni 1875, dangin ya koma Paris, wanda aka haɗa duk rayuwar mawaki.

Ravel ya fara nazarin kiɗa yana da shekaru 7. A cikin 1889, ya shiga Paris Conservatoire, inda ya sauke karatu daga ajin piano na C. Berio (dan wani sanannen violinist) tare da lambar yabo ta farko a gasar a 1891 (na biyu) A waccan shekarar ne babban dan wasan pian na Faransa A. Cortot ya lashe kyautar). Ya kammala karatunsa daga ɗakin karatu a cikin aji bai yi farin ciki sosai ga Ravel ba. Bayan ya fara karatu a cikin jituwa aji na E. Pressar, ya karaya da dalibi ta wuce kima predilection na dissonances, ya ci gaba da karatu a counterpoint da fugue class A. Gedalzh, kuma tun 1896 ya yi karatu abun da ke ciki tare da G. Fauré, wanda, ko da yake, bai kasance cikin masu ba da shawarar wuce gona da iri ba, ya yaba basirar Ravel, dandanonsa da yanayinsa, kuma ya kasance mai ɗabi'a ga ɗalibinsa har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa. Don kare karatun digiri daga makarantar Conservatory tare da lambar yabo da karɓar malanta na tsawon shekaru huɗu a Italiya, Ravel ya halarci gasa sau 5 (1900-05), amma ba a taɓa ba shi lambar yabo ta farko ba, kuma a cikin 1905, bayan na farko, ba a ba shi izinin shiga babbar gasar ba. Idan muka tuna cewa a wannan lokacin Ravel ya riga ya hada irin wannan nau'in piano kamar shahararren "Pavane don Mutuwar Infanta", "Play of Water", kazalika da Quartet String - ayyuka masu haske da ban sha'awa waɗanda nan da nan suka sami ƙauna. na jama'a kuma ya kasance har yau daya daga cikin mafi yawan ayyukansa, yanke shawara na juri zai zama abin ban mamaki. Wannan bai bar sha'awar jama'ar kida na Paris ba. Tattaunawa ta tashi a shafukan 'yan jaridu, inda Fauré da R. Rolland suka ɗauki gefen Ravel. A sakamakon wannan "harka na Ravel", T. Dubois ya tilasta barin mukamin darekta na Conservatory, Fauré ya zama magajinsa. Ravel da kansa bai tuna da wannan mummunan lamari ba, har ma a tsakanin abokai na kud da kud.

Ƙin son wuce gona da iri ga jama'a da bukukuwan hukuma sun kasance a cikinsa a tsawon rayuwarsa. Don haka, a cikin 1920, ya ƙi karɓar Order of the Legion of Honor, ko da yake an buga sunansa a cikin jerin waɗanda aka ba su. Wannan sabon "harka na Ravel" ya sake haifar da amsa mai fadi a cikin manema labarai. Bai son magana a kai. Sai dai ƙin oda da ƙin karramawa ko kaɗan ba ya nuna halin ko-in-kula da mawaƙin ya yi ga rayuwar jama'a. Don haka, a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, da aka bayyana cewa bai cancanci aikin soja ba, yana neman a tura shi gaba, da farko a matsayin mai tsari, sannan a matsayin direban babbar mota. Yunkurinsa na shiga jirgin sama kawai ya ci tura (saboda ciwon zuciya). Har ila yau, bai damu da kungiyar ba a cikin 1914 na "Ƙungiyar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwa ) na Jamus ya yi a Faransa. Ya rubuta wa "League" wata wasika da ke nuna adawa da irin wannan ra'ayi na kasa.

Abubuwan da suka ƙara iri-iri ga rayuwar Ravel tafiye-tafiye ne. Yana son sanin kasashen waje, a lokacin kuruciyarsa har ya tafi hidima a Gabas. Mafarkin ziyartar Gabas an ƙaddara ya zama gaskiya a ƙarshen rayuwa. A 1935 ya ziyarci Maroko, ya ga duniya mai ban sha'awa, mai ban sha'awa na Afirka. A kan hanyar zuwa Faransa, ya wuce garuruwa da dama a Spain, ciki har da Seville tare da lambuna, da jama'a masu rai, da ban tsoro. Sau da yawa mawaƙin ya ziyarci ƙasarsa, ya halarci bikin don karramawa da aka yi da allunan tunawa a gidan da aka haife shi. Tare da ban dariya, Ravel ya bayyana babban bikin keɓewa ga lakabin likita na Jami'ar Oxford. Daga cikin tafiye-tafiye na kide-kide, mafi ban sha'awa, bambance-bambancen da nasara shine yawon shakatawa na watanni hudu na Amurka da Kanada. Mawaƙin ya tsallaka ƙasar daga gabas zuwa yamma kuma daga arewa zuwa kudu, an gudanar da kide-kide a ko'ina cikin nasara, Ravel ya samu nasara a matsayin mawaki, pianist, madugu har ma da malami. A cikin jawabinsa game da kiɗan zamani, musamman, ya bukaci mawaƙan Amurka da su haɓaka abubuwan jazz da himma, don ba da kulawa ga blues. Tun kafin ya ziyarci Amurka, Ravel ya gano a cikin aikinsa wannan sabon abu mai ban sha'awa na karni na XNUMX.

Abun rawa koyaushe yana jan hankalin Ravel. Monumental tarihi zane mai ban sha'awa da kuma bala'i "Waltz", m da kuma mai ladabi "Noble da Sentimental Waltzes", a fili rhythm na sanannen "Bolero", Malagueña da Habaner daga "Spanish Rhapsody", Pavane, Minuet, Forlan da kuma Rigaudon daga "Kabari na Couperin" - raye-raye na zamani da na zamanin da na al'ummomi daban-daban an raba su a cikin wayewar mawaƙin zuwa cikin raye-rayen raye-raye na kyan gani.

Mawaƙin bai kasance kurma ba ga fasahar jama'a na wasu ƙasashe ("waƙoƙin Girka guda biyar", "Waƙoƙin Yahudawa biyu", "Waƙoƙin Jama'a huɗu" don murya da piano). Ƙaunar al'adun Rasha ba ta dawwama a cikin kayan aiki mai haske na "Hotuna a Nunin" na M. Mussorgsky. Amma fasaha na Spain da Faransa sun kasance a farkon wuri a gare shi.

Kasancewar Ravel na al'adun Faransanci yana bayyana a matsayinsa na ado, a cikin zaɓin batutuwa don ayyukansa, da kuma cikin halayen halayensa. Sassauci da daidaito na rubutu tare da daidaitattun daidaito da kaifi sun sa shi ya danganta da JF Rameau da F. Couperin. Asalin ainihin halin Ravel game da sigar magana suma sun samo asali ne daga fasahar Faransa. A cikin zabar rubututtukan ayyukansa na murya, ya yi nuni ga mawaka musamman na kusa da shi. Waɗannan su ne alamomin S. Mallarme da P. Verlaine, kusa da fasaha na Parnassians C. Baudelaire, E. Guys tare da cikakkiyar cikakkiyar ayarsa, wakilan Faransanci na Renaissance C. Maro da P. Ronsard. Ravel ya zama baƙo ga mawaƙa na soyayya, waɗanda ke karya nau'ikan fasaha tare da kwararar ji.

A cikin sigar Ravel, ainihin fasalin Faransanci an bayyana shi sosai, aikinsa a zahiri kuma a zahiri ya shiga cikin babban fage na fasahar Faransanci. Ina so in sanya A. Watteau a kan daidai da shi tare da taushin fara'a na ƙungiyoyin sa a wurin shakatawa da baƙin ciki na Pierrot boye daga duniya, N. Poussin tare da majestically kwantar da hankula fara'a na "Arcadian makiyaya", da m motsi na. Hotuna masu laushi-daidai na O. Renoir.

Ko da yake Ravel ne daidai da ake kira da impressionist mawaki, da halayyar fasali na impressionism bayyana kansu kawai a cikin wasu daga cikin ayyukansa, yayin da a cikin sauran, na gargajiya tsabta da kuma rabo daga Tsarin, tsarki style, tsabta Lines da kayan ado a cikin ado na cikakkun bayanai rinjaye. .

Kamar mutum na karni na XNUMX Ravel ya ba da girmamawa ga sha'awar fasaha. Yawancin tsire-tsire sun sa shi farin ciki na gaske yayin da yake tafiya tare da abokai a cikin jirgin ruwa: “Mai girma, tsire-tsire masu ban mamaki. Musamman daya - yana kama da babban cocin Romanesque da aka yi da simintin ƙarfe… Yadda za a isar muku da ra'ayin wannan daula ta ƙarfe, waɗannan manyan cathedrals cike da wuta, wannan ban mamaki ban mamaki na whistles, amo na tuƙi belts, da ruri na guduma cewa fada kanku. Sama da su akwai wani sama mai ja, duhu da harshen wuta… Yaya kida ne. Tabbas zan yi amfani da shi." Ana iya jin takun ƙarfe na zamani da cizon ƙarfe a ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan mawaƙa, Concerto for the Left Hand, da aka rubuta wa ɗan wasan piano na Austriya P. Wittgenstein, wanda ya rasa hannunsa na dama a yaƙin.

Abubuwan al'adun gargajiya na mawaƙa ba su da ban mamaki a cikin adadin ayyukan, ƙarar su yawanci ƙananan ne. Irin wannan miniaturism yana hade da tsaftacewa na sanarwa, rashin "karin kalmomi". Ba kamar Balzac ba, Ravel yana da lokaci don "rubuta gajerun labarai". Za mu iya kawai tsinkaya game da duk abin da ke da alaka da tsarin ƙirƙira, saboda mawallafin ya bambanta ta hanyar ɓoyewa a cikin al'amuran kerawa da kuma a fagen abubuwan da suka shafi sirri, rayuwa ta ruhaniya. Ba wanda ya ga yadda ya tsara, ba a sami zane ko zane ba, ayyukansa ba su da alamun sauye-sauye. Duk da haka, daidaito mai ban mamaki, daidaito na duk cikakkun bayanai da inuwa, mafi girman tsabta da dabi'a na layi - duk abin da ke magana game da hankali ga kowane "kananan abu", na aiki na dogon lokaci.

Ravel baya ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙa masu gyara waɗanda da sane suka canza hanyoyin magana kuma suka sabunta jigogin fasaha. Sha'awar isar da mutane cewa zurfin sirri, kusanci, wanda ba ya son bayyanawa a cikin kalmomi, ya tilasta masa yin magana a cikin yanayi na duniya, wanda aka kafa da kuma fahimtar harshe na kida. Kewayon batutuwan kerawa Ravel suna da faɗi sosai. Sau da yawa mai yin waƙar yakan juya zuwa zurfin tunani, haske da ban mamaki. Kiɗarsa koyaushe abin ban mamaki ne na ɗan adam, fara'a da hanyoyin sa suna kusa da mutane. Ravel ba ya neman warware tambayoyin falsafa da matsalolin sararin samaniya, don rufe batutuwa da yawa a cikin aiki ɗaya da samun haɗin duk abubuwan mamaki. Wani lokaci ya mayar da hankalinsa ba kawai ɗaya ba - mahimmanci, zurfi da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, a wasu lokuta, tare da alamar ɓoyayye da bakin ciki mai huda, yana magana game da kyawun duniya. A koyaushe ina so in yi magana da wannan mawaƙin tare da hankali da taka tsantsan, wanda keɓaɓɓiyar fasahar sa ta sami hanyar zuwa ga mutane kuma ta sami sahihiyar soyayya.

V. Bazarnova

• Siffofin halittar bayyanar Ravel →
• Piano yana aiki ta Ravel →
• Ra'ayin kiɗan Faransa →

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

wasan kwaikwayo - Sa'ar Mutanen Espanya (L'heure espagnole, wasan opera mai ban dariya, libre na M. Frank-Noen, 1907, post. 1911, Opera Comic, Paris), Child and Magic (L'enfant et les sortilèges, lyric fantasy, opera-ballet). , libre GS Colet, 1920-25, saita a 1925, Monte Carlo); ballet - Daphnis da Chloe (Daphnis et Chloé, choreographic symphony in 3 parts, lib. MM Fokina, 1907-12, saita a 1912, Chatelet shopping mall, Paris), Florine's Dream, ko Uwar Goose (Ma mere l'oye, dangane da Piano guda na suna iri ɗaya, libre R., edited 1912 "Tr of Arts", Paris), Adelaide, ko Harshen Fure-fure (Adelaide ou Le langage des fleurs, dangane da zagayowar piano Noble and Sentimental Waltzes, libre R., 1911, gyara 1912, Chatelet store, Paris); cantatas – Mirra (1901, ba a buga), Alsion (1902, ba buga), Alice (1903, ba buga); don makada - Scheherazade Overture (1898), Mutanen Espanya Rhapsody (Rapsodie espagnole: Prelude na Dare - Prélude à la nuit, Malagenya, Habanera, Feeria; 1907), Waltz (choreographic song, 1920), Jeanne's Fan (L eventail de Jeanne, shiga. fanfare , 1927), Bolero (1928); kide kide da wake-wake - 2 don pianoforte (D-dur, na hannun hagu, 1931; G-dur, 1931); dakin kayan aiki ensembles - 2 sonata don violin da piano (1897, 1923-27), Lullaby a cikin sunan Faure (Berceuse sur le nom de Faure, don violin da piano, 1922), sonata don violin da cello (1920-22), piano trio (a-moll, 1914), kirtani quartet (F-dur, 1902-03), Gabatarwa da Allegro don garaya, kirtani quartet, sarewa da clarinet (1905-06); don piano 2 hannu – Grotesque Serenade (Sérénade grotesque, 1893), Antique Minuet (Menuet tsoho, 1895, kuma orc. version), Pavane na marigayi babye (Pavane zuba une baby défunte, 1899, kuma orc. version), Wasa ruwa (Jeux d' eau, 1901), sonatina (1905), Tunani (Miroirs: Night butterflies - Noctuelles, Sad tsuntsaye - Oiseaux tristes, Boat a cikin teku - Une barque sur l océan (kuma orc. version), Alborada, ko Morning serenade na jester. - Alborada del gracioso (kuma Orc. version), Valley of the Ringings - La vallée des cloches; 1905), Gaspard na Dare (Wakoki guda uku bayan Aloysius Bertrand, Gaspard de la nuit, trois poémes d aprés Aloysius Bertrand, zagayowar ita ce. kuma aka sani da fatalwowi na Dare: Ondine, Gallows - Le gibet, Scarbo; 1908), Minuet a cikin sunan Haydn (Menuet sur le nom d Haydn, 1909), Noble da sentimental waltzes (Valses nobles et sentimentales, 1911), Prelude (1913), A cikin hanyar … Borodin, Chabrier (A la maniére de … Borodine, Chabrier, 1913), Suite Couperin's Kabarin (Le tombeau de Couperin, prelude, fugue (kuma e version of orchestral), forlana, rigaudon, minuet (shima sigar ƙungiyar makaɗa), toccata, 1917); don piano 4 hannu - Mahaifiyata Gose (Ma mere l'oye: Pavane zuwa Beauty barci a cikin gandun daji - Pavane de la belle au bois dormant, Yatsan yaro - Petit poucet, Mummuna, empress na Pagodas - Laideronnette, impératrice des pagodes, Beauty da kuma Beast – Les entretiens de la belle et de la bête, Fairy Garden – Le jardin féerique; 1908), Frontispiece (1919); don 2 pianos - shimfidar wuraren sauraro (Les sites auriculaires: Habanera, Daga cikin kararrawa - Entre cloches; 1895-1896); don violin da piano - wasan kwaikwayo fantasy Gypsy (Tzigane, 1924; kuma tare da makada); kujeru - Waƙoƙi guda uku (Trois chansons, don ƙungiyar mawaƙa da cappella, waƙoƙin Ravel: Nicoleta, kyawawan tsuntsaye uku na aljanna, Kada ku je dajin Ormonda; 1916); don murya tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa ko kayan aiki - Scheherazade (tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa, waƙoƙin T. Klingsor, 1903), waƙoƙi guda uku na Stefan Mallarmé (tare da piano, string quartet, sarewa 2 da clarinets 2: Sigh - Soupir, Roƙon banza - Wurin banza, A kan gungu na doki mai ruɗi. – Surgi de la croupe et du bond; 1913), Madagascar waƙoƙi (Chansons madécasses, tare da sarewa, cello da piano, lyrics by ED Guys: Beauty Naandova, Kada ku amince da fata, Kwance da kyau a cikin zafi; 1926); don murya da piano - Ballad na Sarauniyar da ta mutu saboda soyayya (Ballade de la reine morte d aimer, lyrics by Mare, 1894), Dark Dream (Un grand sommeil noir, lyrics by P. Verlaine, 1895), Holy (Sainte, lyrics by Mallarme, 1896), Epigrams guda biyu (lyrics by Marot, 1898), Song of the spinning wheel (Chanson du ronet, lyrics by L. de Lisle, 1898), Gloominess (Si morne, lyrics by E. Verharn, 1899), Cloak of furanni. (Manteau de fleurs, lyrics by Gravolle, 1903, kuma tare da orc.), Kirsimeti na kayan wasa (Noël des jouets, lyrics by R., 1905, kuma tare da makada.), Manyan kasashen waje iskõki (Les grands vents venus d'outre- mer, lyrics daga AFJ de Regnier, 1906), Tarihin Halitta (Histoires naturelles, lyrics by J. Renard, 1906, kuma tare da makada), A kan Grass (Sur l'herbe, lyrics by Verlaine, 1907), Vocalise a cikin tsari. na Habanera (1907), wakokin Girka guda 5 (wanda M. Calvocoressi ya fassara, 1906), Nar. waƙoƙi (Spanish, Faransanci, Italiyanci, Bayahude, Scotland, Flemish, Rashanci; 1910), waƙoƙin Yahudawa guda biyu (1914), Ronsard - ga ransa (Ronsard à son âme, waƙoƙin P. de Ronsard, 1924), Dreams (Reves) , waƙoƙin LP Farga, 1927), Waƙoƙi uku na Don Quixote zuwa Dulciné (Don Quichotte a Dulciné, waƙoƙin P. Moran, 1932, kuma tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa); orchestration – Antar, gutsuttsura daga simphony. Suites "Antar" da opera-ballet "Mlada" na Rimsky-Korsakov (1910, ba a buga ba), Prelude zuwa "Ɗan Taurari" na Sati (1913, ba a buga ba), Chopin's Nocturne, Etude da Waltz (ba a buga ba) , "Carnival" na Schumann (1914), "Pompous Minuet" na Chabrier (1918), "Sarabande" da "Dance" ta Debussy (1922), "Hotuna a wani nuni" na Mussorgsky (1922); shirye-shirye (na 2 pianos) - "Nocturnes" da "Prelude zuwa Bayan La'asar Faun" na Debussy (1909, 1910).